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Shahriar S, Somayajula K, Winkeljohn C, Mason JK, Seker E. The Influence of the Mechanical Compliance of a Substrate on the Morphology of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:758. [PMID: 38727352 PMCID: PMC11085319 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has found its use in applications ranging from catalysis to biosensing, where pore morphology plays a critical role in performance. While the morphology evolution of bulk np-Au has been widely studied, knowledge about its thin-film form is limited. This work hypothesizes that the mechanical compliance of the thin film substrate can play a critical role in the morphology evolution. Via experimental and finite-element-analysis approaches, we investigate the morphological variation in np-Au thin films deposited on compliant silicone (PDMS) substrates of a range of thicknesses anchored on rigid glass supports and compare those to the morphology of np-Au deposited on glass. More macroscopic (10 s to 100 s of microns) cracks and discrete islands form in the np-Au films on PDMS compared to on glass. Conversely, uniformly distributed microscopic (100 s of nanometers) cracks form in greater numbers in the np-Au films on glass than those on PDMS, with the cracks located within the discrete islands. The np-Au films on glass also show larger ligament and pore sizes, possibly due to higher residual stresses compared to the np-Au/PDMS films. The effective elastic modulus of the substrate layers decreases with increasing PDMS thickness, resulting in secondary np-Au morphology effects, including a reduction in macroscopic crack-to-crack distance, an increase in microscopic crack coverage, and a widening of the microscopic cracks. However, changes in the ligament/pore widths with PDMS thickness are negligible, allowing for independent optimization for cracking. We expect these results to inform the integration of functional np-Au films on compliant substrates into emerging applications, including flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadi Shahriar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kavya Somayajula
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Conner Winkeljohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Mason
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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2
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Islam MS, Banik S, Collinson MM. Recent Advances in Bimetallic Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2515. [PMID: 37764545 PMCID: PMC10535497 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanocomposites and nanoparticles have received tremendous interest recently because they often exhibit better properties than single-component materials. Improved electron transfer rates and the synergistic interactions between individual metals are two of the most beneficial attributes of these materials. In this review, we focus on bimetallic nanoporous gold (NPG) because of its importance in the field of electrochemical sensing coupled with the ease with which it can be made. NPG is a particularly important scaffold because of its unique properties, including biofouling resistance and ease of modification. In this review, several different methods to synthesize NPG, along with varying modification approaches are described. These include the use of ternary alloys, immersion-reduction (chemical, electrochemical, hybrid), co-electrodeposition-annealing, and under-potential deposition coupled with surface-limited redox replacement of NPG with different metal nanoparticles (e.g., Pt, Cu, Pd, Ni, Co, Fe, etc.). The review also describes the importance of fully characterizing these bimetallic nanocomposites and critically analyzing their structure, surface morphology, surface composition, and application in electrochemical sensing of chemical and biochemical species. The authors attempt to highlight the most recent and advanced techniques for designing non-enzymatic bimetallic electrochemical nanosensors. The review opens up a window for readers to obtain detailed knowledge about the formation and structure of bimetallic electrodes and their applications in electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryanne M. Collinson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA; (M.S.I.); (S.B.)
