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Arnold M, Swam H, Crienen A, Schüpbach-Regula G, von Berg S, Nathues H. Prevalence and risk factors of Brachyspira spp. in pig herds with a history of diarrhoea in six European countries. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105862. [PMID: 36774781 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Swine dysentery and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli, respectively, are important diseases in swine production worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of both pathogens in farms with a history of diarrhoea within the last 12 months in Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and United Kingdom. In addition, risk factors for their prevalence and correlations between presence of different Brachyspira spp. and Lawsonia intracellularis were investigated. Therefore, faecal samples of 6355 nursery to finishing pigs out of 144 herds were sampled in 2017/2018 during a prevalence study on Lawsonia intracellularis, followed by polymerase chain reaction analysis for Brachyspira spp. detection. Herd prevalence differed significantly between countries, from 4.2% to 45.8% for B. hyodysenteriae and 8.3-87.5% for B. pilosicoli, respectively (p < 0.01). For the within-herd prevalence (in positive herds), these values ranged from 2.2% to 27.0% for B. hyodysenteriae and 3.3-50.8% for B. pilosicoli. Mixed infections occurred in 34.1% and 58.7% of B. hyodysenteriae positive samples with Lawsonia intracellularis or B. pilosicoli, respectively. In 43.2% of B. pilosicoli positive samples, Lawsonia intracellularis was detected simultaneously. Overall, nursery pigs were significantly less often positive for one of the pathogens than growing or finishing pigs (p < 0.001). The absence of gastrointestinal problems like diarrhoea, routine use of antimicrobials and well performed biosecurity measures were some of the factors associated with lower detection rate of Brachyspira spp. Surprisingly, deworming of different age categories also showed associations with the detection of Brachyspira spp. which, however, were not always equally directed, and therefore require further investigations. The only risk factor significant for both Brachyspira spp. was the median number of ≥ 30 nursery pigs per pen after weaning, compared to smaller group sizes. Both pathogens were detected with varying frequency between the six European countries. This should be considered in the probability of disease and in case of transnational transport, to prevent spread of pathogens. In addition, the frequent presence of mixed infections in some countries should be taken into account in diagnostics. The most important protective factors against Brachyspira spp. presence on farm are biosecurity measures, while potential new factors such as deworming still require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - H Swam
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, the Netherlands.
| | - A Crienen
- Center for Diagnostic Solutions, MSD AH Boxmeer, Boxmeer, the Netherlands.
| | - G Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - H Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Arnold M, Schmitt S, Collaud A, Rossano A, Hübschke E, Zeeh F, Nathues H, Perreten V. Distribution, genetic heterogeneity, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira pilosicoli in Swiss pig herds. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Carranza A, Parada J, Tamiozzo P, León MF, Camacho P, Cola GD, Corona-Barrera E, Ambrogi A, Zielinski G. Identification and distribution of Brachyspira species in feces from finishing pigs in Argentina. Vet World 2021; 14:607-613. [PMID: 33935405 PMCID: PMC8076473 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.607-613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Brachyspira are Gram-negative, aerotolerant spirochetes that colonize the large intestine of various species of domestic animals and humans. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and distribution of different species of Brachyspira presents in feces from finishing pigs in Argentina. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples (n=1550) were collected from finishing pigs in 53 farms of the most important swine production areas of Argentina, and Brachyspiras species were identified by bacteriological and molecular methods. Results: The regional prevalence of Brachyspira spp. was at the level of 75.5% (confidence interval 95%, 62.9-87.9), and it was lower among those farms with >1001 sows. One hundred and twenty-eight isolates of Brachyspira were properly identified and the species found were: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira innocens, and Brachyspira murdochii. B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli had low prevalence (1.9% and 7.5%, respectively), B. innocens was isolated from 34% of the farms and B. murdochii was found in 39.6%. Conclusion: The present study provides epidemiological data about herd prevalence of the different Brachyspira species in Argentina, showing that the prevalence figure seems to be higher than that reported in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Carranza
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Julián Parada
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Malena Flores León
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo Camacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Di Cola
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Enrique Corona-Barrera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Victoria, México
| | - Arnaldo Ambrogi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Zielinski
- National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina
