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Książek E. Citric Acid: Properties, Microbial Production, and Applications in Industries. Molecules 2023; 29:22. [PMID: 38202605 PMCID: PMC10779990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Citric acid finds broad applications in various industrial sectors, such as the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and cosmetic industries. The bioproduction of citric acid uses various microorganisms, but the most commonly employed ones are filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This article presents a literature review on the properties of citric acid, the microorganisms and substrates used, different fermentation techniques, its industrial utilization, and the global citric acid market. This review emphasizes that there is still much to explore, both in terms of production process techniques and emerging new applications of citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Książek
- Department of Agroenginieering and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118-120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
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Fodor A, Gualtieri M, Zeller M, Tarasco E, Klein MG, Fodor AM, Haynes L, Lengyel K, Forst SA, Furgani GM, Karaffa L, Vellai T. Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii (EMC) and X. budapestensis (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030342. [PMID: 35335666 PMCID: PMC8950435 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge, not only for public health, but also for sustainable agriculture. Antibiotics used in humans should be ruled out for use in veterinary or agricultural settings. Applying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) molecules, produced by soil-born organisms for protecting (soil-born) plants, seems a preferable alternative. The natural role of peptide-antimicrobials, produced by the prokaryotic partner of entomopathogenic-nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic associations, is to sustain monoxenic conditions for the EPB in the gut of the semi-anabiotic infective dauer juvenile (IJ) EPN. They keep pathobiome conditions balanced for the EPN/EPB complex in polyxenic (soil, vanquished insect cadaver) niches. Xenorhabdus szentirmaii DSM16338(T) (EMC), and X. budapestensis DSM16342(T) (EMA), are the respective natural symbionts of EPN species Steinernema rarum and S. bicornutum. We identified and characterized both of these 15 years ago. The functional annotation of the draft genome of EMC revealed 71 genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and polyketide synthases. The large spatial Xenorhabdus AMP (fabclavine), was discovered in EMA, and its biosynthetic pathway in EMC. The AMPs produced by EMA and EMC are promising candidates for controlling MDR prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens (bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, protozoa). EMC releases large quantity of iodinin (1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide) in a water-soluble form into the media, where it condenses to form spectacular water-insoluble, macroscopic crystals. This review evaluates the scientific impact of international research on EMA and EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Középfasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-(30)-490-9294
| | - Maxime Gualtieri
- Nosopharm, 110 Allée Charles Babbage, Espace Innovation 2, 30000 Nîmes, France;
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Eustachio Tarasco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michael G. Klein
- USDA-ARS & Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 13416 Claremont Ave, Cleveland, OH 44130, USA;
| | - Andrea M. Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
| | - Leroy Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Katalin Lengyel
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (NIPN), Zrinyi utca 3, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven A. Forst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA;
| | - Ghazala M. Furgani
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13793, Libya
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- MTA-ELTE Genetics Research Group, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Mosquera S, Stergiopoulos I, Leveau JHJ. Interruption of Aspergillus niger spore germination by the bacterially produced secondary metabolite collimomycin. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:306-313. [PMID: 32162788 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 (CfTer331) is a soil bacterium that produces collimomycin, a secondary metabolite that inhibits the vegetative growth of fungi. Here we show that CfTer331 can also interfere with fungal spore germination and that collimomycin biosynthesis is required for this activity. More specifically, in co-cultures of Aspergillus niger N402 (AnN402) co-nidiospores with CfTer331, the rate of transition from the isotropic to polarized stage of the germination process was reduced and the relatively few AnN402 conidiospores that completed the germination process were less likely to survive than those that were arrested in the isotropic phase. By contrast, a collimomycin-deficient mutant of CfTer331 had no effect on germination: in its presence, as in the absence or delayed presence of CfTer331, unhindered germination of conidiospores allowed rapid establishment of AnN402 mycelium and the subsequent acidification of the culture medium to the detriment of any bacteria present. However, when challenged early enough with CfTer331, the collimomycin-dependent arrest of the AnN402 germination process enabled CfTer331 to prevent AnN402 from forming mycelia and to gain dominance in the culture. We propose that the collimomycin-dependent arrest of spore germination represents an early intervention strategy used by CfTer331 to mitigate niche construction by fungi in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mosquera