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3
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Wittstock G, Bäumer M, Dononelli W, Klüner T, Lührs L, Mahr C, Moskaleva LV, Oezaslan M, Risse T, Rosenauer A, Staubitz A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock A. Nanoporous Gold: From Structure Evolution to Functional Properties in Catalysis and Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6716-6792. [PMID: 37133401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanometer-sized metallic struts and interconnected pores formed spontaneously by oxidative dissolution of the less noble element from gold alloys. The resulting material exhibits decent catalytic activity for low-temperature, aerobic total as well as partial oxidation reactions, the oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate being the prototypical example. This review not only provides a critical discussion of ways to tune the morphology and composition of this material and its implication for catalysis and electrocatalysis, but will also exemplarily review the current mechanistic understanding of the partial oxidation of methanol using information from quantum chemical studies, model studies on single-crystal surfaces, gas phase catalysis, aerobic liquid phase oxidation, and electrocatalysis. In this respect, a particular focus will be on mechanistic aspects not well understood, yet. Apart from the mechanistic aspects of catalysis, best practice examples with respect to material preparation and characterization will be discussed. These can improve the reproducibility of the materials property such as the catalytic activity and selectivity as well as the scope of reactions being identified as the main challenges for a broader application of NPG in target-oriented organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V Moskaleva
- University of the Free State, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical University of Braunschweig Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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4
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Zhang L, Jing Z, Li Z, Fujita T. Surface Defects Improved SERS Activity of Nanoporous Gold Prepared by Electrochemical Dealloying. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:187. [PMID: 36616097 PMCID: PMC9824599 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous metals possess excellent catalytic and optical properties that are related with surface morphology. Here, we modulated the ligament surface of nanoporous gold (NPG) by controlling electrochemical dealloying and obtained NPG with an improved enhancement of its surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) property. We found that both high-density atomic steps and kinks on the curved surfaces and high-content silver atoms close to the ligament surface contributed to the high SERS ability. The presented strategy will be useful for the fabrication of nanoporous metal with an excellent surface that is needed for sensing, conversion, and catalytic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhiyu Jing
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhexiao Li
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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5
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Li J, Li J, Chen Y, Chen J. Strengthening Modulus and Softening Strength of Nanoporous Gold in Multiaxial Tension: Insights from Molecular Dynamics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4381. [PMID: 36558234 PMCID: PMC9785641 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The functionalized applications of nanoporous metals place clear requirements on their basic mechanical properties, yet there is a lack of research on the mechanical response under multiaxial loading conditions. In this work, the mechanical behaviors of nanoporous gold under multiaxial tension are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The mechanical properties under different loading conditions are compared and the microstructure evolution is analyzed to clarify the deformation mechanisms of nanoporous gold in biaxial and triaxial tension. It is found that the modulus of nanoporous gold in multiaxial tension is strengthened and the strength is softened compared to uniaxial tension. The failure of nanoporous gold in multiaxial tension is dominated by the progressive yielding, necking, and rupture of ligaments along the multiple uniaxial loading directions. The dislocation activity under multiaxial loads is more intense and more prone to plastic deformation, ultimately resulting in lower strength and smaller failure strain. The findings provide more insight into the understanding of the deformation mechanisms of nanoporous metals under complex stress states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jian Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-199-7200-3708
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6
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Sondhi P, Neupane D, Bhattarai JK, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Facile fabrication of hierarchically nanostructured gold electrode for bio-electrochemical applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022; 924:116865. [PMID: 36405880 PMCID: PMC9673609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is one of the most extensively investigated nanomaterials owing to its tunable pore size, ease of surface modification, and range of applications from catalysis, actuation, and molecular release to the development of electrochemical sensors. In an effort to improve the usefulness of NPG, a simple and robust method for the fabrication of hierarchical and bimodal nanoporous gold electrodes (hb-NPG) containing both macro-and mesopores is reported using electrochemical alloying and dealloying processes to engineer a bicontinuous solid/void morphology. Scanning electron microscopy (color SEM) images depict the hierarchical pore structure created after the multistep synthesis with an ensemble of tiny pores below 100 nm in size located in ligaments spanning larger pores of several hundred nanometers. Smaller-sized pores are exploited for surface modification, and the network of larger pores aids in molecular transport. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to compare the electrochemically active surface area of the hierarchical bimodal structure with that of the regular unimodal NPG with an emphasis on the critical role of both dealloying and annealing in creating the desired structure. The adsorption of different proteins was followed using UV-vis absorbance measurements of solution depletion revealing the high loading capacity of hb-NPG. The surface coverage of lipoic acid on the hb-NPG was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and reductive desorption. The roughness factor determinations suggest that the fabricated hb-NPG electrode has tremendous potential for biosensor development by changing the scaling relations between volume and surface area which may lead to improved analytical performance. We have chosen to take advantage of the surface architectures of hb-NPG due to the presence of a large specific surface area for functionalization and rapid transport pathways for faster response. It is shown that the hb-NPG electrode has a higher sensitivity for the amperometric detection of glucose than does an NPG electrode of the same geometric surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Sondhi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Dharmendra Neupane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Jay K. Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | | | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