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Gebhardt JT, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Henry SC. Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa052. [PMID: 32705048 PMCID: PMC7277696 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning mortality is extremely complex with a multitude of noninfectious and infectious contributing factors. In the current review, our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. While infectious mortality is often categorized by physiologic body system affected, we believe the complex multifactorial nature is better understood by an alternative stratification dependent on intervention type. This category method subjectively combines disease pathogenesis knowledge, epidemiology, and economic consequences. These intervention categories included depopulation of affected cohorts of animals, elimination protocols using knowledge of immunity and epidemiology, or less aggressive interventions. The most aggressive approach to control infectious etiologies is through herd depopulation and repopulation. Historically, these protocols were successful for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and swine dysentery among others. Additionally, this aggressive measure likely would be used to minimize disease spread if either a foreign animal disease was introduced or pseudorabies virus was reintroduced into domestic swine populations. Elimination practices have been successful for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and porcine deltacoronavirus, swine influenza virus, nondysentery Brachyspira spp., and others. Porcine circovirus type 2 can have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality; however, it is often adequately controlled through immunization. Many other infectious etiologies present in swine production have not elicited these aggressive control measures. This may be because less aggressive control measures, such as vaccination, management, and therapeutics, are effective, their impact on mortality or productivity is not great enough to warrant, or there is inadequate understanding to employ control procedures efficaciously and efficiently. Since there are many infectious agents and noninfectious contributors, emphasis should continue to be placed on those infectious agents with the greatest impact to minimize postweaning mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Dors A, Czyżewska-Dors E, Woźniakowski G. A survey on the occurrence of Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in growing-finishing pigs. F1000Res 2019; 8:1702. [PMID: 33824718 PMCID: PMC7993403 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20639.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The major pathogenic intestinal spirochetes affecting pigs during the growing- finishing stage of production include Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. Infections by these pathogens, which affect the economics of pig production, can result in mortality, growth rate losses and substantial antibiotic costs. The aim of this study was to assess the current occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in Polish pig herds. Moreover, associations between the presence of diarrhea or other intestinal pathogens and occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in pigs were investigated. Methods: Between January 2017 and August 2019, a total of 401 samples of pig feces from 95 different herds were submitted to the National Veterinary Research Institute of Poland. These samples were obtained from pigs older than 7 weeks. All the received fecal samples were examined for the presence of B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli and Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR. Results: For B. pilosicoli, 4.5% (95% CI, 2.5-7.0%) of samples and 13.7% (95% CI, 7.5-22.3%) of herds were positive. Out of 12 samples, B. pilosicoli was detected simultaneously with L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli were detected alone in two samples each. In terms of B. hyodysenteriae, 7.0% of samples (95% CI, 4.7-9.9%) from 18.9% of herds (95% CI, 11.6-28.3%) were positive in real time PCR. The presence of B. hyodysenteriae in fecal samples was associated with the presence of diarrhea in pigs. Conclusions: This study confirmed that B. pilosicoli infections occur in Polish pig herds, but the prevalence is at a low level and the presence of B. pilosicoli is not associated with the development of diarrhea in pigs. B. hyodysenteriae is still a common cause of diarrhea among pigs from Polish herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
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Dors A, Czyżewska-Dors E, Woźniakowski G. A survey on the occurrence of Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in growing-finishing pigs. F1000Res 2019; 8:1702. [PMID: 33824718 PMCID: PMC7993403 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20639.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The major pathogenic intestinal spirochetes affecting pigs during the growing- finishing stage of production include Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. The aim of this study was to assess the current occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in Polish pig herds. Moreover, associations between the presence of diarrhea or other intestinal pathogens and occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in pigs were investigated. Methods: Between January 2017 and August 2019, a total of 401 samples of pig feces from 95 different herds were submitted to the National Veterinary Research Institute of Poland. These samples were obtained from pigs older than 7 weeks. All the received fecal samples were examined for the presence of B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli and Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR. Results: B. pilosicoli was detected in 4.5% (95% CI, 2.5-7.0%) (18/401) of pig fecal samples. At the herd level 13.7% (95% CI, 7.5-22.3%) (13/95) of herds were positive for B. pilosicoli. B. hyodysenteriae was detected in 7.0% (95% CI, 4.7-9.9%) (28/401) of pig fecal samples and 18.9% (95% CI, 11.6-28.3%) (18/95) of pig herds were positive. Out of 18 B. pilosicoli positive samples, this pathogen was detected alone in 5 samples; simultaneously with L. intracellularis in 9 samples; simultaneously with B. hyodysenteriae in 1 sample and in 3 samples was detected simultaneously with both of these bacteria. The presence of B. hyodysenteriae in fecal samples was associated with the presence of diarrhea in pigs. Conclusions: This study confirmed that B. pilosicoli infections occur in Polish pig herds, but the prevalence is at a low level and the presence of B. pilosicoli is not associated with the development of diarrhea in pigs. B. hyodysenteriae is still a common cause of diarrhea among pigs from Polish herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
