Development and Evaluation of Chemometric Models for the Estimation of Sumatriptan in the Presence of Naproxen and a Degradation Product Using UV Spectrophotometry

BACKGROUND

Chemometrics is a discipline that allows the spectral resolution of drugs in a pharmaceutical formulation along with degradation product and it is an alternative to chromatographic methods.

OBJECTIVE

Sumatriptan (SUM) is co-formulated with naproxen (NAP) and used in acute migraine attacks. SUM, which has physiological importance, has not been subjected to any stability-indicating chemometric approaches yet, so there is a need for an accurate and safe method for the assay of the cited drug in its preparations. The greenness and blueness assessment was applied using different ecological metrics, including the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), Analytical Eco-Scale (AES) and new "blueness" evaluation using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) tool.

METHODS

SUM was determined in pharmaceutical formulation along with NAP and in presence of alkali-induced degradation product with simple and cost-effective multivariate approaches using spectrophotometric data. Three chemometric approaches were applied for the stability-indicating determination of SUM in the presence of NAP. Classical least-squares (CLS), partial least-squares regression (PLS), and principal components regression (PCR)-three multivariate calibration numerical models that were applied to the UV spectra of the mixtures-were used to achieve the best resolution.

RESULTS

Sumatriptan was analyzed with mean accuracies for PLS (100.29% ± 1.318) and for PCR (100.60% ± 1.564). The presented methods were compared and validated for their quantitative analyses. Moreover, statistical comparison between the results obtained by the proposed models and the official methods showed no significant differences.

CONCLUSION

The proposed multivariate calibrations were accurate and specific for quantitative analysis of the studied component. PLS is the best method that has the capacity for qualitative analysis of SUM and it is suitable for routine analysis and stability studies of SUM in QC laboratories. Various ecological assessment metrics confirmed the long-standing eco-friendliness of the suggested models.

HIGHLIGHTS

Severally overlapped mixtures of SUM along with co-formulated drug NAP and an alkali-induced degradation product were analyzed by three chemometric approaches. The analytical performance of PLS and PCR was compared and validated in terms of root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC), SE of prediction, and recoveries. PLS gave the highest predicted concentrations with the lowest RMSEC and root-mean-square error of prediction. The standard addition was applied for accuracy assessment and the results were compared to those of official methods. Proposed models determined SUM in synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulation in QC laboratories and stability studies. Ecological evaluation tools for measuring the environmental friendliness of chemicals were utilized for the first time in the analysis of SUM.

Rapid and naked-eye colorimetric detection of ultra trace sumatriptan in drinking water, saliva, and human urine samples based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles

In this study, the determination of sumatriptan (SUM) was performed using a simple, rapid, and precise colorimetric method based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) feature of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By adding SUM, the aggregation was observed in AuNPs with red-to-blue color shifts. The size distribution of NPs was estimated before and after adding SUM via dynamic light scattering (DLS), which was found to be 15.34 and 97.45 nm, respectively. Characterization of AuNPs, SUM, and AuNPs in combination with SUM was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Examining the effect of pH, the volume of buffer, the concentration of AuNPs, interaction time, and ionic strength revealed that their optimal values were 6, 100 μL, 5 μM, 14 min, and 12 μg L-1, respectively. The suggested method was able to determine the amount of SUM in a linear range of 10 to 250 μg L-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.392 and 1.03 μg L-1, respectively. This approach was successfully applied to determine SUM in drinking water, saliva, and human urine samples with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 0.03%, 0.3%, and 1.0%, respectively.

Quality by design for sumatriptan loaded nano-ethosomal mucoadhesive gel for the therapeutic management of nitroglycerin induced migraine

Migraine is a progressive neurological condition often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Various drugs have recently been used in the treatment of migraine, including sumatriptan (SUT). However, SUT has poor pharmacological effects mainly due to its reduced permeability, blood brain barrier (BBB) effect, half-life and bioavailability. Herein, we developed SUT loaded nano-ethosomes (SUT-NEs) for intranasal (IN) delivery, after their incorporation into chitosan based mucoadhesive gel (SUT-NEsG). The observed mean particle size of SUT-NEs was 109.45 ± 4.03 nm with spherical morphology, mono dispersion (0.191 ± 0.001), negatively charged (-20.90 ± 1.98 mV) and with excellent entrapment efficiency (96.90 ± 1.85 %). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra have depicted the compatibility of the components. Moreover, SUT-NEsG was homogeneous having suitable viscosity and mucoadhesive strength. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation analysis showed sustained release and improved permeation of the SUT-NEsG, respectively. Additionally, histopathological studies of nasal membrane affirmed the safety of SUT-NEsG after IN application. In vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated improved brain bioavailability of SUT-NEsG as compared to orally administered sumatriptan solution (SUT-SL). Furthermore, significantly enhanced pharmacological effect of SUT-NEsG was observed in behavioral and biochemical analysis, immunohistochemistry for NF-κB, and enzyme linked immuno assay (ELISA) for IL-1β and TNF-α in Nitroglycerin (NTG) induced migraine model. It can be concluded that migraine may be successfully managed through IN application of SUT-NEsG owing to the direct targeted delivery to the brain.