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7
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Multiplexed assessment of engineered bacterial constructs for intracellular β-galactosidase expression by redox amplification on catechol-chitosan modified nanoporous gold. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 189:4. [PMID: 34855041 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology approaches for rewiring of bacterial constructs to express particular intracellular factors upon induction with the target analyte are emerging as sensing paradigms for applications in environmental and in vivo monitoring. To aid in the design and optimization of bacterial constructs for sensing analytes, there is a need for lysis-free intracellular detection modalities that monitor the signal level and kinetics of expressed factors within different modified bacteria in a multiplexed manner, without requiring cumbersome surface immobilization. Herein, an electrochemical detection system on nanoporous gold that is electrofabricated with a biomaterial redox capacitor is presented for quantifying β-galactosidase expressed inside modified Escherichia coli constructs upon induction with dopamine. This nanostructure-mediated redox amplification approach on a microfluidic platform allows for multiplexed assessment of the expressed intracellular factors from different bacterial constructs suspended in distinct microchannels, with no need for cell lysis or immobilization. Since redox mediators present over the entire depth of the microchannel can interact with the electrode and with the E. coli construct in each channel, the platform exhibits high sensitivity and enables multiplexing. We envision its application in assessing synthetic biology-based approaches for comparing specificity, sensitivity, and signal response time upon induction with target analytes of interest.
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8
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Zhou L, Li X, Zhu B, Su B. An Overview of Antifouling Strategies for Electrochemical Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou China
| | - Xinru Li
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou China
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou China
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9
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Foroozan-Ebrahimy A, Langelier B, Newman RC. Probing the Surface Chemistry of Nanoporous Gold via Electrochemical Characterization and Atom Probe Tomography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1002. [PMID: 33919711 PMCID: PMC8070686 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface chemistry information is crucial in understanding catalytic and sensing mechanisms. However, resolving the outermost monolayer composition of metallic nanoporous materials is challenging due to the high tortuosity of their morphology. In this study, we first elaborate on the capabilities and limitations of atom probe tomography (APT) in resolving interfaces. Subsequently, an electrochemical approach is designed to characterize the surface composition of nanoporous gold (NPG), developed from dealloying an inexpensive precursor (95 at. % Ag, 5 at. % Au), by the means of aqueous electrochemical measurements of the selective electrosorption of sulfide ions, which react strongly with Ag, but to a significantly lesser extent with Au. Accordingly, cyclic voltammetry was performed at various scan rates on NPG in alkaline aqueous solutions (0.2 M NaOH; pH 13) in the presence and absence of 1 mM Na2S. Calibrations via similar voltammetric measurements on pure polycrystalline Ag and Au surfaces allowed for a quantitative estimation for the Ag surface coverage of NPG. The sensitivity threshold for the detection of the adsorbate-Ag interaction was assessed to be approximately 2% Ag surface coverage. As curves measured on NPG only showed featureless capacitive currents, no faradaic charge density associated with sulfide electrosorption could be detected. This study opens a new avenue to gain further insight into the monolayer surface coverage of metallic nanoporous materials and assists in enhancement of the interpretation of APT reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- AmirHossein Foroozan-Ebrahimy
- Corrosion and Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada;
| | - Brian Langelier
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Roger Charles Newman
- Corrosion and Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada;
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10
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Chemically-Gated and Sustained Molecular Transport through Nanoporous Gold Thin Films in Biofouling Conditions. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020498. [PMID: 33669404 PMCID: PMC7920421 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sustained release and replenishment of the drug depot are essential for the long-term functionality of implantable drug-delivery devices. This study demonstrates the use nanoporous gold (np-Au) thin films for in-plane transport of fluorescein (a small-molecule drug surrogate) over large (mm-scale) distances from a distal reservoir to the site of delivery, thereby establishing a constant flux of molecular release. In the absence of halides, the fluorescein transport is negligible due to a strong non-specific interaction of fluorescein with the pore walls. However, in the presence of physiologically relevant concentration of ions, halides preferentially adsorb onto the gold surface, minimizing the fluorescein–gold interactions and thus enabling in-plane fluorescein transport. In addition, the nanoporous film serves as an intrinsic size-exclusion matrix and allows for sustained release in biofouling conditions (dilute serum). The molecular release is reproducibly controlled by gating it in response to the presence of halides at the reservoir (source) and the release site (sink) without external triggers (e.g., electrical and mechanical).