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751
| | - Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751
| | - Johan H J Leveau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751
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Francisco JCE, Rivera WL, Vital PG. Influences of carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus sources on the citric acid production by fungal endophyte Aspergillus fumigatus P3I6. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:292-301. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1689510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Christian E. Francisco
- Biological Research and Services Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pierangeli G. Vital
- Biological Research and Services Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Selective Parameters and Bioleaching Kinetics for Leaching Vanadium from Red Mud Using Aspergillus niger and Penicillium tricolor. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, using Aspergillus niger and Penicillium tricolor, the influence of the selected parameters, including sucrose concentration, inoculation size of spores, pulp density, and pre-culture time, on the bioleaching efficiency (biomass, organic acids production, and vanadium extraction, respectively) of red mud were studied. The bioleaching kinetics under optimal conditions were also explored. Sucrose concentration showed a positive linear effect on bioleaching efficiency below 143.44 and 141.82 g/L using A. niger and P. tricolor, respectively. However, a higher concentration was unfavorable for vanadium extraction. The inoculation size of spores showed an insignificant effect on both biomass and vanadium extraction if it exceeded the lowest coded levels (0.5 × 107/mL). Red mud pulp density showed a negative effect on the bioleaching efficiency of A. niger but a positive effect on organic acids production and vanadium extraction of P. tricolor. A pre-culture was indispensable for A. niger but not for P. tricolor due to the fact of its isolation from the red mud examined in this study. The kinetics analysis showed that the leaching rate of vanadium followed a two-domain behavior: initially, a rapid leaching period of approximately 10–15 days and, subsequently, a slow leaching period. Considering the change of the particles’ appearance as well as in the elemental composition of the bioleached red mud, it is speculated that the rate of leaching agents through the silicon minerals was the rate-limiting step of dissolution kinetics under the fungal bioleaching process.
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Abd Razak DL, Abd Rashid NY, Jamaluddin A, Sharifudin SA, Abd Kahar A, Long K. Cosmeceutical potentials and bioactive compounds of rice bran fermented with single and mix culture of Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae. JOURNAL OF THE SAUDI SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2017; 16:127-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Bahaloo-Horeh N, Mousavi SM. Enhanced recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through optimization of organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:666-679. [PMID: 27825532 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, spent medium bioleaching method was performed using organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger to dissolve Ni, Co, Mn, Li, Cu and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects and interactions between the effective factors of sucrose concentration, initial pH, and inoculum size to optimize organic acid production. Maximum citric acid, malic acid, and gluconic acid concentrations of 26,478, 1832.53 and 8433.76ppm, respectively, and a minimum oxalic acid concentration of 305.558ppm were obtained under optimal conditions of 116.90 (gl-1) sucrose concentration, 3.45% (vv-1) inoculum size, and a pH value of 5.44. Biogenically-produced organic acids are used for leaching of spent LIBs at different pulp densities. The highest metal recovery of 100% Cu, 100% Li, 77% Mn, and 75% Al occurred at 2% (wv-1) pulp density; 64% Co and 54% Ni recovery occurred at 1% (wv-1) pulp density. The bioleaching of metals from spent LIBs can decrease the environmental impact of this waste. The results of this study suggest that the process can be used for large scale industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Bahaloo-Horeh
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Mleczek M, Magdziak Z, Gąsecka M, Niedzielski P, Kalač P, Siwulski M, Rzymski P, Zalicka S, Sobieralski K. Content of selected elements and low-molecular-weight organic acids in fruiting bodies of edible mushroom Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. from unpolluted and polluted areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20609-20618. [PMID: 27464666 PMCID: PMC5099368 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to (i) investigate the potential of edible mushroom Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. to accumulate 53 elements from unpolluted acidic sandy soil and polluted alkaline flotation tailing sites in Poland, (ii) to estimate the low-molecular-weight organic acid (LMWOA) profile and contents in fruit bodies, and finally (iii) to explore the possible relationship between elements and LMWOA content in mushrooms. The content of most elements in fruiting bodies collected from the flotation tailings was significantly higher than in mushrooms from the unpolluted soils. The occurrence of elements determined in fruiting bodies of B. badius has been varied (from 0.01 mg kg-1 for Eu, Lu, and Te up to 18,932 mg kg-1 for K). The results established the high importance of element contents in substrate. Among ten organic acids, nine have been found in wide range: from below 0.01 mg kg-1 for fumaric acid to 14.8 mg g-1 for lactic acid. Lactic and succinic acids were dominant in both areas, and citric acid was also in high content in polluted area. The correlation between element contents and the individual and total content of LMWOAs was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Mleczek
