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King KE, McCormick JJ, Kenny GP. Temperature-Dependent Relationship of Autophagy and Apoptotic Signaling During Cold-Water Immersion in Young and Older Males. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300560. [PMID: 38150671 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial cytoprotective mechanism preventing the accumulation of cellular damage, especially during external stimuli such as cold exposure. Older adults poorly tolerate cold exposure and age-related impairments in autophagy may contribute to the associated reductions in cold tolerance. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of different intensities of in vivo cold-water immersion and in vitro cold exposure on autophagic and apoptotic signaling in young and older males. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated at baseline, end-cold exposure, and after 3 h of thermoneutral recovery. Additionally, PBMCs are treated with rapamycin and bafilomycin prior to in vitro cold exposure equivalent to in vivo core temperatures (35-37 °C). Proteins associated with autophagy, apoptosis, the heat shock response, and inflammation are analyzed via Western blotting. Moderate cold stress (0.5 °C decrease in core temperature) increased autophagic and heat shock protein activity while high cold stress (1.0 °C decrease in core temperature) augmented apoptosis in young males. In older males, minimal autophagic activation during both cold-water exposures are associated with increased apoptotic and inflammatory proteins. Although in vitro cold exposure confirmed age-related dysfunction in autophagy, rapamycin-induced stimulation of autophagic proteins underlie the potential to reverse age-related vulnerability to cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli E King
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Pvt, Monpetit Hall, Room 367, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - James J McCormick
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Pvt, Monpetit Hall, Room 367, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Pvt, Monpetit Hall, Room 367, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
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2
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Picca A, Faitg J, Auwerx J, Ferrucci L, D'Amico D. Mitophagy in human health, ageing and disease. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2047-2061. [PMID: 38036770 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining optimal mitochondrial function is a feature of health. Mitophagy removes and recycles damaged mitochondria and regulates the biogenesis of new, fully functional ones preserving healthy mitochondrial functions and activities. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that impaired mitophagy negatively affects cellular health and contributes to age-related chronic diseases. Strategies to boost mitophagy have been successfully tested in model organisms, and, recently, some have been translated into clinics. In this Review, we describe the basic mechanisms of mitophagy and how mitophagy can be assessed in human blood, the immune system and tissues, including muscle, brain and liver. We outline mitophagy's role in specific diseases and describe mitophagy-activating approaches successfully tested in humans, including exercise and nutritional and pharmacological interventions. We describe how mitophagy is connected to other features of ageing through general mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress and forecast how strengthening research on mitophagy and mitophagy interventions may strongly support human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Faitg
- Amazentis, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Bensalem J, Teong XT, Hattersley KJ, Hein LK, Fourrier C, Liu K, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK, Sargeant TJ. Basal autophagic flux measured in blood correlates positively with age in adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. GeroScience 2023; 45:3549-3560. [PMID: 37498479 PMCID: PMC10643809 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical data show that autophagy delays age-related disease. It has been postulated that age-related disease is-at least in part-caused by an age-related decline in autophagy. However, autophagic flux has never been measured in humans across a spectrum of aging in a physiologically relevant context. To address this critical gap in knowledge, the objective of this cross-sectional observational study was to measure basal autophagic flux in whole blood taken from people at elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes and correlate it with chronological age. During this study, 119 people were recruited and five people were excluded during sample analysis such that 114 people were included in the final analysis. Basal autophagic flux measured in blood and correlations with parameters such as age, body weight, fat mass, AUSDRISK score, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, blood glucose and insulin, blood lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma protein carbonylation, and plasma β-hexosaminidase activity were analysed. Despite general consensus in the literature that autophagy decreases with age, we found that basal autophagic flux increased with age in this human cohort. This is the first study to report measurement of basal autophagic flux in a human cohort and its correlation with age. This increase in basal autophagy could represent a stress response to age-related damage. These data are significant not only for their novelty but also because they will inform future clinical studies and show that measurement of basal autophagic flux in a human cohort is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bensalem
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xiao Tong Teong
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Hattersley
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne K Hein
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Célia Fourrier
