1
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Ringo JM, Segal D. Altered Grooming Cycles in Transgenic Drosophila. Behav Genet 2024; 54:290-301. [PMID: 38536593 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-024-10180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Head grooming in Drosophila consists of repeated sweeps of the legs across the head, comprising regular cycles. We used the GAL4-UAS system to study the effects of overexpressing shibirets1 and of Adar knockdown via RNA interference, on the period of head-grooming cycles in Drosophila. Overexpressing shibirets1 interferes with synaptic vesicle recycling and thus with cell communication, while Adar knockdown reduces RNA editing of neuronal transcripts for a large number of genes. All transgenic flies and their controls were tested at 22° to avoid temperature effects; in wild type, cycle frequency varied with temperature with a Q10 of 1.3. Two experiments were performed with transgenic shibirets1: (1) each fly was heat-shocked for 10 min at 30° immediately before testing at 22° and (2) flies were not heat shocked. In both experiments, cycle period was increased when shibirets1 was overexpressed in all neurons, but was not increased when shibirets1 was overexpressed in motoneurons alone. We hypothesize that grooming cycles in flies overexpressing shibirets1 are lengthened because of synaptic impairment in neural circuits that control head-grooming cycles. In flies with constitutive, pan-neuronal Adar knockdown, cycle period was more variable within individuals, but mean cycle period was not significantly altered. We conclude that RNA editing is essential for the maintenance of within-individual stereotypy of head-grooming cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ringo
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04473, USA.
| | - Daniel Segal
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Sagol School of Neuroscience, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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2
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Seeman OD, Walter DE. Phoresy and Mites: More Than Just a Free Ride. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:69-88. [PMID: 36170643 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-013329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mites are masters at attaching to larger animals, often insects, in a temporary symbiosis called phoresy that allows these tiny animals to exploit patchy resources. In this article, we examine phoresy in the Acari, including those that feed on their carriers in transit, from a broad perspective. From a phylogenetic perspective, phoresy has evolved several times from free-living ancestors but also has been lost frequently. Rotting logs appear to be the first patchy resource exploited by phoretic mites, but the evolution of rapid life cycles later permitted exploitation of short-lived resources. As phoresy is a temporary symbiosis, most species have off-host interactions with their carrier. These relationships can be highly complex and context dependent but often are exploitative of the carrier's resources or progeny. Transitions from phoresy to parasitism seem widespread, but evidence for transitions from obligate phoretic parasitism to permanent parasitism is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen D Seeman
- Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - David Evans Walter
- University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Majeed MZ, Sayed S, Bo Z, Raza A, Ma CS. Bacterial Symbionts Confer Thermal Tolerance to Cereal Aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030231. [PMID: 35323529 PMCID: PMC8949882 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study assesses the putative association between the chronic and acute thermal tolerance of cereal aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) and the abundance of their bacterial symbionts. Thermal tolerance indices were determined for 5-day-old apterous aphid individuals and were associated with the aphid-specific and total bacterial symbionts’ gene abundance (copy numbers). The results show a significantly higher bacterial symbionts’ gene abundance in temperature-tolerant aphid individuals than the susceptible ones for both aphid species. Moreover, the gene abundance of total (16S rRNA) bacteria and most of the aphid-specific bacterial symbionts for both cereal aphid species were significantly and positively associated with their critical thermal maxima values. Overall, the findings of the study suggest the potential role of the bacterial symbionts of aphids in conferring thermal tolerance to their hosts. Abstract High-temperature events are evidenced to exert significant influence on the population performance and thermal biology of insects, such as aphids. However, it is not yet clear whether the bacterial symbionts of insects mediate the thermal tolerance traits of their hosts. This study is intended to assess the putative association among the chronic and acute thermal tolerance of two cereal aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.), and the abundance of their bacterial symbionts. The clones of aphids were collected randomly from different fields of wheat crops and were maintained under laboratory conditions. Basal and acclimated CTmax and chronic thermal tolerance indices were measured for 5-day-old apterous aphid individuals and the abundance (gene copy numbers) of aphid-specific and total (16S rRNA) bacterial symbionts were determined using real-time RT-qPCR. The results reveal that R. padi individuals were more temperature tolerant under chronic exposure to 31 °C and also exhibited about 1.0 °C higher acclimated and basal CTmax values than those of S. avenae. Moreover, a significantly higher bacterial symbionts’ gene abundance was recorded in temperature-tolerant aphid individuals than the susceptible ones for both aphid species. Although total bacterial (16S rRNA) abundance per aphid was higher in S. avenae than R. padi, the gene abundance of aphid-specific bacterial symbionts was nearly alike for both of the aphid species. Nevertheless, basal and acclimated CTmax values were positively and significantly associated with the gene abundance of total symbiont density, Buchnera aphidicola, Serratia symbiotica, Hamilton defensa, Regiella insecticola and Spiroplasma spp. for R. padi, and with the total symbiont density, total bacteria (16S rRNA) and with all aphid-specific bacterial symbionts (except Spiroplasma spp.) for S. avenae. The overall study results corroborate the potential role of the bacterial symbionts of aphids in conferring thermal tolerance to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Climate Change Biology Research Group, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.Z.M.); (C.-S.M.)