Electro-oxidation sensing of sumatriptan in aqueous solutions and human blood serum by Zn(II)-MOF modified electrochemical delaminated pencil graphite electrode

An electrochemical sensory platform is presented for determination of sumatriptan (SUM) in aqueous solutions and human blood serum. A pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was electrochemically delaminated by cyclic voltammetry technique, and then further modified using nanoparticles of a zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn(II)-MOF). The fabricated Zn(II)-MOF/EDPGE electrode was utilized for sensitive electrochemical detection of SUM via an electro-oxidation reaction. The Zn(II)-MOF was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by various techniques. The electrochemical delamination of PGE results in a porous substrate, facilitating the effective immobilization of the modifier. The designed sensor benefits from both enhanced surface area and an accelerated electron transfer rate, as evidenced by the chronocoulogram and Nyquist plots. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor exhibited a linear response for 0.99-9.52 µM SUM solutions. A short response time of 5 s was observed for the fabricated sensor and the detection limit was found to be 0.29 μM. Selectivity of Zn(II)-MOF/EDPGE towards SUM was evaluated by examining the interference effect of codeine, epinephrine, acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, and uric acid, which are commonly found in biological samples. The developed sensor shows excellent performance with recovery values falling within the range of 96.6 to 111% for the analysis of SUM in human blood serum samples.

Two Spectroscopic Methods for Estimation of Anti-migraine Medications; Sumatriptan and Zolmitriptan Based on Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

Sensitive and selective spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods have been developed for estimation of two antimigraine drugs namely sumatriptan succinate and zolmitriptan. These methods depend on producing a yellow-colored product after the reaction of the two drugs with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). The reaction products exhibit maximum absorbance at 481 nm in borate buffer of pH 9 and fluorescence emission peak at 540 nm after excitation at 470 nm for the two drugs. The linear ranges were 5-60 μg/mL for SUM and 5-50 μg/mL for ZOL in the spectrophotometric method (method I), while 0.4-4 μg/mL for SUM and 0.5-5 μg/mL for ZOL in the spectrofluorimetric method (method II). The methods validity was assessed according to ICH guidelines. Statistical analysis of the results obtained from the proposed and comparison methods confirmed that the proposed methods are highly accurate and precise. The suggested methods could be used for the determination of the mentioned drugs in both pure and tablets.

Spectrofluorimetric investigation for determination of sumatriptan succinate: application to tablets and spiked human plasma

A simple and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the estimation of sumatriptan succinate has been investigated. The suggested method depends on the determination of the intrinsic fluorescence properties of the drug in aqueous systems at λ_em 350 nm following λ_ex at 225 nm. The linearity range was 10-100 ng/ml, with a detection limit and quantitation limit of 1.2 and 3.6 ng/ml, respectively. The suggested method was sufficiently successful for determination of sumatriptan its pharmaceutical tablets as well as in spiked human plasma. Moreover, the validation parameters were determined following International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Statistical analysis of the obtained results from the proposed and reference methods showed no significance difference between the two methods regarding accuracy and precision.

Quantitative structure-retention relationship model for the determination of naratriptan hydrochloride and its impurities based on artificial neural networks coupled with genetic algorithm

Mathematical modeling of Quantitative Structure - Property Relationships met great interest in fields of in silico drug design and more recently, pharmaceutical analysis. In our approach we proposed automated method of creation Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship (QSRR) for analysis of triptans, selective serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor agonists used for the treatment of acute headache. The method was created using hybrid machine learning approach, namely Genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with artificial neutral networks (ANN). Performance of proposed hybrid GA-ANN model was evaluated with predicting relative retention times of naratriptan hydrochloride impurities. Several ANN types were coupled with GA and tested: single-layer ANN (SL-ANN), double-layer ANN (D-ANN) and higher order architectures: pi-sigma ANN (PS-ANN) and sigma-pi-sigma ANN (SPS-ANN). Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was used as a reference. The separation of naratriptan hydrochloride and its related products (impurities and degradation products) was obtained by developing a gradient high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). Degradation products during acid-basic hydrolysis were identified with an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) detector. Independent data for outer validation of QSRR model was obtained from the determination of related products of sumatriptan succinate via an HPLC-DAD method. Accuracy of QSRR was measured by inner-validation on naratriptan data and outer validation on sumatriptan succinate samples. The best performing model were PS-ANN and SPS-ANN with mean errors of 8% (Q₂=0.87) and 15% (Q₂=0.77) on an inner-validation data set, respectively. Validation on similar samples from an outer validation data set of sumatriptan succinate impurities gave mean errors of 18% (R²_pred=0.64) and 17% (R²_pred=0.63) for the PS-ANN and SPS-ANN models, respectively.