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Laparie M, Vernon P, Cozic Y, Frenot Y, Renault D, Debat V. Wing morphology of the active flyerCalliphora vicina(Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Laparie
- UR0633 Unité de Recherche de Zoologie Forestière (URZF); INRA; 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin CS 40001 Ardon 45075 Orléans Cedex 2 France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Philippe Vernon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yann Cozic
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yves Frenot
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- Institut Polaire Français Paul-Émile Victor; Technopôle Brest-Iroise 29280 Plouzané France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio; Université de Rennes 1; 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc CS 74205 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Vincent Debat
- UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 45 rue Buffon - Entomologie 75005 Paris France
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2
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Weinkauf MF, Moller T, Koch MC, Kucera M. Disruptive selection and bet-hedging in planktonic Foraminifera: shell morphology as predictor of extinctions. Front Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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3
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Lack of response to artificial selection on developmental stability of partial wing shape components in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 2014; 142:177-84. [PMID: 24744255 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stability, the ability of organisms to buffer their developmental processes against developmental noise is often evaluated with fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Natural genetic variation in FA has been investigated using Drosophila wings as a model system and the recent estimation of the heritability of wing shape FA was as large as 20%. Because natural genetic variation in wing shape FA was found to localize in a partial component of the wings, heritable variation in specific parts of the wings might be responsible for FA estimation based on the whole wing shape. In this study, we quantified the shape of three partial components of the wings, and estimated the heritability of the wing shape FA based on artificial selections. As a result, FA values for the partial wing shape components did not respond to artificial selections and the heritability scores estimated were very small. These results indicate that natural additive genetic variation in FA of partial wing components was very small compared with that in a complex wing trait.
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4
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Debat V, Peronnet F. Asymmetric flies: the control of developmental noise in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:70-7. [PMID: 23519089 PMCID: PMC3732334 DOI: 10.4161/fly.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
What are the sources of phenotypic variation and which factors shape this variation are fundamental questions of developmental and evolutionary biology. Despite this simple formulation and intense research, controversy remains. Three points are particularly discussed: (1) whether adaptive developmental mechanisms buffering variation exist at all; (2) if yes, do they involve specific genes and processes, i.e., different from those involved in the development of the traits that are buffered?; and (3) whether different mechanisms specifically buffer the various sources of variation, i.e., genetic, environmental and stochastic, or whether a generalist process buffers them all at once. We advocate that experimental work integrating different levels of analysis will improve our understanding of the origin of phenotypic variation and thus help answering these contentious questions. In this paper, we first survey the current views on these issues, highlighting potential sources of controversy. We then focus on the stochastic part of phenotypic variation, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry, and on current knowledge about the genetic basis of developmental stability. We report our recent discovery that an individual gene, Cyclin G, plays a central role-adaptive or not-in developmental stability in Drosophila. ( 1) We discuss the implications of this discovery on the regulation of organ size and shape, and finally point out open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB, Département Systématique et Evolution, Paris, France.
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5
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Takahashi KH, Okada Y, Teramura K. Deficiency screening for genomic regions with effects on environmental sensitivity of the sensory bristles of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2012; 66:2878-90. [PMID: 22946809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental canalization is defined as a reduction in the effect of external environmental perturbations on a phenotype, while phenotypic plasticity is defined as the production of different phenotypes in alternative environments. These terms describe different aspects of the same phenomenon, that is, the sensitivity of the phenotype to the environment. Genetic regulation of the environmental sensitivity has been a central topic in the field of evolutionary biology. In this study, we performed deficiency screening to detect genomic regions with effects on the environmental sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster sensory bristles. We used a collection of isogenic deficiency strains established by the DrosDel Project for screening. We screened 423 genomic deficiencies that encompassed approximately 63.6% of the entire D. melanogaster genome. We identified 29 genomic deficiencies showing significant effects on environmental sensitivity, suggesting that multiple genomic regions may influence phenotypic variation. We also found significant correlations among the effects of deficiencies on environmental sensitivity for different bristle traits, suggesting that the same genetic mechanism can regulate environmental sensitivity of multiple traits. Current high-resolution mapping will facilitate the examination of individual candidate genes using mutations or RNAi approaches in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo H Takahashi
