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Walzik D, Belen S, Wilisch K, Kupjetz M, Kirschke S, Esser T, Joisten N, Schenk A, Proschinger S, Zimmer P. Impact of exercise on markers of B cell-related immunity: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:339-352. [PMID: 37832643 PMCID: PMC11116964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity that ensures long-term protection from infection by generating pathogen-specific immunoglobulins. Exercise alters B cell counts and immunoglobulin levels, but evidence-based conclusions on potential benefits for adaptive immunity are lacking. This systematic review assessed current literatures on the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on B cells, immunoglobulins, and markers of secretory immunity in human biofluids. METHODS According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched on March 8, 2023. Non-randomized controlled trials and crossover trials investigating the impact of acute exercise or exercise training on B cell counts and proportions, immunoglobulin levels, salivary flow rate, or secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rate were included. Quality and reporting of exercise training studies were assessed using the Tool for the Assessment of Study Quality and reporting in Exercise. Study characteristics, outcome measures, and statistically significant changes were summarized tabularly. RESULTS Of the 67 eligible studies, 22 applied acute exercise and 45 applied exercise training. All included outcomes revealed significant alterations over time in acute exercise and exercise training context, but only a few investigations showed significant differences compared to control conditions. Secretory and plasma immunoglobulin A levels were most consistently increased in response to exercise training. CONCLUSION B cell-related outcomes are altered by acute exercise and exercise training, but evidence-based conclusions cannot be drawn with high confidence due to the large heterogeneity in populations and exercise modalities. Well-designed trials with large sample sizes are needed to clarify how exercise shapes B cell-related immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walzik
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sergen Belen
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Karen Wilisch
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Marie Kupjetz
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Silvana Kirschke
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Tobias Esser
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proschinger
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Immune System, Vaccination and Risk of Community-Acquired Infectious Disease in the General Population: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1673-1686. [PMID: 33877614 PMCID: PMC8056368 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Regular physical activity is the prime modality for the prevention of numerous non-communicable diseases and has also been advocated for resilience against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. However, there is currently no systematic and quantitative evidence synthesis of the association between physical activity and the strength of the immune system. Objective To examine the association between habitual physical activity and (1) the risk of community-acquired infectious disease, (2) laboratory‐assessed immune parameters, and (3) immune response to vaccination. Methods We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched seven databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) up to April 2020 for randomised controlled trials and prospective observational studies were included if they compared groups of adults with different levels of physical activity and reported immune system cell count, the concentration of antibody, risk of clinically diagnosed infections, risk of hospitalisation and mortality due to infectious disease. Studies involving elite athletes were excluded. The quality of the selected studies was critically examined following the Cochrane guidelines using ROB2 and ROBINS_E. Data were pooled using an inverse variance random-effects model. Results Higher level of habitual physical activity is associated with a 31% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.61–0.78, 6 studies, N = 557,487 individuals) of community-acquired infectious disease and 37% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.59–0.70, 4 studies, N = 422,813 individuals) of infectious disease mortality. Physical activity interventions resulted in increased CD4 cell counts (32 cells/µL, 95% CI 7–56 cells/µL, 24 studies, N = 1112 individuals) and salivary immunoglobulin IgA concentration (standardised mean difference 0.756, 95% CI 0.146–1.365, 7 studies, N = 435 individuals) and decreased neutrophil counts (704 cells/µL, 95% CI 68–1340, 6 studies, N = 704 individuals) compared to controls. Antibody concentration after vaccination is higher with an adjunct physical activity programme (standardised mean difference 0.142, 95% CI 0.021–0.262, 6 studies, N = 497 individuals). Conclusion Regular, moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with reduced risk of community-acquired infectious diseases and infectious disease mortality, enhances the first line of defence of the immune system, and increases the potency of vaccination. Protocol registration The original protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020178825). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01466-1.