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kai Liu
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Gressler AE, Leng H, Zinecker H, Simon AK. Proteostasis in T cell aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101838. [PMID: 37708826 PMCID: PMC10804938 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to a decline in immune cell function, which leaves the organism vulnerable to infections and age-related multimorbidities. One major player of the adaptive immune response are T cells, and recent studies argue for a major role of disturbed proteostasis contributing to reduced function of these cells upon aging. Proteostasis refers to the state of a healthy, balanced proteome in the cell and is influenced by synthesis (translation), maintenance and quality control of proteins, as well as degradation of damaged or unwanted proteins by the proteasome, autophagy, lysosome and cytoplasmic enzymes. This review focuses on molecular processes impacting on proteostasis in T cells, and specifically functional or quantitative changes of each of these upon aging. Importantly, we describe the biological consequences of compromised proteostasis in T cells, which range from impaired T cell activation and function to enhancement of inflamm-aging by aged T cells. Finally, approaches to improve proteostasis and thus rejuvenate aged T cells through pharmacological or physical interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elisabeth Gressler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Houfu Leng
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heidi Zinecker
- Ascenion GmbH, Am Zirkus 1, Bertold-Brecht-Platz 3, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
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Walter S, Jung T, Herpich C, Norman K, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Ott C. Determination of the autophagic flux in murine and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1122998. [PMID: 36994103 PMCID: PMC10040559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy lysosomal system (ALS) is crucial for cellular homeostasis, contributing to maintain whole body health and alterations are associated with diseases like cancer or cardiovascular diseases. For determining the autophagic flux, inhibition of lysosomal degradation is mandatory, highly complicating autophagy measurement in vivo. To overcome this, herein blood cells were used as they are easy and routinely to isolate. Within this study we provide detailed protocols for determination of the autophagic flux in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from human and, to our knowledge the first time, also from murine whole blood, extensively discussing advantages and disadvantages of both methods. Isolation of PBMCs was performed using density gradient centrifugation. To minimize changes on the autophagic flux through experimental conditions, cells were directly treated with concanamycin A (ConA) for 2 h at 37°C in their serum or for murine cells in serum filled up with NaCl. ConA treatment decreased lysosomal cathepsins activity and increased Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) protein and LC3A/B-II:LC3A/B-I ratio in murine PBMCs, while transcription factor EB was not altered yet. Aging further enhanced ConA-associated increase in SQSTM1 protein in murine PBMCs but not in cardiomyocytes, indicating tissue-specific differences in autophagic flux. In human PBMCs, ConA treatment also decreased lysosomal activity and increased LC3A/B-II protein levels, demonstrating successful autophagic flux detection in human subjects. In summary, both protocols are suitable to determine the autophagic flux in murine and human samples and may facilitate a better mechanistic understanding of altered autophagy in aging and disease models and to further develop novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Walter
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Catrin Herpich
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Norman
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Ott
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Ott,
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6
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Bensalem J, Heilbronn LK, Gore JR, Hutchison AT, Sargeant TJ, Fourrier C. The Break-Fast study protocol: a single arm pre-post study to measure the effect of a protein-rich breakfast on autophagic flux in fasting healthy individuals. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:120. [PMID: 36316728 PMCID: PMC9623954 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a cellular process that cleanses cells and is particularly important during ageing. Autophagy has been extensively studied in vitro and in animal models and is known to be sensitive to nutrition. However, human data are limited because autophagic flux (autophagic degradative activity) has been challenging to measure in humans. This protocol paper describes the Break-Fast study, in which autophagic flux will be measured using a recently developed blood test, before and after ingestion of whey protein. This aims to determine whether an acute nutritional intervention can change autophagy in humans. METHODS A minimum of forty healthy participants (both male and female) aged 20-50 years, BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 will be recruited into this single arm pre-post study. Participants will visit the clinic after an overnight fast for a first blood collection after which they will consume a whey protein-rich drink. A second blood collection will be performed 60 minutes after consumption of the drink. The primary outcome is the change in autophagic flux at 60 minutes post drink. Secondary outcomes include changes in blood glucose, autophagy-related proteins and mRNA, plasma hormones (e.g. insulin, C-peptide, adiponectin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin), cytokines, amino acids and lipids, protein synthesis, and correlation between molecular cell damage and autophagic flux. DISCUSSION This study will provide information about whether autophagy responds to nutrients in humans, and if nutritional strategies could be used to treat or prevent autophagy-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), anzctr.org.au ACTRN12621001029886. Registered on 5 August 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bensalem