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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6
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Hsp90 in non-mammalian metazoan model systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:712-21. [PMID: 21983200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 has been discovered in the heat-shock response of the fruit fly more than 30years ago. Today, it is becoming clear that Hsp90 is in the middle of a regulatory system, participating in the modulation of many essential client proteins and signaling pathways. Exerting these activities, Hsp90 works together with about a dozen of cochaperones. Due to their organismal simplicity and the possibility to influence their genetics on a large scale, many studies have addressed the function of Hsp90 in several multicellular model systems. Defined pathways involving Hsp90 client proteins have been identified in the metazoan model systems of Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and the zebrafish Danio rerio. Here, we summarize the functions of Hsp90 during muscle maintenance, development of phenotypic traits and the involvement of Hsp90 in stress responses, all of which were largely uncovered using the model organisms covered in this review. These findings highlight the many specific and general actions of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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8
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BRENO MATTEO, LEIRS HERWIG, VAN DONGEN STEFAN. No relationship between canalization and developmental stability of the skull in a natural population ofMastomys natalensis(Rodentia: Muridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Takahashi KH, Okada Y, Teramura K, Tsujino M. DEFICIENCY MAPPING OF THE GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2011; 65:3565-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Webster M, Zelditch ML. Evolutionary Lability of Integration in Cambrian Ptychoparioid Trilobites. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Masel J, Trotter MV. Robustness and evolvability. Trends Genet 2010; 26:406-14. [PMID: 20598394 PMCID: PMC3198833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Why isn't random variation always deleterious? Are there factors that sometimes make adaptation easier? Biological systems are extraordinarily robust to perturbation by mutations, recombination and the environment. It has been proposed that this robustness might make them more evolvable. Robustness to mutation allows genetic variation to accumulate in a cryptic state. Switching mechanisms known as evolutionary capacitors mean that the amount of heritable phenotypic variation available can be correlated to the degree of stress and hence to the novelty of the environment and remaining potential for adaptation. There have been two somewhat separate literatures relating robustness to evolvability. One has focused on molecular phenotypes and new mutations, the other on morphology and cryptic genetic variation. Here, we review both literatures, and show that the true distinction is whether recombination rates are high or low. In both cases, the evidence supports the claim that robustness promotes evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Masel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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12
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Pincus Z, Slack FJ. Developmental biomarkers of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1306-14. [PMID: 20151474 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental process of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is famously invariant; however, these animals have surprisingly variable lifespans, even in extremely homogenous environments. Inter-individual differences in muscle-function decline, accumulation of lipofuscin in the gut, internal growth of food bacteria, and ability to mobilize heat-shock responses all appear to be predictive of a nematode's remaining lifespan; whether these are causal, or mere correlates of individual decline and death, has yet to be determined. Moreover, few "upstream" causes of inter-individual variability have been identified. It may be the case that variability in lifespan is entirely due to stochastic damage accumulation; alternately, perhaps such variability has a developmental origin and/or genes involved in developmental canalization also act to buffer phenotypic heterogeneity later in life. We review these two hypotheses with an eye toward whether they can be experimentally differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Pincus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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13
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Klingenberg CP, Debat V, Roff DA. Quantitative genetics of shape in cricket wings: developmental integration in a functional structure. Evolution 2010; 64:2935-51. [PMID: 20482613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of developmental and genetic integration for evolution is contentious. One hypothesis states that integration acts as a constraint on evolution, whereas an alternative is that developmental and genetic systems evolve to match the functional modularity of organisms. This study examined a morphological structure, the cricket wing, where developmental and functional modules are discordant, making it possible to distinguish the two alternatives. Wing shape was characterized with geometric morphometrics, quantitative genetic information was extracted using a full-sibling breeding design, and patterns of developmental integration were inferred from fluctuating asymmetry of wing shape. The patterns of genetic, phenotypic, and developmental integration were clearly similar, but not identical. Heritabilities for different shape variables varied widely, but no shape variables were devoid of genetic variation. Simulated selection for specific shape changes produced predicted responses with marked deflections due to the genetic covariance structure. Three hypotheses of modularity according to the wing structures involved in sound production were inconsistent with the genetic, phenotypic, or developmental covariance structure. Instead, there appears to be strong integration throughout the wing. The hypothesis that genetic and developmental integration evolve to match functional modularity can therefore be rejected for this example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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15