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Valdiglesias V, Sánchez-Flores M, Maseda A, Lorenzo-López L, Marcos-Pérez D, López-Cortón A, Strasser B, Fuchs D, Laffon B, Millán-Calenti JC, Pásaro E. Immune biomarkers in older adults: Role of physical activity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:605-620. [PMID: 28524767 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in the normal functioning of the immune system. Several studies described the relationship between immunological alterations, including immunosenescence and inflammation, and aging or age-related outcomes, such as sarcopenia, depression, and neurodegenerative disorders. Physical activity is known to improve muscle function and to exert a number of benefits on older adult health, including reduced risk for heart and metabolic system chronic diseases. However, the positive influence of physical activity on the immune system has not been elucidated. In order to shed light on the role of physical activity in immune responses of older individuals, a number of immunological parameters comprising % lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD16+56+) and serum levels of neopterin and tryptophan metabolism products were evaluated in peripheral blood samples of older adults performing normal (N = 170) or reduced (N = 89) physical activity. In addition, the potential influence of other clinical and epidemiological factors was also considered. Results showed that subjects with reduced physical activity displayed significantly higher levels of CD4+/CD8+ ratio, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, and serum neopterin, along with lower %CD19+ cells and tryptophan concentrations. Further, some immunological biomarkers were associated with cognitive impairment and functional status. These data contribute to reinforce the postulation that physical activity supports healthy aging, particularly by helping to protect the immunological system from aging-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Flores
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
- b Universidade da Coruña , Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ana Maseda
- c Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-López
- c Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Diego Marcos-Pérez
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
- b Universidade da Coruña , Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ana López-Cortón
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- d Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Blanca Laffon
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
| | - José C Millán-Calenti
- c Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- a Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology , A Coruña , Spain
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Silva LCR, de Araújo AL, Fernandes JR, Matias MDST, Silva PR, Duarte AJS, Garcez Leme LE, Benard G. Moderate and intense exercise lifestyles attenuate the effects of aging on telomere length and the survival and composition of T cell subpopulations. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:24. [PMID: 26863877 PMCID: PMC5005879 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicate that exercise might delay human biological aging, but the effects of long-term exercise on T cell function are not well known. We tested the hypothesis that moderate or intense exercise lifestyle may attenuate the effects of aging on the telomere length and the survival and composition of T cell subpopulations. Elderly (65-85 years) with intense training lifestyle (IT, n = 15), moderate training lifestyle (MT, n = 16), and who never trained (NT, n = 15) were studied. Although the three groups presented the age-associated contraction of the TCD4(+)/TCD8(+) naïve compartments and expansion of the memory compartments, both training modalities were associated with lower proportion of terminally differentiated (CD45RA(+)CCR7(neg)) TCD4(+) and TCD8(+) cells, although among the latter cells, the reduction reached statistical significance only with IT. MT was associated with higher proportion of central memory TCD4(+) cells, while IT was associated with higher proportion of effector memory TCD8(+) cells. However, both training lifestyles were unable to modify the proportion of senescent (CD28(neg)) TCD8(+) cells. Telomeres were longer in T cells in both training groups; with IT, telomere length increased mainly in TCD8(+) cells, whereas with MT, a modest increase in telomere length was observed in both TCD8(+) and TCD4(+) cells. Reduced commitment to apoptosis of resting T cells, as assessed by caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression, was seen predominantly with IT. Measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)'s supernatants did not show chronic low-grade inflammation in any of the groups. In conclusion, MT and IT lifestyles attenuated some of the effects of aging on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léia Cristina Rodrigues Silva
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ladeira de Araújo
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ruiz Fernandes
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Roberto Silva
- Laboratory of Movement Studies, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto J S Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- , R. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, CEP 05403-903, Brazil.
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Passos GS, Poyares D, Santana MG, Teixeira AADS, Lira FS, Youngstedt SD, dos Santos RVT, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Exercise improves immune function, antidepressive response, and sleep quality in patients with chronic primary insomnia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:498961. [PMID: 25328886 PMCID: PMC4189910 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on sleep, depression, cortisol, and markers of immune function in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Twenty-one sedentary participants (16 women aged 44.7 ± 9 years) with chronic primary insomnia completed a 4-month intervention of moderate aerobic exercise. Compared with baseline, polysomnographic data showed improvements following exercise training. Also observed were reductions in depression symptoms and plasma cortisol. Immunologic assays revealed a significant increase in plasma apolipoprotein A (140.9 ± 22 to 151.2 ± 22 mg/dL) and decreases in CD4 (915.6 ± 361 to 789.6 ± 310 mm(3)) and CD8 (532.4 ± 259 to 435.7 ± 204 mm(3)). Decreases in cortisol were significantly correlated with increases in total sleep time (r = -0.51) and REM sleep (r = -0.52). In summary, long-term moderate aerobic exercise training improved sleep, reduced depression and cortisol, and promoted significant changes in immunologic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalva Poyares
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Shawn D. Youngstedt
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, and Exercise and Wellness, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sergio Tufik
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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