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Thomas G, Caulfield J, Nikolaeva-Reynolds L, Birkett MA, Vuts J. Solvent Extraction of PDMS Tubing as a New Method for the Capture of Volatile Organic Compounds from Headspace. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:85-99. [PMID: 38246946 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubing is increasingly being used to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from static biological headspace. However, analysis of VOCs collected using PDMS tubing often deploys thermal desorption, where samples are considered as 'one-offs' and cannot be used in multiple experiments. In this study, we developed a static headspace VOC collection method using PDMS tubing which is solvent-based, meaning that VOC extracts can be used multiple times and can be linked to biological activity. Using a synthetic blend containing a range of known semiochemicals (allyl isothiocyanate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-one, nonanal, (E)-anethol, (S)-bornyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene and pentadecane) with differing chemical and physicochemical properties, VOCs were collected in static headspace by exposure to PDMS tubing with differing doses, sampling times and lengths. In a second experiment, VOCs from oranges were collected using PDMS sampling of static headspace versus dynamic headspace collection. VOCs were eluted with diethyl ether and analysed using gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and coupled GC - mass spectrometry. GC-FID analysis of collected samples showed that longer PDMS tubes captured significantly greater quantities of compounds than shorter tubes, and that sampling duration significantly altered the recovery of all tested compounds. Moreover, greater quantities of compounds were recovered from closed compared to open systems. Finally, analysis of orange headspace VOCs showed no qualitative differences in VOCs recovered compared to dynamic headspace collections, although quantities sampled using PDMS tubing were lower. In summary, extraction of PDMS tubing with diethyl ether solvent captures VOCs from the headspace of synthetic blends and biological samples, and the resulting extracts can be used for multiple experiments linking VOC content to biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thomas
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - John Caulfield
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Michael A Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - József Vuts
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Identification of volatile producing enzymes in higher fungi: Combining analytical and bioinformatic methods. Methods Enzymol 2022; 664:221-242. [PMID: 35331375 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi harbor the genetic potential for the biosynthesis of several secondary metabolites including various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nonetheless, under standard laboratory conditions, many of these VOCs are not formed. Furthermore, little is known about enzymes involved in the production of fungal VOCs. To tap these interesting topics, we developed an approach to identify enzymes putatively involved in the fungal VOC biosynthesis. In this chapter, we highlight different fungal cultivation methods and techniques for the extraction of VOCs, including a method that allows the noninvasive analysis of VOCs. In addition using terpene synthases as an example, it is depicted how enzymes putatively involved in VOC synthesis can be identified by means of bioinformatic approaches. Transcriptomic data of chosen genes combined with volatilome data obtained during different developmental stages is demonstrated as a powerful tool to identify enzymes putatively involved in fungal VOC biosynthesis. Especially with regard to subsequent enzyme characterization, this procedure is a target-oriented way to save time and efforts by considering only the most important enzymes.
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Hasan CK, Ghiasvand A, Lewis TW, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Recent advances in stir-bar sorptive extraction: Coatings, technical improvements, and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1139:222-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Frankowski R, Rębiś T, Werner J, Grześkowiak T, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. Application of the electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) sorbent for solid-phase microextraction of bisphenols. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5068-5080. [PMID: 33034600 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new, simple, and effective procedure using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/lignosulfonate electropolymerized sorbent solid-phase microextraction (PEDOT/LS-SPME) combined with LC-MS/MS for determination of bisphenols in environmental water samples was developed. Various parameters influencing the performance of the analytical procedure including the type of sorbent, electropolymerization time, sorbent preconditioning time, extraction time, desorption (time and solvent), and sample pH were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions the proposed method allowed us to achieve good precision (n = 5) between 6.0 and 12.1%. The limits of detection were equal to 0.17 μg L-1 for BPA, 0.16 μg L-1 for BPF, 0.07 μg L-1 for BPE, 0.05 μg L-1 for BPB, and 0.027 μg L-1 for BPAF. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of bisphenols in aqueous environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Frankowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Rębiś
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Justyna Werner
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
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Surface area expansion by flower-like nanoscale layered double hydroxides for high efficient stir bar sorptive extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1116:45-52. [PMID: 32389188 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the surface area of stationary phase is essential in chromatographic science. In this work, nanoscale NiAl-layered double hydroxides (NiAl-LDHs) with flower-like structure was used as a platform for supporting the stationary phase. Then strong hydrophobic p-naphtholbenzein molecule was immobilized onto the LDHs layer as sorbent for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The flower-like LDHs layer significantly increased the extraction efficiency through increasing the specific surface area and immobilized amounts of stationary phase. In addition, the LDHs can also provide anion exchange ability, which expanded the application of this stir bar for analysis of not only hydrophobic but also anionic analytes. For improving the workability, a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) jacket stir bar with detachable dumbbell-shaped structure was employed. The PEEK jacket with high mechanical strength and dumbbell-shaped structure improved the durability of stir bar and the detectable design allowed elution to be realized with less solvent that enhanced the enrichment factor. The proposed stir bar showed good performance for the extraction of multiple analytes including flavonoids, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and chlorophenoxy acids. By coupling with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), the SBSE-HPLC-UV method was applied for the extraction of three active components including bavachin, isobavachalcone and bavachinin in Psoralea corylifolia L. herb with low limit detection of 0.01-0.02 ng/mL.