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Pélabon C, Hansen TF, Carter AJR, Houle D. Evolution of variation and variability under fluctuating, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Evolution 2010; 64:1912-25. [PMID: 20199560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How variation and variability (the capacity to vary) may respond to selection remain open questions. Indeed, effects of different selection regimes on variational properties, such as canalization and developmental stability are under debate. We analyzed the patterns of among- and within-individual variation in two wing-shape characters in populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained under fluctuating, disruptive, and stabilizing selection for more than 20 generations. Patterns of variation in wing size, which was not a direct target of selection, were also analyzed. Disruptive selection dramatically increased phenotypic variation in the two shape characters, but left phenotypic variation in wing size unaltered. Fluctuating and stabilizing selection consistently decreased phenotypic variation in all traits. In contrast, within-individual variation, measured by the level of fluctuating asymmetry, increased for all traits under all selection regimes. These results suggest that canalization and developmental stability are evolvable and presumably controlled by different underlying genetic mechanisms, but the evolutionary responses are not consistent with an adaptive response to selection on variation. Selection also affected patterns of directional asymmetry, although inconsistently across traits and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology, Center for Conservation Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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16
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Debat V, Debelle A, Dworkin I. Plasticity, canalization, and developmental stability of the Drosophila wing: joint effects of mutations and developmental temperature. Evolution 2009; 63:2864-76. [PMID: 19624729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of genetic and environmental manipulations have been rarely investigated simultaneously. In addition to phenotypic plasticity, their effect on the amount and directions of genetic and phenotypic variation is of particular evolutionary importance because these constitute the material for natural selection. Here, we used heterozygous insertional mutations of 16 genes involved in the formation of the Drosophila wing. The flies were raised at two developmental temperatures (18 degrees C and 28 degrees C). Landmark-based geometric morphometrics was used to analyze the variation of the wing size and shape at different hierarchical levels: among genotypes and temperatures; among individuals within group; and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Our results show that (1) the phenotypic effects of the mutations depend on temperature; (2) reciprocally, most mutations affect wing plasticity; (3) both temperature and mutations modify the levels of FA and of among individuals variation within lines. Remarkably, the patterns of shape FA seem unaffected by temperature whereas those associated with individual variation are systematically altered. By modifying the direction of available phenotypic variation, temperature might thus directly affect the potential for further evolution. It suggests as well that the developmental processes responsible for developmental stability and environmental canalization might be partially distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 5202, Département Systématique et Evolution, 75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Abstract
Environmental stress has been suggested to be a major evolutionary force, both through inducing strong selection and because of its direct impact on developmental buffering processes that alter the evolvability of organisms. In particular, temperature has attracted much attention because of its importance as an ecological feature and the relative ease with which it can be experimentally manipulated in the lab. Evolution Canyon, Lower Nahal Oren, Israel, is a well studied natural site where ecological parameters are suspected to drive evolutionary differentiation. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster isofemale lines derived from wild flies collected on both slopes of the canyon, we investigated the effect of developmental temperature upon the different components of phenotypic variation of a complex trait: the wing. Combining geometric and traditional morphometrics, we find only limited evidence for a differentiation among slopes. Investigating simultaneously phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation among isofemale lines, variation among individuals and fluctuating asymmetry, we could not identify a consistent effect of the stressful conditions encountered on the south facing slope. The prevailing structuring effect is that of the experimentally manipulated temperature which clearly influences wing mean size and shape. Variability, in contrast, is not consistently affected by temperature. Finally, we investigated the specific relationship between individual variation and fluctuating asymmetry. Using metric multi-dimensional scaling we show that the related patterns of wing shape variation are not identical, supporting the view that the underlying developmental processes are to a certain extent different.