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, B.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zhang Bo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Climate Change Biology Research Group, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Ahmed Raza
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Cereal Fungal Diseases Research Group, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sub-Campus Depalpur, University of Agriculture, Okara 56300, Pakistan
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Climate Change Biology Research Group, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (M.Z.M.); (C.-S.M.)
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4
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Adams AE, Besozzi EM, Shahrokhi G, Patten MA. A case for associational resistance: Apparent support for the stress gradient hypothesis varies with study system. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:202-217. [PMID: 34775662 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), ecological interactions between organisms shift positively as environmental stress increases. In the case of associational resistance, habitat is modified to ameliorate stress, benefitting other organisms. The SGH is contentious due to conflicting evidence and theoretical perspectives, so we adopted a meta-analytic approach to determine if it is widely supported across a variety of contexts, including different kingdoms, ecosystems, habitats, interactions, stressors, and life history stages. We developed an extensive list of Boolean search criteria to search the published ecological literature and successfully detect studies that both directly tested the hypothesis, and those that were relevant but never mentioned it. We found that the SGH is well supported by studies that feature bacteria, plants, terrestrial ecosystems, interspecific negative interactions, adults, survival instead of growth or reproduction, and drought, fire, and nutrient stress. We conclude that the SGH is indeed a broadly relevant ecological hypothesis that is currently held back by cross-disciplinary communication barriers. More SGH research is needed beyond the scope of interspecific plant competition, and more SGH research should feature multifactor stress. There remains a need to account for positive interactions in scientific pursuits, such as associational resistance in tests of the SGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Adams
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Golya Shahrokhi
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael A Patten
- Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway
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5
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Van Winkle T, Ponce M, Quellhorst H, Bruce A, Albin CE, Kim TN, Zhu KY, Morrison WR. Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Tempered and Incubated Grain Mediate Attraction by a Primary but Not Secondary Stored Product Insect Pest in Wheat. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:27-40. [PMID: 34542783 PMCID: PMC8801404 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
There has been a dearth of research elucidating the behavioral effect of microbially-produced volatile organic compounds on insects in postharvest agriculture. Demonstrating attraction to MVOC’s by stored product insects would provide an additional source of unique behaviorally-relevant stimuli to protect postharvest commodities at food facilities. Here, we assessed the behavioral response of a primary (Rhyzopertha dominica) and secondary (Tribolium castaneum) grain pest to bouquets of volatiles produced by whole wheat that were untempered, or tempered to 12%, 15%, or 19% grain moisture and incubated for 9, 18, or 27 days. We hypothesized that MVOC’s may be more important for the secondary feeder because they signal that otherwise unusable, intact grains have become susceptible by weakening of the bran. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that the primary feeder, R. dominica, but not T. castaneum was attracted to MVOC’s in a wind tunnel experiment, and in a release-recapture assay using commercial traps baited with grain treatments. Increasing grain moisture resulted in elevated grain damage detected by near-infrared spectroscopy and resulted in small but significant differences in the blend of volatiles emitted by treatments detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In sequencing the microbial community on the grain, we found a diversity of fungi, suggesting that an assemblage was responsible for emissions. We conclude that R. dominica is attracted to a broader suite of MVOC’s than T. castaneum, and that our work highlights the importance of understanding insect-microbe interactions in the postharvest agricultural supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Van Winkle
- School of Planning, Design, and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Marco Ponce
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Hannah Quellhorst
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alexander Bruce
- USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Chloe E Albin
- Department of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Tania N Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - William R Morrison
- USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
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6
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Hartshorn JA, Coyle DR, Rabaglia RJ. Responses of Native and Non-native Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Different Chemical Attractants: Insights From the USDA Forest Service Early Detection and Rapid Response Program Data Analysis. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:776-783. [PMID: 33459780 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
More than 60 non-native bark and ambrosia beetle species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are established in North America and several have had severe negative impacts on ecosystems. Non-native scolytines can introduce fungi which may cause vascular wilts and compete with native fungi and lead to reductions in native species through host reduction. The Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) program was created by the USDA Forest Service in 2007 to detect non-native bark and ambrosia beetles and provide a baseline for tracking populations over time. This program has led to new collection records and increased communication among agencies to delimit non-native scolytine populations and perform appropriate management. Although insect responses to different lure types vary, it is unknown how different lures compare in attracting bark and ambrosia beetles. Our goal was to examine how lure combinations used in the EDRR program affect captures of bark and ambrosia beetle communities and to determine the most effective combination of lures for targeting non-native scolytines. The highest proportion of non-native scolytines was captured with ethanol, as was the greatest total number of species, and the most diverse beetle community. Traps with Ips (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) lures captured the highest proportion of native scolytines but the lowest total number of total species and was also the least diverse. Communities of scolytines differed significantly among lures, states, and years. While ethanol is an appropriate lure for generalist trapping and targeting a wide range of non-native bark and ambrosia beetles, more targeted lures are needed for monitoring certain species of non-natives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Hartshorn
- Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - David R Coyle
- Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
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Field Translocation of Mountain Pine Beetles Suggests Phoretic Mite Communities Are Locally Adapted, and Mite Populations Respond Variably to Climate Warming. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020131. [PMID: 33540901 PMCID: PMC7913132 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate warming has significant effects on forest insect populations, particularly bark beetles, which cause millions of hectares of forest tree damage. Bark beetles live alongside a diverse host of other organisms which affect the success of beetle attacks on trees and are also affected by climate changes. Here, we explore climate effects on symbiotic mite communities associated with the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). We show that warming causes significant shifts in the abundance of mites. These effects were dependent on source population, suggesting mite populations are adapted to their local climates. Understanding beetle–mite patterns is important because mites can directly affect beetle reproduction by feeding on eggs, or indirectly affect beetle health by introducing fungi. Our results provide foundational information for understanding how climate change will affect beetle–mite associations; and serve to help determine how these shifting associations will affect the success of bark beetles in forest ecosystems. Abstract Temperature is a key determining factor in the population dynamics of forest insects and their associated biota. Bark beetles, often considered key agents of change in forest ecosystems, are particularly affected by warming in their environment. Beetles associate with various phoretic mite species that have direct/indirect effects on beetle fitness and population dynamics, although there is limited knowledge of how temperature affects these communities. Here, we use a field reciprocal translocation experiment with the addition of a novel “warming” environment to represent future changes in local environment in two populations of a keystone bark beetle species (Dendroctonus ponderosae). We hypothesize that mite community abundances as carried by bark beetles are significantly altered when not in their native environments and when subjected to climate warming. We use multivariate generalized linear models based on species abundance data to show that mite community compositions significantly differ across different field climates; and that these patterns diverge between source populations, indicating local adaptation. Our study offers foundational information on the general effects of simulated climate-warming on the compositional shifts of common and abundant biotic associates of mountain pine beetles and may be used as a model system for other important insect–mite systems.
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8
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Optimizing spatial positioning of traps in the context of integrated pest management. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Drought-Mediated Changes in Tree Physiological Processes Weaken Tree Defenses to Bark Beetle Attack. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:888-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Dell IH, Davis TS. Effects of Site Thermal Variation and Physiography on Flight Synchrony and Phenology of the North American Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and Associated Species in Colorado. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:998-1011. [PMID: 31145459 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, is associated with forest mortality in Colorado and across western North America, yet it is not well understood how thermal variability affects basic population processes such as flight phenology. However, phenology-temperature relationships are important for understanding patterns of ecosystem disturbance, especially under projected climate warming. Here, we use a multiyear trapping study to test the hypothesis that spruce beetle flight synchrony, timing, and fitness traits (body size) are affected by variation in regional temperature and physiography. Large quantities of co-colonizing scolytines (Polygraphus convexifrons) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and predatory beetles (Thanasimus undulatus) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) that may affect D. rufipennis populations also responded to spruce beetle synthetic pheromone lures. Relationships between flight patterns and environmental conditions were also analyzed for these species. The winter of 2018 was warmer and drier than winter 2017 and was associated with earlier flight for both scolytine species across most sites. The most important environmental factor driving D. rufipennis flight phenology was accumulated growing degree-days, with delayed flight cessation under warmer conditions and larger beetles following a warm winter. Flight was consistently more synchronous under colder growing season conditions for all species, but synchrony was not associated with winter temperatures. Warmer-than-average years promoted earlier flight of D. rufipennis and associated species, and less synchronous, prolonged flight across the region. Consequently, climate warming may be associated with earlier and potentially extended biotic pressure for spruce trees in the Rocky Mountain region, and flight phenology of multiple scolytines is plastic in response to thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Hans Dell
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Thomas Seth Davis
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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11
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Eisenhauer N, Schielzeth H, Barnes AD, Barry K, Bonn A, Brose U, Bruelheide H, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Ebeling A, Ferlian O, Freschet GT, Giling DP, Hättenschwiler S, Hillebrand H, Hines J, Isbell F, Koller-France E, König-Ries B, de Kroon H, Meyer ST, Milcu A, Müller J, Nock CA, Petermann JS, Roscher C, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schnitzer SA, Schuldt A, Tscharntke T, Türke M, van Dam NM, van der Plas F, Vogel A, Wagg C, Wardle DA, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Jochum M. A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. ADV ECOL RES 2019; 61:1-54. [PMID: 31908360 PMCID: PMC6944504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that mankind depends upon. In this paper, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Schielzeth
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- EcoNetLab, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Darren P Giling
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eva Koller-France
