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Elbestawy AR, El-Hamid HSA, Ellakany HF, Gado AR, El-Rayes SH, Salaheldin AH. Genetic Sequence and Pathogenicity of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Chickens in Egypt During 2017-2021. Avian Dis 2024; 68:99-111. [PMID: 38885051 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The continued circulation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in Egypt, despite the use of various vaccines, is a serious problem that requires continuous detection of IBDV. In the current study, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing of 100 diseased chicken flocks during 2017-2021 revealed the presence of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) in 67% of the flocks, non-vvIBDV in 11%, and a mixture of both vvIBDV and non-vvIBDV in 4%. Twenty-nine IBDV isolates were submitted for partial sequencing of the viral protein 2 hypervariable region (VP2-HVR), and 27 isolates were confirmed to be genogroup A3 (vvIBDV) with 96.3%-98.5% similarity to the global A3 (vvIBDV) and 88.9%-97% similarity to genogroup A1 vaccine strains. The remaining two isolates were non-vvIBDV and showed 91.1% and 100% identity with classical genogroup A1 strains, respectively. Furthermore, the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 (amino acids 33-254) of two selected isolates of A3, 5/2017 and 98/2021, clustered them as B2, vvIBDV-like, strains with high similarity (99.5%) to four Egyptian, 99% to Chinese and European, and 97.7% to Chinese and Polish vvIBDV isolates. Experimental infection of commercial broiler chickens with two vvIBDV-A3B2 isolates (5/2017 and 98/2021) showed no mortality despite typical tissue lesions, clear histopathological changes, and strong ELISA antibody response. Isolate 98/2021 was more pathogenic, as confirmed by histopathology, whereas isolate 5/2017 induced a stronger serological response. In conclusion, vvIBDV (A3B2) strains with two amino acid (aa) substitutions in VP1 as V141I and V234I as well as VP2 as Y220F and G254S are still circulating in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkom 32511, Egypt,
| | - Hatem S Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Gado
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Shady H El-Rayes
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Salaheldin
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
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Gewaily MS, El-Khyat F, Tahoon AE, Al-Rasheed M, Abdo SE, Gado A, Elmasry M, Ismail MM. Cytokines, Serological, and Histopathological Assessment of Recombinant Vaccination Strategies for Combatting Infectious Bursal Disease in Broiler Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:27. [PMID: 38250840 PMCID: PMC10818727 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) represents a greatly transmissible viral disease found worldwide, causing significant health and production challenges in young chickens. The aim of this research was to assess the immune reaction induced by different vaccines targeting IBD. These vaccines included recombinant (Vac1; HVT-IBD vector), immune complex (Vac2; Bursa-Plex®), and intermediate plus (Vac3; Bursine plus) IBD vaccines. Our assessment relied on serological and histopathological analyses, as well as the pattern of immune-related cytokine expression in the bursal tissue. The vaccinated groups, along with a control positive (CP) group, were subjected to a vvIBDV challenge on their 28th day of life, while the control negative (CN) group received a mock vaccination with PBS. Our study revealed that Vac1 resulted in the most favorable growth performance, as well as maintained normal liver and kidney function, mitigating the impact of IBDV infection. Serological analysis using VP2 ELISA kits indicated that Vac1 induced the strongest immunological response among all vaccines. Histopathological examination demonstrated that Vac1 caused minimal lymphoid depletion observed in the lymphoid organs, followed by Vac2. Analysis of cytokine expression profiles showed significant upregulation in all vaccinated groups, particularly Vac1, during the pre-challenge period. Following IBDV infection, Vac1 resulted in a noteworthy increase in the expression of IL2 and IFN-γ, Vac2 showed a significant upregulation in TNF-α and granzyme, and both Vac1 and Vac3 exhibited increased levels of IL1β and IL10. In conclusion, our study suggests that the various vaccines triggered immune responses against IBD through both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, recombinant followed by immune complex vaccines appeared to induce more robust immunity while also being safer for broiler chickens in contrast to the intermediate plus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S. Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Fares El-Khyat
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt (M.M.I.)
| | - Abd Elnaby Tahoon
- Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh Branch, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Rasheed
- Department Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safaa E. Abdo
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gado
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elmasry
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Animal Production Research Station, Sakha, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Ismail
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt (M.M.I.)