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Magdziak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Gąsecka
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Pavel Kalač
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Siwulski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Zalicka
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Rasoulnia P, Mousavi SM. Maximization of organic acids production by Aspergillus niger in a bubble column bioreactor for V and Ni recovery enhancement from power plant residual ash in spent-medium bioleaching experiments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:729-736. [PMID: 27295250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spent-medium bioleaching of V and Ni from a power plant residual ash (PPR ash) was conducted using organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger. The production of organic acids in a bubble column bioreactor was optimized through selecting three most influencing factors. Under optimum condition of aeration rate of 762.5(ml/min), sucrose concentration of 101.9(g/l) and inoculum size of 40(ml/l), respectively 17,185, 4539, 1042 and 502(ppm) of oxalic, gluconic, citric and malic acids were produced. Leaching experiments were carried out using biogenic produced organic acids under leaching environment temperature of 60°C and rotary shaking speed of 135rpm, with various pulp densities of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9(%w/v). The results showed that biogenic produced organic acids leached V much more efficiently than Ni so that even at high pulp density of 9(%w/v), 83% of V was recovered while Ni recovery yield was 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rasoulnia
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Linde T, Zoglowek M, Lübeck M, Frisvad JC, Lübeck PS. The global regulator LaeA controls production of citric acid and endoglucanases in Aspergillus carbonarius. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1139-47. [PMID: 27169528 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The global regulatory protein LaeA is known for regulating the production of many kinds of secondary metabolites in Aspergillus species, as well as sexual and asexual reproduction, and morphology. In Aspergillus carbonarius, it has been shown that LaeA regulates production of ochratoxin. We have investigated the regulatory effect of LaeA on production of citric acid and cellulolytic enzymes in A. carbonarius. Two types of A. carbonarius strains, having laeA knocked out or overexpressed, were constructed and tested in fermentation. The knockout of laeA significantly decreased the production of citric acid and endoglucanases, but did not reduce the production of beta-glucosidases or xylanases. The citric acid accumulation was reduced with 74-96 % compared to the wild type. The endoglucanase activity was reduced with 51-78 %. Overexpression of LaeA seemed not to have an effect on citric acid production or on cellulose or xylanase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Linde
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Marta Zoglowek
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Yeast & Fermentation, Group Commercial, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Frisvad
- DTU, Institute for System-biologi, Fungal Chemodiversity, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Stephensen Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
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A study of organic acid production in contrasts between two phosphate solubilizing fungi: Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus niger. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25313. [PMID: 27126606 PMCID: PMC4850453 DOI: 10.1038/srep25313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) have huge potentials in enhancing release of phosphorus from fertilizer. Two PSF (NJDL-03 and NJDL-12) were isolated and identified as Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus niger respectively in this study. The quantification and identification of organic acids were performed by HPLC. Total concentrations of organic acids secreted by NJDL-03 and NJDL-12 are ~4000 and ~10,000 mg/L with pH values of 3.6 and 2.4 respectively after five-days culture. Oxalic acid dominates acidity in the medium due to its high concentration and high acidity constant. The two fungi were also cultured for five days with the initial pH values of the medium varied from 6.5 to 1.5. The biomass reached the maximum when the initial pH values are 4.5 for NJDL-03 and 2.5 for NJDL-12. The organic acids for NJDL-12 reach the maximum at the initial pH = 5.5. However, the acids by NJDL-03 continue to decrease and proliferation of the fungus terminates at pH = 2.5. The citric acid production increases significantly for NJDL-12 at acidic environment, whereas formic and oxalic acids decrease sharply for both two fungi. This study shows that NJDL-12 has higher ability in acid production and has stronger adaptability to acidic environment than NJDL-03.