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18
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Deciphering morphology in Triatominae: the evolutionary signals. Acta Trop 2009; 110:101-11. [PMID: 19026978 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many species of Triatominae show evidence for morphological plasticity. Frequent taxonomic questions arose from this variability leading to disputes about describing new subspecies, species or even genera. We suggest this phenotypic flexibility is primarily an intraspecific feature, but with potential for evolutionary changes. We present arguments for a selection regime leading to the separation of species having low developmental canalization into morphologically distinct ecotypes. We suggest that these ecotypes, or morphs, or forms, may have evolutionary importance even if gene flow still exists between them. Thus, although we consider the morphological plasticity of Triatominae as an intraspecific trait, we defend the idea that it might represent a common evolutionary route to new species. Speciation processes in Triatominae could result from disruptive selection regimes combined with weak developmental canalization. Added to this basic pattern, accidental events could hasten evolutionary change. We suggest the heterosis as one of them.
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McGuigan K, Sgrò CM. Evolutionary consequences of cryptic genetic variation. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:305-11. [PMID: 19328588 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic evolution depends on heritable variation in phenotypes. A central aim of evolutionary biology, therefore, is to understand how processes generating phenotypic variation interact with selection and drift to result in phenotypic evolution. Recent studies have highlighted the propensity for populations to harbor genetic variation that contributes to phenotypic variation only after some environmental or genetic change. Many authors have suggested that release of this cryptic genetic variation by stressful or novel environments can facilitate phenotypic adaptation. However, there is little empirical evidence that stressful or novel environments release cryptic genetic variation, or that, once released, it contributes to phenotypic evolution. We argue that empirical studies are needed to answer these questions, and identify the empirical approaches needed to study the relationship between environment, released cryptic genetic variation and phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina McGuigan
- School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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20
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Eroukhmanoff F, Outomuro D, Ocharan FJ, Svensson EI. Patterns of Phenotypic Divergence in Wing Covariance Structure of Calopterygid Damselflies. Evol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-009-9057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Jamniczky HA, Hallgrímsson B. A comparison of covariance structure in wild and laboratory muroid crania. Evolution 2009; 63:1540-56. [PMID: 19210537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations have the ability to produce dramatic changes to covariance structure by altering the variance of covariance-generating developmental processes. Several evolutionary mechanisms exist that may be acting interdependently to stabilize covariance structure, despite this developmental potential for variation within species. We explore covariance structure in the crania of laboratory mouse mutants exhibiting mild-to-significant developmental perturbations of the cranium, and contrast it with covariance structure in related wild muroid taxa. Phenotypic covariance structure is conserved among wild muroidea, but highly variable and mutation-dependent within the laboratory group. We show that covariance structures in natural populations of related species occupy a more restricted portion of covariance structure space than do the covariance structures resulting from single mutations of significant effect or the almost nonexistent genetic differences that separate inbred mouse strains. Our results suggest that developmental constraint is not the primary mechanism acting to stabilize covariance structure, and imply a more important role for other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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22
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Sgrò CM, Milton CC, Jensen LT, Frydenberg J, Loeschcke V, Batterham P, Hoffmann AA. Nucleotide diversity in the Hsp90 gene in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Australia. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 17:685-697. [PMID: 19133078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 is regarded as one of the best candidates for an evolved mechanism that regulates the expression of genetic and phenotypic variability. We examined nucleotide diversity in both the promoter and coding regions of Hsp90, the gene which encodes Hsp90 in Drosophila, in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. We found that Hsp90 is polymorphic for only two nonsynonymous changes in the coding region, both of which are deletions of a lysine residue. One of these lysine deletions was in complete linkage disequilibrium with the inversion In(3L)P, and showed a significant association with latitude. The other lysine deletion reported here for the first time varied from 0 to 15% in natural populations, but did not show a clinal pattern. The regulatory and coding regions of Hsp90 showed very low nucleotide diversity compared to other nuclear genes, and chromosomes containing In(3L)P had lower levels of nucleotide diversity than the standard arrangements. Non-neutral evolution of Hsp90 was not supported by analyses of either the regulatory or coding regions of the gene. These results are discussed within the context of Hsp90 variation being involved in thermotolerance as well as the expression of genetic and phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Monash University Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
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23
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Morphometrics applied to medical entomology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:875-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Klingenberg CP. Morphological Integration and Developmental Modularity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Schlichting CD. Hidden Reaction Norms, Cryptic Genetic Variation, and Evolvability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1133:187-203. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1438.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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27
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Willmore KE, Young NM, Richtsmeier JT. Phenotypic Variability: Its Components, Measurement and Underlying Developmental Processes. Evol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-007-9008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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