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Comparative Evaluation of HVT-IBD Vector, Immune Complex, and Live IBD Vaccines against vvIBDV in Commercial Broiler Chickens with High Maternally Derived Antibodies. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030072. [PMID: 30813588 PMCID: PMC6466201 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vaccination is the main method to control infectious bursal disease (IBD) in commercial broilers worldwide. The main obstacle to the vaccination process is maternally derived antibodies; thus, new generations of vaccines such as vector and immune complex vaccines have been developed. The efficacies of new and classical vaccines were compared to those of vvIBDV in the presence of high levels of maternally derived antibodies. The best results were obtained when using the vector IBD vaccine followed by the immune-complex vaccine, and the use of killed along with the live intermediate vaccine in terms of mortality, feed conversion ratio, bursal and spleen index, bursal lesion score, and serology. Abstract Infectious bursal disease (IBD) causes increased mortality and severe immunosuppression in commercial chickens. Currently, vaccination mainly used to control IBD. In this study, Group A (n = 30) received the HVT-IBD vector vaccine (Vaxxitek®) s/c and Group B (n = 30) received the immune complex vaccine (Bursa-Plex®) s/c at 1 day of age. Group C (n = 30) received a single dose of intermediate plus vaccine (228E) through the eye-drop route at 14 days of age. Group D (n = 30) was vaccinated twice with the intermediate vaccine (D78) at 12 and 22 days of age by eye-drop. Group E (n = 30) had the same treatment as group D along with the IBD killed vaccine (Nobilis G®) at 5 days of age. The PC (n = 20) and NC (n = 20) groups were non IBD vaccinated birds either challenged or not with vvIBDV, respectively; 20 chicks from each group were challenged with vvIBDV at 4 weeks of age. Based on clinical signs, postmortem gross lesions, histopathological changes, mortality rate, feed conversion rate, serology, bursal and spleen indices, the HVT-IBD vector vaccine administered was found to be safer and provided better protection against the vvIBDV challenge. The use of a killed IBD vaccine at an earlier age in broilers strengthened the protection induced by double doses of intermediate vaccines in broilers with high maternally derived antibodies against the vvIBDV challenge.
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Early immune responses and profiling of cell-mediated immunity-associated gene expression in response to rHVT-IBD vaccination. Vaccine 2017; 36:615-623. [PMID: 29290477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) remains a major threat to the poultry industry. Recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT)-IBD vaccines have been successfully used to induce a protective immune response against IBD. However, the capacity for rHVT-IBD vaccines to induce early protection without detectable antibodies, and the underlying mechanisms mediating specific cell-mediated responses in the early stages following vaccination, have been poorly investigated. Therefore, in this study, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated with rHVT-IBD and T-cell subsets were analyzed. Both splenic and circulating CD8+ cell populations increased at 7 days postvaccination (dpv). Next, the expression of adaptive immunity-related genes was analyzed in the spleen and lung of rHVT-IBD-vaccinated chickens. Upregulation of CD8 expression was observed at 7 dpv. Interestingly, a parallel increase in the transcription of granzymes A and K was also detected from 7 dpv. To our knowledge, the latter result is the first to be reported, and it suggests that cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes is activated. In contrast, expression of the innate genes examined remained largely unchanged following vaccination. To further investigate the IBD virus (IBDV)-specific responses triggered by rHVT-IBD vaccination, vaccinated chickens were inoculated with an attenuated IBDV strain with the aim of restimulating induced immune responses in vivo. The expression profiles of various genes associated with adaptive immune responses were subsequently analyzed in lung, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius samples. Significant upregulation of CD4, CD8, perforin, and IFNγ expression were observed in the bursa samples 7 days postinoculation (dpi). In the lung, transcript levels of CD8, granzymes and perforin were also significantly higher in the rHVT-IBD-vaccinated chickens at 7 dpi, thereby suggesting that specific cellular immune responses were activated. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that stimulation of specific CD8+ cell-mediated immunity contributes to the response against IBDV in rHVT-IBD-vaccinated chickens.