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Maller A, Mota AMDO, Silva DP, Vicente AA, Teixeira JA, Polizeli MDLTDM. Fermentation pH in stirred tank and air-lift bioreactors affects phytase secretion byAspergillus japonicusdifferently but not the particle size. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.870559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu Y, Ma Q, He H. Heterogeneous uptake of amines by citric acid and humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11112-11118. [PMID: 22963339 DOI: 10.1021/es302414v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous uptake of methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) onto citric acid and humic acid was investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer at 298 K. Acid-base reactions between amines and carboxylic acids were confirmed. The observed uptake coefficients of MA, DMA, and TMA on citric acid at 298 K were measured to be 7.31 ± 1.13 × 10(-3), 6.65 ± 0.49 × 10(-3), and 5.82 ± 0.68 × 10(-3), respectively, and showed independence of sample mass. The observed uptake coefficients of MA, DMA, and TMA on humic acid at 298 K increased linearly with sample mass, and the true uptake coefficients of MA, DMA, and TMA were measured to be 1.26 ± 0.07 × 10(-5), 7.33 ± 0.40 × 10(-6), and 4.75 ± 0.15 × 10(-6), respectively. Citric acid, having stronger acidity, showed a higher reactivity than humic acid for a given amine; while the steric effect of amines was found to govern the reactivity between amines and citric acid or humic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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García J, Torres N. Mathematical modelling and assessment of the pH homeostasis mechanisms in Aspergillus niger while in citric acid producing conditions. J Theor Biol 2011; 282:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhetariya PJ, Madan T, Basir SF, Varma A, Usha SP. Allergens/Antigens, toxins and polyketides of important Aspergillus species. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011; 26:104-19. [PMID: 22468035 PMCID: PMC3107401 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-011-0131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The medical, agricultural and biotechnological importance of the primitive eukaryotic microorganisms, the Fungi was recognized way back in 1920. Among various groups of fungi, the Aspergillus species are studied in great detail using advances in genomics and proteomics to unravel biological and molecular mechanisms in these fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus terreus are some of the important species relevant to human, agricultural and biotechnological applications. The potential of Aspergillus species to produce highly diversified complex biomolecules such as multifunctional proteins (allergens, antigens, enzymes) and polyketides is fascinating and demands greater insight into the understanding of these fungal species for application to human health. Recently a regulator gene for secondary metabolites, LaeA has been identified. Gene mining based on LaeA has facilitated new metabolites with antimicrobial activity such as emericellamides and antitumor activity such as terrequinone A from A. nidulans. Immunoproteomic approach was reported for identification of few novel allergens for A. fumigatus. In this context, the review is focused on recent developments in allergens, antigens, structural and functional diversity of the polyketide synthases that produce polyketides of pharmaceutical and biological importance. Possible antifungal drug targets for development of effective antifungal drugs and new strategies for development of molecular diagnostics are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetida J. Bhetariya
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Taruna Madan
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Seemi Farhat Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Anupam Varma
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sarma P. Usha
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Melzer G, Dalpiaz A, Grote A, Kucklick M, Göcke Y, Jonas R, Dersch P, Franco-Lara E, Nörtemann B, Hempel DC. Metabolic flux analysis using stoichiometric models for Aspergillus niger: comparison under glucoamylase-producing and non-producing conditions. J Biotechnol 2007; 132:405-17. [PMID: 17931730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger AB1.13 cultures with glucoamylase production (with D-glucose as substrate) and without glucoamylase production (with D-xylose as substrate) were characterized by metabolic flux analysis. Two comprehensive metabolic models for d-glucose- as well as for D-xylose-consumption were used to quantify and compare the metabolic fluxes through the central pathways of carbon metabolism at different pH-values. The models consist of the most relevant metabolic pathways for A. niger including glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, citrate cycle, energy metabolism and anaplerotic reactions comprising two intracellular compartments, the cytoplasm and