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Obesity and Metabolism, Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Jemima R. Gore
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Amy T. Hutchison
- grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Obesity and Metabolism, Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sargeant
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Célia Fourrier
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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7
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McCormick JJ, Dokladny K, Moseley PL, Kenny GP. Autophagy and heat: a potential role for heat therapy to improve autophagic function in health and disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00542.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial cell survival mechanism that involves the degradation and recycling of old or damaged organelles and proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. Impairments in autophagy are central to the pathogenesis of many conditions including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and aging. Although various pharmacological agents may be able to stimulate autophagic function, to our knowledge, few interventions exist that have been deemed safe and effective in humans. An emerging body of evidence suggests that targeting the autophagic pathway via passive heating (heat therapy) may stimulate autophagic function. Therefore, the primary focus of the present review is to analyze the mechanisms in which passive heating induces autophagy as defined by in vitro and in vivo (animal and human) models. Our secondary focus is to examine the implications of utilizing passive heating to restore dysfunctional autophagy in chronic disease and aging. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies to implement passive heating to stimulate autophagic function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. McCormick
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karol Dokladny
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Pope L. Moseley
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glen P. Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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McCormick JJ, King KE, Côté MD, Meade RD, Akerman AP, Kenny GP. Impaired autophagy following ex vivo heating at physiologically relevant temperatures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from elderly adults. J Therm Biol 2020; 95:102790. [PMID: 33454031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing threat of climate change and the accompanying rise in the frequency and severity of extreme heat events, there are growing health concerns for heat-vulnerable elderly adults. Elderly adults are at increased risk of developing heat-related injuries, in part due to age-related declines in thermoregulatory and cellular function. Regarding the latter, the process of autophagy is activated as a cellular protective mechanism to counter heat-induced stress, but the extent that heat stress activates autophagy in elderly adults is not known. Further, the interplay between autophagy, the heat shock response (HSR), the acute inflammatory response, and apoptosis remains poorly understood in elderly adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine changes in autophagy, the HSR, inflammation, and apoptosis following increasing levels of ex vivo heat stress representative of physiologically relevant increases in body core temperatures (37-41 °C). Whole blood from 20 elderly adults (72 ± 4 years; 14 men, 6 women) was heated (via water immersion) to temperatures representative of normal resting conditions (normothermia; 37 °C), in addition to moderate and severe heat stress conditions (39, and 41 °C, respectively) for 90 min. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and protein markers of autophagy, the HSR, acute inflammation, and apoptosis were examined. No significant increases in markers of autophagy or the HSR were observed following any temperature condition. However, an increase in acute inflammation was observed above baseline following moderate heat stress (39 °C), with further increases in inflammation and apoptosis observed during severe heat stress (41 °C). Our findings indicate that PBMCs from elderly adults do not exhibit increases in autophagy or the HSR following severe heat stress, potentially contributing to the elevated risk of cellular dysfunction seen in elderly adults during heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J McCormick
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kelli E King
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Melissa D Côté
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Chen J, Wang L, Liu WH, Shi J, Zhong Y, Liu SJ, Liu SM. Aspirin protects human coronary artery endothelial cells by inducing autophagy. Physiol Int 2020; 107:294-305. [PMID: 32750030 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the use of aspirin has substantially reduced the risks of cardiovascular events and death, its potential mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In a previous study, we found that aspirin triggers cellular autophagy. In the present study, we aimed to determine the protective effects of aspirin on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and explore its underlying mechanisms. HCAECs were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), angiotensin II (Ang-II), or high glucose (HG) with or without aspirin stimulation. The expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), p-eNOS, LC3, p62, phosphor-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), and Beclin-1 were detected via immunoblotting analysis. Concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured via ELISA. NO levels were determined using the Griess reagent. Autophagic flux was tracked by tandem mRFP-GFP-tagged LC3. Results showed that aspirin increased eNOS level and reduced injury to the endothelial cells (ECs) caused by ox-LDL, Ang-II, and HG treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Aspirin also increased the LC3II/LC3I ratio, decreased p62 expression, and enhanced autophagic flux (autophagosome and autolysosome puncta) in the HCAECs. p-NF-κB and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 secretion, and eNOS activity promotion by aspirin treatment were found to be dependent on Beclin-1. These results suggested that aspirin can protect ECs from ox-LDL-, Ang-II-, and HG-induced injury by activating autophagy in a Beclin-1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - L Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - W H Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - J Shi
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - Y Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
| | - S J Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, PR China
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10
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Einhorn OM, Georgiou K, Tompa A. Salivary dysfunction caused by medication usage. Physiol Int 2020; 107:195-208. [PMID: 32750027 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of patients arriving in dental offices are being treated with ongoing medication for a variety of chronic diseases. As a result, dentists must be familiar with the potential side effects these therapeutic agents may have on the tissues of the oral cavity, and in particular on the salivary gland. Salivary gland function may be altered by a wide range of medications, leading to effects such as xerostomia, hyposalivation, hypersalivation or even swelling of the glands. These disorders can cause a variety of other health complications. This review will focus on the most common groups of drugs responsible for salivary gland dysfunction, including psychoactive drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, and antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Einhorn
- 1Private Dental Office: Dr. Einhorn, 89 Medinat Hayehudim Street, Herzliya, Israel
| | - K Georgiou
- 2Private Dental Office: Dr. Georgiou, 2-4 Makarios Avenue, Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
| | - A Tompa
- 3Institute of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
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11
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Bharath LP, Agrawal M, McCambridge G, Nicholas DA, Hasturk H, Liu J, Jiang K, Liu R, Guo Z, Deeney J, Apovian CM, Snyder-Cappione J, Hawk GS, Fleeman RM, Pihl RMF, Thompson K, Belkina AC, Cui L, Proctor EA, Kern PA, Nikolajczyk BS. Metformin Enhances Autophagy and Normalizes Mitochondrial Function to Alleviate Aging-Associated Inflammation. Cell Metab 2020; 32:44-55.e6. [PMID: 32402267 PMCID: PMC7217133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age is a non-modifiable risk factor for the inflammation that underlies age-associated diseases; thus, anti-inflammaging drugs hold promise for increasing health span. Cytokine profiling and bioinformatic analyses showed that Th17 cytokine production differentiates CD4+ T cells from lean, normoglycemic older and younger subjects, and mimics a diabetes-associated Th17 profile. T cells from older compared to younger subjects also had defects in autophagy and mitochondrial bioenergetics that associate with redox imbalance. Metformin ameliorated the Th17 inflammaging profile by increasing autophagy and improving mitochondrial bioenergetics. By contrast, autophagy-targeting siRNA disrupted redox balance in T cells from young subjects and activated the Th17 profile by activating the Th17 master regulator, STAT3, which in turn bound IL-17A and F promoters. Mitophagy-targeting siRNA failed to activate the Th17 profile. We conclude that metformin improves autophagy and mitochondrial function largely in parallel to ameliorate a newly defined inflammaging profile that echoes inflammation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena P Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Madhur Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Grace McCambridge
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Dequina A Nicholas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zhenheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jude Deeney
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Snyder-Cappione
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Fleeman
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anna C Belkina
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Licong Cui
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Engineering Science & Mechanics and Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Molecular Chaperones and Proteolytic Machineries Regulate Protein Homeostasis In Aging Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051308. [PMID: 32456366 PMCID: PMC7291254 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout their life cycles, cells are subject to a variety of stresses that lead to a compromise between cell death and survival. Survival is partially provided by the cell proteostasis network, which consists of molecular chaperones, a ubiquitin-proteasome system of degradation and autophagy. The cooperation of these systems impacts the correct function of protein synthesis/modification/transport machinery starting from the adaption of nascent polypeptides to cellular overcrowding until the utilization of damaged or needless proteins. Eventually, aging cells, in parallel to the accumulation of flawed proteins, gradually lose their proteostasis mechanisms, and this loss leads to the degeneration of large cellular masses and to number of age-associated pathologies and ultimately death. In this review, we describe the function of proteostasis mechanisms with an emphasis on the possible associations between them.
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