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Dors A, Czyżewska-Dors E, Woźniakowski G. A survey on the occurrence of Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in growing-finishing pigs. F1000Res 2019; 8:1702. [PMID: 33824718 PMCID: PMC7993403 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20639.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The major pathogenic intestinal spirochetes affecting pigs during the growing- finishing stage of production include Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. The aim of this study was to assess the current occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in Polish pig herds. Moreover, associations between the presence of diarrhea or other intestinal pathogens and occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in pigs were investigated. Methods: Between January 2017 and August 2019, a total of 401 samples of pig feces from 95 different herds were submitted to the National Veterinary Research Institute of Poland. These samples were obtained from pigs older than 7 weeks. All the received fecal samples were examined for the presence of B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli and Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR. Results: B. pilosicoli was detected in 4.5% (95% CI, 2.5-7.0%) (18/401) of pig fecal samples. At the herd level 13.7% (95% CI, 7.5-22.3%) (13/95) of herds were positive for B. pilosicoli. B. hyodysenteriae was detected in 7.0% (95% CI, 4.7-9.9%) (28/401) of pig fecal samples and 18.9% (95% CI, 11.6-28.3%) (18/95) of pig herds were positive. Out of 18 B. pilosicoli positive samples, this pathogen was detected alone in 5 samples; simultaneously with L. intracellularis in 9 samples; simultaneously with B. hyodysenteriae in 1 sample and in 3 samples was detected simultaneously with both of these bacteria. The presence of B. hyodysenteriae in fecal samples was associated with the presence of diarrhea in pigs. Conclusions: This study confirmed that B. pilosicoli infections occur in Polish pig herds, but the prevalence is at a low level and the presence of B. pilosicoli is not associated with the development of diarrhea in pigs. B. hyodysenteriae is still a common cause of diarrhea among pigs from Polish herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
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Toward rational selection criteria for selection of probiotics in pigs. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 107:83-112. [PMID: 31128749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of properties of probiotics is a prerequisite for selecting probiotic organisms for use in swine production. This review aims to review selection criteria for probiotic organism in swine. The systematically investigated ecological history rather than the source of isolates should be regarded as the natural origin of probiotic strains, which helps to correct the inconsistencies arising from incorrect identification of the source. Moreover, in vivo studies are suggested as follow-up assessment to validate the characteristics of probiotic predicted by in vitro experiments. In addition, the intended probiotic effect depends on the age of the animal and disease prevention in young animals may require different probiotic strains when compared to growth promotion in older animals. With adequate selection criteria, the inclusion of probiotic in feed supplementation is a promising way to exert positive effects on sows, newborns, weanling animals and grower-finisher pigs. Both host-adapted probiotics and nomadic probiotics can be applied for pathogen inhibition but host adapted organisms appear to have a different mode of action. Host-adapted probiotic strains are likely to be associated with exclusive colonization while the nomadic or environmental strain exert better immune stimulating functions. Strains with potent enzymatic activity are fitter for grower pigs favoring feed digestion and enhancing growth performance.
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9
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Abstract
Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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10
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Dors A, Pomorska-Mól M, Czyżewska E, Wasyl D, Pejsak Z. Prevalence and risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. in finishing pigs in Polish farrow-to-finish swine herds. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 18:825-31. [PMID: 26812826 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate the herd-level, within-herd prevalence, the frequency of mixed infections and risk factors for L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. in selected farrow-to-finish Polish pig herds. A total of 254 pooled fecal samples were collected from 9 to 24 week-old pigs in 70 herds. Real time PCR for detection of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae was performed. For Salmonella spp. bacteriological examination was performed. The herd-level prevalences of L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. among examined herds were 65.7%, 1.4% and 8.6%, respectively. The within-herd prevalences (in positive herds) for L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. were 51.5%, 75.0% and 30.4%, respectively. All herds with diarrhea observed during sampling were infected with L. intracellularis and 60% of herds with no diarrhea at the moment of sampling were infected with L. intracellularis (p=0.035). In herds with more than 200 sows the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was significantly higher compared to herds with less than 200 sows (p=0.027). In herds where all-in/all-out (AIAO) was respected, prevalence of L. intracellularis was significantly lower than in herds where this rule was not kept (p=0.024). Obtained results confirm that L. intracellularis is the major cause of bacterial diarrhea in finishing pigs. The present study identified AIAO and herd size as a risk factor, at the herd level, for L. intracellularis and Salmonella spp., respectively.