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology, PO Box 9100, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian T Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Service 3248, Campus Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H1
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Dept. of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU) - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Vogel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, E3B 8B7, Fredericton, Canada
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Vissa S, Hofstetter RW, Bonifácio L, Khaustov A, Knee W, Uhey DA. Phoretic mite communities associated with bark beetles in the maritime and stone pine forests of Setúbal, Portugal. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:117-131. [PMID: 30810852 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The phoretic mite communities of prominent bark beetle pests associated with pine stands of southern Portugal were sampled to determine whether they vary across bark beetle species and stand type. Bark beetles were sampled for mites from two primary (aggressive) bark beetle species (Ips sexdentatus and Orthotomicus erosus) and the most common secondary species (Hylurgus ligniperda) in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) and stone pine (Pinus pinea) in the Setúbal province of Portugal. Twelve mite species, spanning diverse ecological roles, are found associated with these bark beetle systems. The relative abundances of the 12 species that make up the phoretic mite communities of maritime and stone pine varied significantly between host beetle species as well as between stand type, indicating that the phoretic host and dominant tree type are important drivers of mite community composition. The functional roles of these mites are outlined and their ecological significance in pine forest ecosystems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Vissa
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Richard W Hofstetter
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Luis Bonifácio
- INIAV, Instituto Nacional Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP. Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Wayne Knee
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Derek A Uhey
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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13
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Medina D, Hughey MC, Becker MH, Walke JB, Umile TP, Burzynski EA, Iannetta A, Minbiole KPC, Belden LK. Variation in Metabolite Profiles of Amphibian Skin Bacterial Communities Across Elevations in the Neotropics. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:227-238. [PMID: 28105509 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Both the structure and function of host-associated microbial communities are potentially impacted by environmental conditions, just as the outcomes of many free-living species interactions are context-dependent. Many amphibian populations have declined around the globe due to the fungal skin pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but enivronmental conditions may influence disease dynamics. For instance, in Panamá, the most severe Bd outbreaks have occurred at high elevation sites. Some amphibian species harbor bacterial skin communities that can inhibit the growth of Bd, and therefore, there is interest in understanding whether environmental context could also alter these host-associated microbial communities in a way that might ultimately impact Bd dynamics. In a field survey in Panamá, we assessed skin bacterial communities (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) and metabolite profiles (HPLC-UV/Vis) of Silverstoneia flotator from three high- and three low-elevation populations representing a range of environmental conditions. Across elevations, frogs had similar skin bacterial communities, although one lowland site appeared to differ. Interestingly, we found that bacterial richness decreased from west to east, coinciding with the direction of Bd spread through Panamá. Moreover, metabolite profiles suggested potential functional variation among frog populations and between elevations. While the frogs have similar bacterial community structure, the local environment might shape the metabolite profiles. Ultimately, host-associated community structure and function could be dependent on environmental conditions, which could ultimately influence host disease susceptibility across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall (0406), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Myra C Hughey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall (0406), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Matthew H Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall (0406), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall (0406), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Thomas P Umile
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | - Anthony Iannetta
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2119 Derring Hall (0406), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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14
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Sullivan BT, Brownie C, Barrett JP. Intra-Annual Variation in Responses by Flying Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Pheromone Component endo-Brevicomin. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1720-1728. [PMID: 27207264 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is attracted to an aggregation pheromone that includes the multifunctional pheromone component endo-brevicomin. The effect of endo-brevicomin on attractive lures varies from strong enhancement to reduction of beetle attraction depending upon release rate, lure component spacing, and proximity of beetle infestations. Anecdotal observations have further suggested that the effects of endo-brevicomin vary during the year. We investigated this possibility under nonoutbreak conditions in southwestern Mississippi where for two-and-a-half years we monitored traps baited with frontalin and the host odor alpha-pinene either (a) alone, or with an endo-brevicomin release device either (b) located directly on the trap, or (c) displaced 6 m away. The endo-brevicomin devices in our tests increased D. frontalis catches during all times of year, and 6 m displacement of the endo-brevicomin release device from the trap did not significantly alter responses except during the spring flight peak when displacement increased catches. Our data suggest that flying D. frontalis have a stronger tendency to avoid the immediate proximity of a release point of endo-brevicomin during their springtime dispersal flight when catches are greatest. Catches of Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a major predator of D. frontalis, were not altered by endo-brevicomin, and ratios of D. frontalis to T. dubius changed over the course of the year. We discuss the possible effects of intra-annual variation in D. frontalis response to endo-brevicomin both on beetle attack behavior and use of endo-brevicomin as a lure adjuvant in D. frontalis population monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Sullivan
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 (; ),
| | - Cavell Brownie
- North Carolina State University, 2311 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - JoAnne P Barrett