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Prandini F, Simon B, Jung A, Pöppel M, Lemiere S, Rautenschlein S. Comparison of infectious bursal disease live vaccines and a HVT-IBD vector vaccine and their effects on the immune system of commercial layer pullets. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:114-25. [PMID: 26743805 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1127891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically important disease affecting poultry production worldwide. Previous experimental studies indicated that IBD live vaccination may induce transient immunosuppression, leading to suboptimal vaccine responses and therefore insufficient protection against other pathogens. Layer pullets are commonly not only vaccinated against IBD within their rearing period, but also against a variety of other pathogens. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effects of different IBD vaccination regimes on conventionally applied vaccines against other pathogens, and possible protection against widely spread very virulent IBD-virus (vvIBDV). A commercially available Herpesvirus of turkey vector vaccine (vHVT-IBD) expressing viral protein 2 of IBDV, and two IBD live vaccines were compared in commercial pullets for their effects on circulating B cell numbers, the ability of vaccinated birds to mount a humoral immune response against different antigens as well as their ability to induce protection against vvIBDV challenge. The results of this study demonstrate a clear immunosuppressive effect of the intermediate plus IBD live vaccine on the humoral branch of the immune system. On the other hand, no detectable effects of vHVT-IBD vaccination on these parameters were observed. All tested IBD vaccines protected against clinical IBD, although none induced sterile immunity in commercial layer pullets. vHVT-IBD-vaccinated birds showed significantly less lesions after vvIBDV challenge than IBD live-vaccinated or non-vaccinated birds (P < 0.05). Therefore, vHVT-IBD may be a suitable alternative to conventional IBD live vaccines, and may be applied even in the presence of maternally derived IBD antibodies without induction of detectable humoral immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arne Jung
- c Clinic for Poultry , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | | | | | - Silke Rautenschlein
- c Clinic for Poultry , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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6
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Ingrao F, Rauw F, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Characterization of two recombinant HVT-IBD vaccines by VP2 insert detection and cell-mediated immunity after vaccination of specific pathogen-free chickens. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:289-299. [PMID: 27897452 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1265083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an avian viral disease that causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The live IBD virus (IBDV) has a potential immunosuppressive effect. Currently available IBDV vaccines have shortcomings, prompting the development of safer and more effective vaccination approaches, including the use of the recombinant turkey herpesvirus vaccine expressing the immunogenic structural VP2 protein of IBDV (recombinant HVT (rHVT)-IBD). The objectives of this study were twofold: (i) to develop in vitro assays and molecular tools to detect the VP2 protein and gene and (ii) to evaluate cell-mediated immunity (CMI) induced by rHVT-IBD vaccination of day-old specific pathogen-free chickens. The VP2 protein expressed by rHVT-IBD-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts was detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. Using molecular techniques, the VP2 gene was detected in various organs, providing a method to monitor vaccine uptake. rHVT-IBD vaccination induced CMI responses in specific pathogen-free chickens at 5 weeks. CMI was detected by measuring chicken interferon-gamma after ex vivo antigenic stimulation of splenocytes. Moreover, our results showed that the enzyme-linked immunospot approach is more sensitive in detecting chicken interferon-gamma than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The tools developed in this study may be useful in the characterization of new-generation recombinant vaccines and the cellular immune response they induce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- a Avian Virology & Immunology Unit , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- a Avian Virology & Immunology Unit , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- a Avian Virology & Immunology Unit , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- a Avian Virology & Immunology Unit , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre , Brussels , Belgium
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Kurukulasuriya S, Ahmed KA, Ojkic D, Gunawardana T, Goonewardene K, Gupta A, Chow-Lockerbie B, Popowich S, Willson P, Tikoo SK, Gomis S. Modified live infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine delays infection of neonatal broiler chickens with variant IBDV compared to turkey herpesvirus (HVT)-IBDV vectored vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:882-888. [PMID: 28089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chickens are commonly processed around 35-45days of age in broiler chicken industry hence; diseases that occur at a young age are of paramount economic importance. Early age infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) results in long-lasting immunosuppression and profound economic losses. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the protection efficacy of modified live (MdLV) IBDV and herpesvirus turkey (HVT)-IBDV vaccines against early age variant IBDV (varIBDV) infection in chicks. Experiments were carried out in IBDV maternal antibody (MtAb) positive chicks (n=330), divided into 6 groups (n=50-60/group), namely Group 1 (saline), Group 2 (saline+varIBDV), Group 3 (HVT-IBDV), Group 4 (HVT-IBDV+varIBDV), Group 5 (MdLV) and Group 6 (MdLV+varIBDV). HVT-IBDV vaccination was given via the in ovo route to 18-day-old embryonated eggs. MdLV was administered via the subcutaneous route in day-old broilers. Group 2, Group 4 and Group 6 were orally challenged with varIBDV (SK-09, 3×103 EID50) at day 6 post-hatch. IBDV seroconversion, bursal weight to body weight ratio (BBW) and bursal histopathology were assessed at 19 and 35days of age. Histopathological examination at day 19 revealed that varIBDV-SK09 challenge caused severe bursal atrophy and lower BBW in HVT-IBDV but not in MdLV vaccinated chicks. However by day 35, all challenged groups showed bursal atrophy and seroconversion. Interestingly, RT-qPCR analysis after varIBDV-SK09 challenge demonstrated an early (9days of age) and significantly high viral load (∼5744 folds) in HVT-IBDV vaccinated group vs unvaccinated challenged group (∼2.25 folds). Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed inhibition of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell response (CD44-downregulation) and decreased splenic lymphocytes counts in chicks after HVT-IBDV vaccination. Overall, our data suggest that MdLV delays varIBDV pathogenesis, whereas, HVT-IBDV vaccine is potentially immunosuppressive, which may increase the risk of early age varIBDV infection in broilers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Birnaviridae Infections/immunology