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Löbert S, Zimmermann W, Bürki S, Frey J, Nathues H, Scheer P, Doherr MG, Stalder U, Zeeh F. Occurrence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in multiplier pig herds in Switzerland. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:13-8. [PMID: 26757784 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research was aimed to determine the occurrence of Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae in Swiss multiplier pig herds. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a pilot study a direct real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for B. hyodysenteriae was compared to culture followed by PCR on 106 samples from three herds. Subsequently 40 multiplier herds were epidemiologically characterized and analysed for the presence of B. hyodysenteriae using direct PCR on 1412 rectal swabs. For external validation 20 swabs obtained from two positive conventional herds were analysed. RESULTS The comparison of direct PCR with culture followed by PCR resulted in a moderate agreement (kappa index: 0.58). In the two conventional herds, 35% of the samples (7/20) tested positive. Samples from 39 multipliers tested negative. In one multiplier herd, 25% (9/36) of the samples tested PCR positive. Risk factors in the multiplier herd may have been rodents or birds, but not pig purchase. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE B. hyodysenteriae have been detected in a Swiss multiplier herd, which underlines the threat of potential spread by replacement pigs. Consequently, a Brachyspira monitoring programme was established for Swiss multiplier herds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - F Zeeh
- Dr. Friederike Zeeh, Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland,
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12
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Hillen S, Willems H, Herbst W, Rohde J, Reiner G. Mutations in the 50S ribosomal subunit of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae associated with altered minimum inhibitory concentrations of pleuromutilins. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:223-9. [PMID: 24948419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, is responsible for severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis with considerable financial loss to worldwide swine production. Antimicrobial resistance against macrolides and lincosamides is widespread and the mechanisms are well known. Currently, the most common treatment for swine dysentery is the use of pleuromutilins and resistance to these drugs also is increasingly being reported. Although resistance mechanisms against pleuromutilins are less clear than for other drugs, they seem to involve alterations of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC), including ribosomal RNA and the ribosomal protein L3. The present study was conducted to examine molecular mechanisms of resistance on a representative set of B. hyodysenteriae field strains with different resistance patterns. In total, we identified 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 23S rRNA gene and genes of the ribosomal proteins L3, L4, L2 and L22. The SNP in the ribosomal protein gene L3 at position 443 led to an amino acid substitution of asparagine (Asn) by serine (Ser) at position 148, significantly associated with MICs for pleuromutilins. Based on this SNP a correct assignment of 71% of the strains with respect to a threshold of >0.625 μg tiamulin/ml was reached. Unexpectedly low MICs in some of the Asn-strains were explained by a second SNP at position 2535 of the 23S rRNA. Our results clearly show the associations between MICs for pleuromutilins and mutations in their binding site. A complete list of SNPs that influence MICs of B. hyodysenteriae strains is needed to enable the interpretation of future molecular susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hillen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, JLU Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann Willems
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, JLU Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Herbst
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, JLU Giessen, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, JLU Giessen, Germany.