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 (; )
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15
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Rassati D, Faccoli M, Battisti A, Marini L. Habitat and climatic preferences drive invasions of non-native ambrosia beetles in deciduous temperate forests. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Pfammatter JA, Coyle DR, Gandhi KJK, Hernandez N, Hofstetter RW, Moser JC, Raffa KF. Structure of Phoretic Mite Assemblages Across Subcortical Beetle Species at a Regional Scale. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:53-65. [PMID: 26496952 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mites associated with subcortical beetles feed and reproduce within habitats transformed by tree-killing herbivores. Mites lack the ability to independently disperse among these habitats, and thus have evolved characteristics that facilitate using insects as transport between resources. Studies on associations between mites and beetles have historically been beetle-centric, where an assemblage of mite species is characterized on a single beetle species. However, available evidence suggests there may be substantial overlap among mite species on various species of beetles utilizing similar host trees. We assessed the mite communities of multiple beetle species attracted to baited funnel traps in Pinus stands in southern Wisconsin, northern Arizona, and northern Georgia to better characterize mite dispersal and the formation of mite-beetle phoretic associations at multiple scales. We identified approximately 21 mite species totaling 10,575 individuals on 36 beetle species totaling 983 beetles. Of the mites collected, 97% were represented by eight species. Many species of mites were common across beetle species, likely owing to these beetles' common association with trees in the genus Pinus. Most mite species were found on at least three beetle species. Histiostoma spp., Iponemus confusus Lindquist, Histiogaster arborsignis Woodring and Trichouropoda australis Hirschmann were each found on at least seven species of beetles. While beetles had largely similar mite membership, the abundances of individual mite species were highly variable among beetle species within each sampling region. Phoretic mite communities also varied within beetle species between regions, notably for Ips pini (Say) and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Pfammatter
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 345 Russell Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706 (; ; ),
| | - David R Coyle
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 Green St., Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 Green St., Athens, GA 30602
| | - Natalie Hernandez
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 345 Russell Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706 (; ; )
| | - Richard W Hofstetter
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 East Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86011 , and
| | | | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 345 Russell Laboratories, Madison, WI 53706 (; ; )
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17
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Watanabe K, Murakami M, Hirao T, Kamata N. Species diversity estimation of ambrosia and bark beetles in temperate mixed forests in Japan based on host phylogeny and specificity. Ecol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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19
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Weed AS, Ayres MP, Hicke JA. Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests. ECOL MONOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0160.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The interactions among insects, mites, and fungi are diverse and complex but poorly understood in most cases. Associations among insects, mites, and fungi span an almost incomprehensible array of ecological interactions and evolutionary histories. Insects and mites often share habitats and resources and thus interact within communities. Many mites and insects rely on fungi for nutrients, and fungi benefit from them with regard to spore dispersal, habitat provision, or nutrient resources. Mites have important impacts on community dynamics, ecosystem processes, and biodiversity within many insect-fungus systems. Given that mites are understudied but highly abundant, they likely have bigger, more important, and more widespread impacts on communities than previously recognized. We describe mutualistic and antagonistic effects of mites on insect-fungus associations, explore the processes that underpin ecological and evolutionary patterns of these multipartite communities, review well-researched examples of the effects of mites on insect-fungus associations, and discuss approaches for studying mites within insect-fungus communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hofstetter
- College of Engineering, Forestry, and Natural Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011;
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21
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Kolařík M, Jankowiak R. Vector affinity and diversity of Geosmithia fungi living on subcortical insects inhabiting Pinaceae species in central and northeastern Europe. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:682-700. [PMID: 23624540 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungi from the genus Geosmithia (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) are associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), though little is known about ecology, diversity, and distribution of these fungi across beetle and its host tree species. This study surveyed the diversity, distribution and vector affinity of Geosmithia isolated from subcortical insects that colonized trees from the family Pinaceae in Central and Northeastern Europe. Twelve Geosmithia species were isolated from 85 plant samples associated with 23 subcortical insect species (including 14 bark beetle species). Geosmithia community composition was similar across different localities and vector species; although the fungal communities associated with insects that colonized Pinus differed from that colonizing other tree species (Abies, Larix, and Picea). Ten Geosmithia species from four independent phylogenetic lineages were not reported previously from vectors feeding on other plant families and seem to be restricted to the vectors from Pinaceae only. We conclude that presence of such substrate specificity suggests a long and stable association between Geosmithia and bark beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v. v. i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic,
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22
