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Hecko S, Schiefer A, Badenhorst CPS, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT, Rudroff F. Enlightening the Path to Protein Engineering: Chemoselective Turn-On Probes for High-Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Activity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2832-2901. [PMID: 36853077 PMCID: PMC10037340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Many successful stories in enzyme engineering are based on the creation of randomized diversity in large mutant libraries, containing millions to billions of enzyme variants. Methods that enabled their evaluation with high throughput are dominated by spectroscopic techniques due to their high speed and sensitivity. A large proportion of studies relies on fluorogenic substrates that mimic the chemical properties of the target or coupled enzymatic assays with an optical read-out that assesses the desired catalytic efficiency indirectly. The most reliable hits, however, are achieved by screening for conversions of the starting material to the desired product. For this purpose, functional group assays offer a general approach to achieve a fast, optical read-out. They use the chemoselectivity, differences in electronic and steric properties of various functional groups, to reduce the number of false-positive results and the analytical noise stemming from enzymatic background activities. This review summarizes the developments and use of functional group probes for chemoselective derivatizations, with a clear focus on screening for enzymatic activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael J Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Asressu KH, Zhang Q. Detection and Semi-quantification of Lipids on High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Plate using Ceric Ammonium Molybdate Staining. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2023; 125:2200096. [PMID: 36818638 PMCID: PMC9937734 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
It is desirable to quickly check the composition of lipids in small size samples, but achieving this is challenging using the existing staining methods. Herein, we developed a highly sensitive and semi-quantitative method for analysis of lipid samples with ceric ammonium molybdate (CAM) staining. The CAM detection method was systematically evaluated with a wide range of lipid classes including phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, fatty acids (FA) and sterols, demonstrating high sensitivity, stability, and overall efficiency. Additionally, CAM staining provides a clean yellow background in high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) which facilitates quantification of lipids using image processing software. Lipids can be stained with CAM reagent regardless of their head group types, position of the carbon-carbon double bonds, geometric isomerism and the variation in the length of FA chain, but staining is mostly affected by the degree of unsaturation of the FA backbone. The mechanism of the CAM staining of lipids was proposed on principles of the reduction-oxidation reaction, in which Mo(VI) oxidizes the unsaturated lipids into carbonyl compounds on the HPTLC plate upon heating, while itself being reduced to Mo(IV). This method was applied for the separation, identification, and quantification of lipid extracts from porcine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesatebrhan Haile Asressu
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Oda Y, Saito K, Nakata M. Structural analyses of a hemolytic compound found in an extract of Hypsizygus marmoreus fruiting bodies at a low pH. Biosci Trends 2019; 13:86-90. [PMID: 30700653 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study determined the structure of a hemolytic compound found in an extract from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus when its pH was lowered. The hemolytic compound was purified using the modified Bligh and Dyer method followed by chromatography using reversed phase and silica gel columns. Structural analyses of the purified hemolytic compound were performed using NMR and ESI-MS. The deduced structure indicated a trans,trans-5,8-docosadienoic acid calcium salt. Although numerous proteinous hemolysins from various mushrooms have been described, the current study is the first to report on a low-molecular-weight hemolytic compound derived from an H. marmoreus extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Oda
- Technology Joint Management Office, Research Promotion Division, Tokai University
| | - Kohsuke Saito
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
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Saito K, Hazama S, Oda Y, Nakata M. pH-Dependent exhibition of hemolytic activity by an extract of Hypsizygus marmoreus fruiting bodies. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:325-329. [PMID: 29848881 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study found that an extract from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus exhibited hemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells when its pH was lowered. Although hemolytic activity was not detected when an extract had a neutral pH, an extract with a low pH exhibited potent hemolytic activity. The maximal hemolytic activity was exhibited by an extract with a pH of 5.5. A heat-treated extract did not exhibit hemolytic activity before its pH was lowered, and that activity was inhibited in the presence of PMSF and EDTA. The turbidity of the extract increased during lowering of its pH, and the precipitate fraction exhibited hemolytic activity. Fractionation by a modified Bligh and Dyer method and TLC analyses suggested that a hemolytic compound in the extract might be a type of lipid. These results suggest that a hemolytic lipid-like compound in an extract of H. marmoreus fruiting bodies may be released by a non-active precursor substance(s) through metalloenzyme(s) while the extract has a low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Saito
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | - Syohto Hazama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | - Yoshiki Oda
- Technology Joint Management Office, Research Promotion Division, Tokai University
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Hong EJ, Kim NK, Lee D, Kim WG, Lee I. Overexpression of the laeA gene leads to increased production of cyclopiazonic acid in Aspergillus fumisynnematus. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:973-983. [PMID: 26466873 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To explore novel bioactive compounds produced via activation of secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters, we overexpressed an ortholog of laeA, a gene that encodes a global positive regulator of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus fumisynnematus F746. Overexpression of the laeA gene under the alcA promoter resulted in the production of less pigment, shorter conidial head chains, and fewer conidia. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that SM production in OE::laeA was significantly increased, and included new metabolites that were not detected in the wild type. Among them, a compound named F1 was selected on the basis of its high production levels and antibacterial effects. F1 was purified by column chromatography and preparative TLC and identified as cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) by LC/MS, which had been previously known as mycotoxin. As A. fumisynnematus was not known to produce CPA, these results suggest that overexpression of the laeA gene can be used to explore the synthesis of useful bioactive compounds, even in a fungus for which the genome sequence is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Hong
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyeong Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyup Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gon Kim
- Functional Metabolite Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