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Patterson AH, Rubin JE, Fernando C, Costa MO, Harding JCS, Hill JE. Fecal shedding of Brachyspira spp. on a farrow-to-finish swine farm with a clinical history of "Brachyspira hampsonii"-associated colitis. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:137. [PMID: 23844564 PMCID: PMC3716975 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brachyspira associated diarrhea is a re-emerging concern for Canadian swine producers. To identify critical control points for reducing the impact of Brachyspira on production, improved diagnostic tools and a better understanding of the on-farm epidemiology of these pathogens are required. A cross-sectional study was conducted for the detection of Brachyspira on a commercial, two-site, farrow-to-finish pork production unit in Saskatchewan, Canada with a clinical history of mucohaemorrhagic colitis associated with “B. hampsonii”. Results Rectal swabs from pigs at all production stages were collected over 13 weeks (n = 866). Two swabs were collected per pig for culture and Gram stain, and for PCR. Ninety-one culture positive samples were detected, with the highest prevalence of Brachyspira shedding in grower pigs (21%). No Brachyspira were detected in pre-weaned piglets. PCR and Gram stain of rectal swabs detected fewer positive samples than culture. The most prevalent species detected was B. murdochii; other species detected included B. pilosicoli, B. innocens, and “Brachyspira hampsonii”. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that several of the isolates, including some strongly beta-haemolytic isolates, might represent novel taxa. Conclusions Our results indicate that apparently healthy pigs can be colonized with diverse Brachyspira species, including some potential pathogens, and that frequency of shedding peaks in the grower stage. Difference in the detection rates of Brachyspira amongst culture, Gram stain or PCR on rectal swabs have implications for choice of detection methods and surveillance approaches that may be most effective in Brachyspira control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Patterson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Viott A, Lage A, Cruz E, Guedes R. The prevalence of swine enteropathogens in Brazilian grower and finish herds. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:145-51. [PMID: 24159297 PMCID: PMC3804191 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea among growing and finishing pigs is an important problem in many herds. The prevalence of L. intracellularis, B. pilosicoli, B. hyodysenteriae, Salmonella spp., enterotoxigenic E. coli, Trichuris suis and the occurrence of mixed infection were investigated. Fecal samples for forty-six herds with diarrhea or a history of diarrhea were randomly collected in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The enteric pathogens were detected by culture (E. coli and Salmonella sp.), PCR (L. intracellularis and Brachyspira spp.) and eggs counts (T. suis). The overall herd prevalence of L. intracellularis, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and enterotoxigenic E. coli were 19.56%, 6.52%, 10.86% respectively. Mixed infection was diagnosed in 30.43% of herds, and L. intracellularis and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium are main pathogens association (10.87%). B. pilosicoli was diagnosed only in two herds, always associated with mixed infections. B. hyodysenteriae and T. suis were not demonstrated in any sample. These pathogens have been reported world-wide but studies regarding epidemiology in Brazil are few. This study contributes to establish of prevention programs for the control enteropathogens in grower finish herds in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Viott
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina, PA, Brazil
| | - A.P. Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - E.C.C. Cruz
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R.M.C. Guedes
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Baer AA, Miller MJ, Dilger AC. Pathogens of Interest to the Pork Industry: A Review of Research on Interventions to Assure Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arica A. Baer
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; 1503 S
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Div. of Nutritional Sciences; 905 S.; Goodwin Ave.; Urbana; IL 61801; U.S.A
| | - Anna C. Dilger
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; 1503 S
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Fosse J, Laroche M, Oudot N, Seegers H, Magras C. On-farm multi-contamination of pigs by food-borne bacterial zoonotic hazards: An exploratory study. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reiner G, Winkelmann M, Willems H. Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, and Brachyspira pilosicoli infection in hunted wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Germany. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fosse J, Seegers H, Magras C. Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial food-borne zoonotic hazards in slaughter pigs: a review. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:429-54. [PMID: 19175574 PMCID: PMC7165994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Hygiene Package and Regulation EC-2160/2003 require information flow from farm to slaughterhouse to enhance European consumers protection in a 'farm to fork' approach. This obligation especially concerns food-borne zoonotic hazards transmitted to humans through pork consumption, such as thermophilic Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica. Prevalence estimates of these four hazards are affected by the sampling strategy and diagnostic procedure. Individual prevalence estimates for pig carriage (from digestive contents or lymph nodes collected at slaughterhouse) were higher than individual prevalence estimates for pig shedding (from faeces). Among risk factors described in the literature, poor pen cleaning and disinfection after pig departure to slaughterhouse and poor bio-security measures are of major significance. Moreover, whereas wet feed increases the risk of pig infection by L. monocytogenes, dry feed is a risk factor for Salm. enterica. Mixing batches of pigs, notably in fattening herds, represents a risk for the transmission of Salm. enterica and Y. enterocolitica. Whereas small herds are more infected by thermophilic campylobacters and Y. enterocolitica, higher prevalence of Salmonella is observed in large herds due to a more frequent mixing of batches. Antibiotic treatment during the finishing period increases the risk of transmission of Salm. enterica. The forenamed elements should be taken into account to characterize farms in a risk assessment approach and to improve zoonotic hazard management in the pork food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fosse
- Food Safety and Microbiology, Veterinary School of Nantes, National Institute of Agronomic Research, Nantes, France.
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