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Lahr EC, Krokene P. Conifer stored resources and resistance to a fungus associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72405. [PMID: 23967298 PMCID: PMC3742536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles and associated fungi are among the greatest natural threats to conifers worldwide. Conifers have potent defenses, but resistance to beetles and fungal pathogens may be reduced if tree stored resources are consumed by fungi rather than used for tree defense. Here, we assessed the relationship between tree stored resources and resistance to Ceratocystis polonica, a phytopathogenic fungus vectored by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. We measured phloem and sapwood nitrogen, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and lipids before and after trees were attacked by I. typographus (vectoring C. polonica) or artificially inoculated with C. polonica alone. Tree resistance was assessed by measuring phloem lesions and the proportion of necrotic phloem around the tree's circumference following attack or inoculation. While initial resource concentrations were unrelated to tree resistance to C. polonica, over time, phloem NSC and sapwood lipids declined in the trees inoculated with C. polonica. Greater resource declines correlated with less resistant trees (trees with larger lesions or more necrotic phloem), suggesting that resource depletion may be caused by fungal consumption rather than tree resistance. Ips typographus may then benefit indirectly from reduced tree defenses caused by fungal resource uptake. Our research on tree stored resources represents a novel way of understanding bark beetle-fungal-conifer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Lahr
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
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23
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Daskin JH, Alford RA. Context-dependent symbioses and their potential roles in wildlife diseases. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:1457-65. [PMID: 22237907 PMCID: PMC3282356 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known in ecology, evolution and medicine that both the nature (commensal, parasitic and mutualistic) and outcome (symbiont fitness, survival) of symbiotic interactions are often context-dependent. Less is known about the importance of context-dependence in symbioses involved in wildlife disease. We review variable symbioses, and use the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis to demonstrate how understanding context-dependence can improve the understanding and management of wildlife diseases. In chytridiomycosis, the host-pathogen interaction is context-dependent; it is strongly affected by environmental temperature. Skin bacteria can also modify the interaction; some bacteria reduce amphibians' susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. Augmentation of protective microbes is being considered as a possible management tool, but informed application of bioaugmentation requires understanding of how the interactions between host, beneficial bacteria and pathogen depend upon environmental context. The community-level response of the amphibian skin microbiota to environmental conditions may explain the relatively narrow range of environmental conditions in which past declines have occurred. Environmental context affects virulence and the protection provided by mutualists in other host-pathogen systems, including threatened bats and corals. Increased focus on context-dependence in interactions between wildlife and their symbionts is likely to be crucial to the future investigation and management of emerging diseases of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Daskin
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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24
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Roe AD, James PMA, Rice AV, Cooke JEK, Sperling FAH. Spatial community structure of mountain pine beetle fungal symbionts across a latitudinal gradient. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:347-60. [PMID: 21468661 PMCID: PMC3155041 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Symbiont redundancy in obligate insect-fungal systems is thought to buffer the insect host against symbiont loss and to extend the environmental conditions under which the insect can persist. The mountain pine beetle is associated with at least three well-known and putatively obligate ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts that vary in their environmental tolerances. To better understand the spatial variation in beetle-fungal symbiotic associations, we examined the community composition of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the mountain pine beetle as a function of latitude and elevation. The region investigated represents the leading edge of a recent outbreak of mountain pine beetle in western Canada. Using regression and principal components analysis, we identified significant spatial patterns in fungal species abundances that indicate symmetrical replacement between two of the three fungi along a latitudinal gradient and little variation in response to elevation. We also identified significant variation in the prevalence of pair-wise species combinations that occur within beetle galleries. Frequencies of pair-wise combinations were significantly different from what was expected given overall species abundances. These results suggest that complex processes of competitive exclusion and coexistence help determine fungal community composition and that the consequences of these processes vary spatially. The presence of three fungal symbionts in different proportions and combinations across a wide range of environmental conditions may help explain the success of mountain pine beetle attacks across a broad geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Roe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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25
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Evans LM, Hofstetter RW, Ayres MP, Klepzig KD. Temperature alters the relative abundance and population growth rates of species within the Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) community. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:824-834. [PMID: 22251683 DOI: 10.1603/en10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Temperature has strong effects on metabolic processes of individuals and demographics of populations, but effects on ecological communities are not well known. Many economically and ecologically important pest species have obligate associations with other organisms; therefore, effects of temperature on these species might be mediated by strong interactions. The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) harbors a rich community of phoretic mites and fungi that are linked by many strong direct and indirect interactions, providing multiple pathways for temperature to affect the system. We tested the effects of temperature on this community by manipulating communities within naturally infested sections of pine trees. Direct effects of temperature on component species were conspicuous and sometimes predictable based on single-species physiology, but there were also strong indirect effects of temperature via alteration of species interactions that could not have been predicted based on autecological temperature responses. Climatic variation, including directional warming, will likely influence ecological systems through direct physiological effects as well as indirect effects through species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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26