- Birnaviridae Infections/pathology
- Birnaviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Birnaviridae Infections/virology
- Bursa of Fabricius/drug effects
- Bursa of Fabricius/immunology
- Bursa of Fabricius/pathology
- Bursa of Fabricius/virology
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens/immunology
- Chickens/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/pathogenicity
- Infectious bursal disease virus/drug effects
- Infectious bursal disease virus/immunology
- Infectious bursal disease virus/pathogenicity
- Marek Disease/immunology
- Marek Disease/pathology
- Marek Disease/prevention & control
- Marek Disease/virology
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/pathology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Zygote/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanika Kurukulasuriya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, P.O. Box 3612, Guelph, ON N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Thushari Gunawardana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Betty Chow-Lockerbie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Philip Willson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Dobrosavljević I, Vidanović D, Velhner M, Miljković B, Lako B. Simultaneous detection of vaccinal and field infectious bursal disease viruses in layer chickens challenged with a very virulent strain after vaccination. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:264-73. [PMID: 24659712 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus is an important poultry pathogen. It is distributed worldwide and causes significant economic losses. In this study, a system was adopted for the simultaneous monitoring of vaccine and virulent strains using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After the decay of maternal antibodies, chickens were vaccinated at the age of 37 days with a virus of intermediate virulence and challenged at 5, 10 and 14 days post vaccination (dpv). The challenge was done with IBDV strain CH/99. Sequencing of the hypervariable region of VP2 has shown that CH/99 belongs to the very virulent group of viruses. The vaccine virus could be found in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and bone marrow until 24 dpv. The CH/99 challenge virus was found in the bursa and lymphoid organs when chickens were challenged at 5 and 10 dpv. When challenge was performed at 14 dpv, the pathogenic virus could not be found in the bursa and other lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maja Velhner
- 3 Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’ Rumenački put 20 Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | - Branislav Lako
- 5 University of Novi Sad Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Veterinary Medicine Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
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9
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Risk factors associated with infectious bursal disease vaccination failures in broiler farms in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:603-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Ingrao F, Rauw F, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. Infectious Bursal Disease: a complex host-pathogen interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:429-38. [PMID: 23567344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is caused by a small, non-enveloped virus, highly resistant in the outside environment. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) targets the chicken's immune system in a very comprehensive and complex manner by destroying B lymphocytes, attracting T cells and activating macrophages. As an RNA virus, IBDV has a high mutation rate and may thus give rise to viruses with a modified antigenicity or increased virulence, as emphasized during the last decades. The molecular basis of pathogenicity and the exact cause of clinical disease and death are still poorly understood, as it is not clearly related to the severity of the lesions and the extent of the bursal damage. Recent works however, pointed out the role of an exacerbated innate immune response during the early stage of the infection with upregulated production of promediators that will induce a cytokine storm. In the case of IBDV, immunosuppression is both a direct consequence of the infection of specific target immune cells and an indirect consequence of the interactions occurring in the immune network of the host. Recovery from disease or subclinical infection will be followed by immunosuppression with more serious consequences if the strain is very virulent and infection occurs early in life. Although the immunosuppression caused by IBDV is principally directed towards B-lymphocytes, an effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has also been demonstrated therefore increasing the impact of IBDV on the immunocompetence of the chicken. In addition to its zootechnical impact and its role in the development of secondary infections, it may affect the immune response of the chicken to subsequent vaccinations, essential in all types of intensive farming. Recent progress in the field of avian immunology has allowed a better knowledge of the immunological mechanisms involved in the disease but also should give improved tools for the measurement of immunosuppression in the field situation. Although satisfactory protection may be provided by the induction of high neutralizing antibody titres, interference from parental antibodies with vaccination has become the most important obstacle in the establishment of control programs. In this context, recombinant HVT and immune complex vaccines show promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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El-Mahdy SS, Afify MA, Helal AM. Evaluation of live gumboro vaccine prepared from local variant strain for control of infectious bursal disease in Egypt. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.674-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Sultan H, Hussein HA, El-Razik AGA, El-Balall S, Talaat SM, Shehata AA. Efficacy of HVT-IBDV Vector Vaccine Against Recent Egyptian vvIBDV in Commercial
Broiler Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2012.710.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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