mitochondrion. When D-xylose was used as the sole carbon source, the relative flux of the substrate through the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) via G6P-dehydrogenase was unaffected by the pH-value of the culture medium. About 30% of D-xylose consumed was routed through the oxidative PPP. In contrast, the flux of D-glucose (i.e., under glucoamylase-producing conditions) through the oxidative PPP was remarkably higher and, in addition was significantly affected by the pH-value of the culture medium (40% at pH 5.5, 56% at pH 3.7, respectively). Summarizing, the flux through the PPP under glucoamylase producing conditions was 30-90% higher than for non-producing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Melzer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaussstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Meijer S, Panagiotou G, Olsson L, Nielsen J. Physiological characterization of xylose metabolism inAspergillus niger under oxygen-limited conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:462-75. [PMID: 17335061 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of Aspergillus niger was studied under different aeration conditions. Five different aeration rates were investigated in batch cultivations of A. niger grown on xylose. Biomass, intra- and extra-cellular metabolites profiles were determined and ten different enzyme activities in the central carbon metabolism were assessed. The focus was on organic acid production with a special interest in succinate production. The fermentations revealed that oxygen limitation significantly changes the physiology of the micro-organism. Changes in extra cellular metabolite profiles were observed, that is, there was a drastic increase in polyol production (erythritol, xylitol, glycerol, arabitol, and mannitol) and to a lesser extent in the production of reduced acids (malate and succinate). The intracellular metabolite profiles indicated changes in fluxes, since several primary metabolites, like the intermediates of the TCA cycle accumulated during oxygen limitation (on average three fold increase). Also the enzyme activities showed changes between the exponential growth phase and the oxygen limitation phase. In general, the oxygen availability has a significant impact on the physiology of this fungus causing dramatic alterations in the central carbon metabolism that should be taken into account in the design of A. niger as a succinate cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meijer
- Biocentrum-DTU, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, building, 223, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Abstract
AIMS To determine which citric acid-producing strain of Aspergillus niger utilized wet corn distillers grains most effectively to produce citric acid. METHODS AND RESULTS Citric acid and biomass production by the fungal strains were analysed on the untreated grains or autoclaved grains using an enzyme assay and a gravimetric method respectively. Fungal citric acid production on the grains was found to occur on the untreated or autoclaved grains. The highest citric acid level on the grains was produced by A. niger ATCC 9142. The autoclaved grains supported less citric acid production by the majority of strains screened. Biomass production by the fungal strains on the untreated or autoclaved grains was quite similar. The highest citric acid yields for A. niger ATCC 9142, ATCC 10577, ATCC 11414, ATCC 12846 and ATCC 26550 were found on the untreated grains. Treatment of the grains had little effect on citric acid yields based on reducing sugars consumed by A. niger ATCC 9029 and ATCC 201122. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible for citric acid-producing strains of A. niger to excrete citric acid on wet corn distillers grains whether the grains are treated or untreated. The most effective citric acid-producing strain of A. niger was ATCC 9142. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study shows that the ethanol processing co-product wet corn distillers grains could be utilized as a substrate for the commercial production of citric acid by A. niger without treatment of the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Demir F, Laçin O, Dönmez B. Leaching Kinetics of Calcined Magnesite in Citric Acid Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0507629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atatürk Üniversity, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Oral Laçin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atatürk Üniversity, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bünyamin Dönmez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atatürk Üniversity, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Demir F, Dönmez B, Çolak S. Leaching Kinetics of Magnesite in Citric Acid Solutions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.36.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atatürk University
| | | | - Sabri Çolak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atatürk University
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