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Davis TS, Hofstetter RW. Reciprocal interactions between the bark beetle-associated yeast Ogataea pini and host plant phytochemistry. Mycologia 2011; 103:1201-7. [PMID: 21659459 DOI: 10.3852/11-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the first experiments testing reciprocal effects between the bark beetle-associated yeast, Ogataea pini, and phytochemicals present in tree tissues (Pinus ponderosa). We tested two hypotheses: (i) tree phytochemicals mediate O. pini growth and (ii) O. pini affects chemical composition of plant tissues. We tested six monoterpenes on O. pini biomass growth in vitro and found that most monoterpenes inhibited O. pini growth; however mean O. pini biomass increased 21.5% when treated with myrcene and 75.5% when treated with terpinolene, relative to control. Ogataea pini was grown on phloem tissue ex vivo to determine whether O. pini affected phloem chemistry. Monoterpene concentrations declined in phloem over time, but phloem colonized by O. pini had significantly different concentrations of monoterpenes at two periods than phloem with no yeast. After 7 d, when O. pini was present, concentrations of the monoterpene Δ-3-carene was 42.9% lower than uncolonized phloem and concentrations of the monoterpene terpinolene was 345.0% higher than uncolonized phloem. After 15 d phloem colonized by O. pini had 505.4% higher concentrations of α-pinene than uncolonized phloem. These experiments suggest that O. pini responds to phytochemicals present in host tissues and the presence of O. pini might alter the chemical environment of phloem tissues during the early stages of beetle development. The interactions between O. pini and phytochemicals in pine vascular tissues might have consequences for the bark beetle that vectors O. pini, Dendroctonus brevicomis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Davis
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Southwest Forest Science Complex (82), PO Box 15018, 200 E Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-15018, USA.
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27
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Hulcr J, Adams AS, Raffa K, Hofstetter RW, Klepzig KD, Currie CR. Presence and diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and sympatric bark beetle galleries across North America. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 61:759-768. [PMID: 21249352 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed several examples of intimate associations between insects and Actinobacteria, including the Southern Pine Beetle Dendroctonus frontalis and the Spruce Beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis. Here, we surveyed Streptomyces Actinobacteria co-occurring with 10 species of Dendroctonus bark beetles across the United States, using both phylogenetic and community ecology approaches. From these 10 species, and 19 other scolytine beetles that occur in the same trees, we obtained 154 Streptomyces-like isolates and generated 16S sequences from 134 of those. Confirmed 16S sequences of Streptomyces were binned into 36 distinct strains using a threshold of 0.2% sequence divergence. The 16S rDNA phylogeny of all isolates does not correlate with the distribution of strains among beetle species, localities, or parts of the beetles or their galleries. However, we identified three Streptomyces strains occurring repeatedly on Dendroctonus beetles and in their galleries. Identity of these isolates was corroborated using a house-keeping gene sequence (efTu). These strains are not confined to a certain species of beetle, locality, or part of the beetle or their galleries. However, their role as residents in the woodboring insect niche is supported by the repeated association of their 16S and efTu from across the continent, and also having been reported in studies of other subcortical insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hulcr
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Six DL, Wingfield MJ. The role of phytopathogenicity in bark beetle-fungus symbioses: a challenge to the classic paradigm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:255-72. [PMID: 20822444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The idea that phytopathogenic fungi associated with tree-killing bark beetles are critical for overwhelming tree defenses and incurring host tree mortality, herein called the classic paradigm (CP), has driven research on bark beetle-fungus symbiosis for decades. It has also strongly influenced our views of bark beetle ecology. We discuss fundamental flaws in the CP, including the lack of consistency of virulent fungal associates with tree-killing bark beetles, the lack of correspondence between fungal growth in the host tree and the development of symptoms associated with a successful attack, and the ubiquity of similar associations of fungi with bark beetles that do not kill trees. We suggest that, rather than playing a supporting role for the host beetle (tree killing), phytopathogenicity performs an important role for the fungi. In particular, phytopathogenicity may mediate competitive interactions among fungi and support survival and efficient resource capture in living, defensive trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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29
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Traill LW, Lim MLM, Sodhi NS, Bradshaw CJA. REVIEW: Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and ecosystem function through global warming. J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:937-47. [PMID: 20487086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lochran W Traill
- The Environment Institute and School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Indirect effects of temperature on stink bug fitness, via maintenance of gut-associated symbionts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:1261-6. [PMID: 20023083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02034-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impacts of climate change on organisms are already apparent, with effects ranging from the individual to ecosystem scales. For organisms engaged in mutualisms, climate may affect population performance directly or indirectly through mediated effects on their mutualists. We tested this hypothesis for two stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare and Murgantia histrionica, and their gut-associated symbionts. We reared these species at two constant temperatures, 25 and 30 degrees C, and monitored population demographic parameters and the presence of gut-associated symbionts with diagnostic PCR primer sets. Both stink bugs lost their respective gut symbionts within two generations at 30 degrees C. In addition, the insect survivorship and reproductive rates of both A. hilare and M. histrionica at 30 degrees C were lower than at 25 degrees C. Other demographic parameters also indicated a decrease in overall insect fitness at the high temperature. Collectively our data showed that the decrease in host fitness was coupled with, and potentially mediated by, symbiont loss at 30 degrees C. This work illustrates the need to better understand the biology of animal-symbiont associations and the consequences of local climate for the dynamics of these interactions.