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Vovk I, Gerčar N, Simonovska B, Sok M. Chromatographic determination of total cholesterol in human lung healthy and cancer tissues of the same patient. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.28.2015.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Detection progress of selected drugs in TLC. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:732078. [PMID: 24551853 PMCID: PMC3914296 DOI: 10.1155/2014/732078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This entry describes applications of known indicators and dyes as new visualizing reagents and various visualizing systems as well as photocatalytic reactions and bioautography method for the detection of bioactive compounds including drugs and compounds isolated from herbal extracts. Broadening index, detection index, characteristics of densitometric band, modified contrast index, limit of detection, densitometric visualizing index, and linearity range of detected compounds were used for the evaluation of visualizing effects of applied visualizing reagents. It was shown that visualizing effect depends on the chemical structure of the visualizing reagent, the structure of the substance detected, and the chromatographic adsorbent applied. The usefulness of densitometry to direct detection of some drugs was also shown. Quoted papers indicate the detection progress of selected drugs investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
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Food poisonings by ingestion of cyprinid fish. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:539-55. [PMID: 24476713 PMCID: PMC3942750 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw or dried gallbladders of cyprinid fish have long been ingested as a traditional medicine in the Asian countries, particularly in China, for ameliorating visual acuity, rheumatism, and general health; however, sporadic poisoning incidences have occurred after their ingestion. The poisoning causes complex symptoms in patients, including acute renal failure, liver dysfunction, paralysis, and convulsions of limbs. The causative substance for the poisoning was isolated, and its basic properties were examined. The purified toxin revealed a minimum lethal dose of 2.6 mg/20 g in mouse, when injected intraperitoneally. The main symptoms were paralysis and convulsions of the hind legs, along with other neurological signs. Liver biopsy of the euthanized mice clearly exhibited hepatocytes necrosis and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes, suggesting the acute dysfunction of the liver. Blood tests disclosed the characteristics of acute renal failure and liver injury. Infrared (IR) spectrometry, fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, and 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicated, a molecular formula of C27H48O8S, containing a sulfate ester group for the toxin. Thus, we concluded that the structure of carp toxin to be 5α-cyprinol sulfate (5α-cholestane-3α, 7α, 12α, 26, 27-pentol 26-sulfate). This indicated that carp toxin is a nephro- and hepato- toxin, which could be the responsible toxin for carp bile poisoning in humans.
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Zarzycki PK, Slączka MM, Zarzycka MB, Bartoszuk MA, Włodarczyk E, Baran MJ. Temperature-controlled micro-TLC: a versatile green chemistry and fast analytical tool for separation and preliminary screening of steroids fraction from biological and environmental samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:418-27. [PMID: 21669284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a continuation of our previous research focusing on development of micro-TLC methodology under temperature-controlled conditions. The main goal of present paper is to demonstrate separation and detection capability of micro-TLC technique involving simple analytical protocols without multi-steps sample pre-purification. One of the advantages of planar chromatography over its column counterpart is that each TLC run can be performed using non-previously used stationary phase. Therefore, it is possible to fractionate or separate complex samples characterized by heavy biological matrix loading. In present studies components of interest, mainly steroids, were isolated from biological samples like fish bile using single pre-treatment steps involving direct organic liquid extraction and/or deproteinization by freeze-drying method. Low-molecular mass compounds with polarity ranging from estetrol to progesterone derived from the environmental samples (lake water, untreated and treated sewage waters) were concentrated using optimized solid-phase extraction (SPE). Specific bands patterns for samples derived from surface water of the Middle Pomerania in northern part of Poland can be easily observed on obtained micro-TLC chromatograms. This approach can be useful as simple and non-expensive complementary method for fast control and screening of treated sewage water discharged by the municipal wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, our experimental results show the potential of micro-TLC as an efficient tool for retention measurements of a wide range of steroids under reversed-phase (RP) chromatographic conditions. These data can be used for further optimalization of SPE or HPLC systems working under RP conditions. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that micro-TLC based analytical approach can be applied as an effective method for the internal standard (IS) substance search. Generally, described methodology can be applied for fast fractionation or screening of the whole range of target substances as well as chemo-taxonomic studies and fingerprinting of complex mixtures, which are present in biological or environmental samples. Due to low consumption of eluent (usually 0.3-1mL/run) mainly composed of water-alcohol binary mixtures, this method can be considered as environmentally friendly and green chemistry focused analytical tool, supplementary to analytical protocols involving column chromatography or planar micro-fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Zarzycki
- Section of Toxicology and Bioanalytics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Śniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland.
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Skorupa A, Gierak A. Detection and visualization methods used in thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Onişor C, Poša M, Kevrešan S, Kuhajda K, Sârbu C. Estimation of chromatographic lipophilicity of bile acids and their derivatives by reversed-phase thin layer chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3110-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pyka A. Use of Structural Descriptors to QSRR Analysis of Selected Bile Acids Separated by NP-TLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903245870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Pyka
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
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Zarzycki P, Bartoszuk M. Improved TLC detection of prostaglandins by post-run derivatization with phosphomolybdic acid. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.21.2008.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
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Bagócsi B, Végh Z, Ferenczi-Fodor K. Optimization of the visualization of steroids separated by OPLC. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.21.2008.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zarzycki PK, Baran M, Włodarczyk E, Bartoszuk MA. Improved Detection of Ergosterol, Stigmasterol, and Selected Steroids on Silica Coated TLC Plates using Phosphomolybdic Acid Staining. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701540647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Zarzycki
- a Koszalin University of Technology, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology , Koszalin, Poland
| | - M. Baran
- a Koszalin University of Technology, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology , Koszalin, Poland
| | - E. Włodarczyk
- a Koszalin University of Technology, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology , Koszalin, Poland
| | - M. A. Bartoszuk
- a Koszalin University of Technology, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology , Koszalin, Poland
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