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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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de Miguel R, Arrieta M, Rodríguez-Largo A, Echeverría I, Resendiz R, Pérez E, Ruiz H, Pérez M, de Andrés D, Reina R, de Blas I, Luján L. Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:784. [PMID: 33799908 PMCID: PMC8000744 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981-2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Marta Arrieta
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Largo
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (I.E.); (D.d.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Raúl Resendiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Estela Pérez
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embriology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (I.E.); (D.d.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (I.E.); (D.d.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.d.M.); (M.A.); (A.R.-L.); (R.R.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (I.d.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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