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Davis TS, Hofstetter RW. Effects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and fecundity of two sympatric bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:639-650. [PMID: 19508772 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific interactions among tree-killing bark beetle species may have ecologically important consequences on beetle population dynamics. Using two tree-killing beetle species (Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis), we performed observational and experimental studies to verify cross-attraction and co-colonization under field conditions in northern Arizona and test the effects of gallery density and species ratio on response variables of average gallery length, offspring size (progeny fitness), and offspring production per centimeter gallery (fecundity). Our results show that both D. frontalis and D. brevicomis aggregate to pheromones synthesized de novo by D. brevicomis under field conditions and that galleries of both D. brevicomis and D. frontalis occurred together in the same region of a single host tree with significant frequency. In experimental manipulations of species ratios, the presence of conspecific beetles in the gallery environment strongly mediated fecundity, but D. frontalis was the only species that suffered negative impacts from the presence of heterospecific beetles in the gallery environment. Interactions did not result in any apparent fitness effects for progeny of either species, which suggests that multispecies aggregations and co-colonization may be a dominant ecological strategy in the region and result in niche sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Davis
- Southwest Forest Science Complex, Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, 110 East Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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32
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Klepzig KD, Adams AS, Handelsman J, Raffa KF. Symbioses: a key driver of insect physiological processes, ecological interactions, evolutionary diversification, and impacts on humans. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:67-77. [PMID: 19791599 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis is receiving increased attention among all aspects of biology because of the unifying themes it helps construct across ecological, evolutionary, developmental, semiochemical, and pest management theory. Insects show a vast array of symbiotic relationships with a wide diversity of microorganisms. These relationships may confer a variety of benefits to the host (macrosymbiont), such as direct or indirect nutrition, ability to counter the defenses of plant or animal hosts, protection from natural enemies, improved development and reproduction, and communication. Benefits to the microsymbiont (including a broad range of fungi, bacteria, mites, nematodes, etc.) often include transport, protection from antagonists, and protection from environmental extremes. Symbiotic relationships may be mutualistic, commensal, competitive, or parasitic. In many cases, individual relationships may include both beneficial and detrimental effects to each partner during various phases of their life histories or as environmental conditions change. The outcomes of insect-microbial interactions are often strongly mediated by other symbionts and by features of the external and internal environment. These outcomes can also have important effects on human well being and environmental quality, by affecting agriculture, human health, natural resources, and the impacts of invasive species. We argue that, for many systems, our understanding of symbiotic relationships will advance most rapidly where context dependency and multipartite membership are integrated into existing conceptual frameworks. Furthermore, the contribution of entomological studies to overall symbiosis theory will be greatest where preoccupation with strict definitions and artificial boundaries is minimized, and integration of emerging molecular and quantitative techniques is maximized. We highlight symbiotic relations involving bark beetles to illustrate examples of the above trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Klepzig
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360, USA.
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Bleiker KP, Six DL. Competition and coexistence in a multi-partner mutualism: interactions between two fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle in beetle-attacked trees. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2009; 57:191-202. [PMID: 18545867 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite overlap in niches, two fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), Grosmannia clavigera and Ophiostoma montium, appear to coexist with one another and their bark beetle host in the phloem of trees. We sampled the percent of phloem colonized by fungi four times over 1 year to investigate the nature of the interaction between these two fungi and to determine how changing conditions in the tree (e.g., moisture) affect the interaction. Both fungi colonized phloem at similar rates; however, G. clavigera colonized a disproportionately larger amount of phloem than O. montium considering their relative prevalence in the beetle population. High phloem moisture appeared to inhibit fungal growth shortly after beetle attack; however, by 1 year, low phloem moisture likely inhibited fungal growth and survival. There was no inverse relationship between the percent of phloem colonized by G. clavigera only and O. montium only, which would indicate competition between the species. However, the percent of phloem colonized by G. clavigera and O. montium together decreased after 1 year, while the percent of phloem from which no fungi were isolated increased. A reduction in living fungi in the phloem at this time may have significant impacts on both beetles and fungi. These results indicate that exploitation competition occurred after a year when the two fungi colonized the phloem together, but we found no evidence of strong interference competition. Each species also maintained an exclusive area, which may promote coexistence of species with similar resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bleiker
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59801, USA.
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