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Šrámková IH, Horstkotte B, Erben J, Chvojka J, Švec F, Solich P, Šatínský D. 3D-Printed Magnetic Stirring Cages for Semidispersive Extraction of Bisphenols from Water Using Polymer Micro- and Nanofibers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3964-3971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana H. Šrámková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 50 005, Czech Republic
| | - Burkhard Horstkotte
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 50 005, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Erben
- Faculty of Textile Engineering, Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Chvojka
- Faculty of Textile Engineering, Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 50 005, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dalibor Šatínský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 50 005, Czech Republic
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Orban A, Fraatz MA, Rühl M. Aroma Profile Analyses of Filamentous Fungi Cultivated on Solid Substrates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 169:85-107. [PMID: 30828753 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have been used since centuries in the production of food by means of solid substrate fermentation (SSF). The most applied SSF involving fungi is the cultivation of mushrooms, e.g., on tree stumps or sawdust, for human consumption. However, filamentous fungi are also key players during manufacturing of several processed foods, like mold cheese, tempeh, soy sauce, and sake. In addition to their nutritive values, these foods are widely consumed due to their pleasant flavors. Based on the potentials of filamentous fungi to grow on solid substrates and to produce valuable aroma compounds, in recent decades, several studies concentrated on the production of aroma compounds with SSF, turning cheap agricultural wastes into valuable flavors. In this review, we focus on the presentation of common analytical methods for volatile substances and highlight various applications of SSF of filamentous fungi dealing with the production of aroma compounds. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Orban
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marco A Fraatz
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group "Bioresources", Giessen, Germany.
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David F, Ochiai N, Sandra P. Two decades of stir bar sorptive extraction: A retrospective and future outlook. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ochiai N, Sasamoto K, David F, Sandra P. Recent Developments of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction for Food Applications: Extension to Polar Solutes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7249-7255. [PMID: 29938507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is a miniaturized and solvent-less sample preparation method for extraction and concentration of organic compounds from aqueous samples. The method is based on sorptive extraction, whereby the solutes are extracted into a polymer, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), coated on a stir bar. Using an apolar PDMS coating, SBSE provides high recoveries for apolar solutes; however, SBSE recoveries for polar solutes are low. Although several more polar coatings for SBSE were developed, these extraction phases are mostly not compatible with thermal desorption (TD) and/or have inferior performance characteristics related to robustness, bleeding, stability, etc. compared to PDMS. In this perspective, two recently introduced SBSE approaches are described that can be used to extend the applicability of a PDMS coating to more polar solutes: (1) SBSE with freeze concentration [ice concentration linked with extractive stirrer (ICECLES)], which is based on the concentration of analytes by gradually reducing the phase ratio (sample/extraction phase), and (2) SBSE using a solvent-swollen PDMS [solvent-assisted SBSE (SA-SBSE)], which is based on a combination of polarity modification and volume increase by PDMS phase swelling using certain types of solvents while maintaining the original characteristics of the PDMS phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ochiai
- GERSTEL K.K. 1-3-1 Nakane , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0031 Japan
| | - Kikuo Sasamoto
- GERSTEL K.K. 1-3-1 Nakane , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0031 Japan
| | - Frank David
- Research Institute for Chromatography , President Kennedypark 26 , 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography , President Kennedypark 26 , 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
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Ochiai N, Sasamoto K, David F, Sandra P. Solvent-assisted stir bar sorptive extraction by using swollen polydimethylsiloxane for enhanced recovery of polar solutes in aqueous samples: Application to aroma compounds in beer and pesticides in wine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Torabizadeh M, Talebpour Z, Adib N, Aboul-Enein HY. Preparation of a novel sorptive stir bar based on vinylpyrrolidone-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monolithic polymer for the simultaneous extraction of diazepam and nordazepam from human plasma. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1316-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Torabizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry; University of Alzahra; Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry; University of Alzahra; Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Nuoshin Adib
- Food and Drug Research Center; Ministry of Health; Tehran Iran
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
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Stir-bar sorptive extraction: 15 years making sample preparation more environment-friendly. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gilart N, Marcé RM, Borrull F, Fontanals N. New coatings for stir-bar sorptive extraction of polar emerging organic contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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