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11
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Bhattarai JK, Neupane D, Nepal B, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Nanoporous Gold Monolith for High Loading of Unmodified Doxorubicin and Sustained Co-Release of Doxorubicin-Rapamycin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:208. [PMID: 33467416 PMCID: PMC7830488 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely explored for delivering doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, to minimize cardiotoxicity. However, their efficiency is marred by a necessity to chemically modify DOX, NPs, or both and low deposition of the administered NPs on tumors. Therefore, alternative strategies should be developed to improve therapeutic efficacy and decrease toxicity. Here we report the possibility of employing a monolithic nanoporous gold (np-Au) rod as an implant for delivering DOX. The np-Au has very high DOX encapsulation efficiency (>98%) with maximum loading of 93.4 mg cm-3 without any chemical modification required of DOX or np-Au. We provide a plausible mechanism for the high loading of DOX in np-Au. The DOX sustained release for 26 days from np-Au in different pH conditions at 37 °C, which was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Additionally, we encased the DOX-loaded np-Au with rapamycin (RAPA)-trapped poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) to fabricate an np-Au@PLGA/RAPA implant and optimized the combinatorial release of DOX and RAPA. Further exploiting the effect of the protein corona around np-Au and np-Au@PLGA/RAPA showed zero-order release kinetics of DOX. This work proves that the np-Au-based implant has the potential to be used as a DOX carrier of potential use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA; (J.K.B.); (D.N.); (B.N.); (A.V.D.)
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12
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Detisch MJ, John Balk T, Bezold M, Bhattacharyya D. Nanoporous metal-polymer composite membranes for organics separations and catalysis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2020; 35:2629-2642. [PMID: 37539433 PMCID: PMC10399685 DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2020.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Metallic thin-film composite membranes are produced by sputtering metal films onto commercial polymer membranes. The separations capability of the membrane substrate is enhanced with the addition of a 10 nm Ta film. The addition of a tantalum layer decreases the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane from 70 kDa dextran (19 nm) to below 5 kDa (6 nm). Water flux drops from 168 LMH/bar (LMH: liters/meters2/hour) (polymer support) to 8.8 LMH/bar (Ta composite). A nanoporous layer is also added to the surface through Mg/Pd film deposition and dealloying. The resulting nanoporous Pd is a promising catalyst with a ligament size of 4.1 ± 0.9 nm. The composite membrane's ability to treat water contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) is determined. When pressurized with hydrogen gas, the nanoporous Pd composite removes over 70% of PCB-1, a model COC, with one pass. These nanostructured films can be incorporated onto membrane supports enabling diverse reactions and separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Detisch
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Thomas John Balk
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Mariah Bezold
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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13
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Richert C, Huber N. A Review of Experimentally Informed Micromechanical Modeling of Nanoporous Metals: From Structural Descriptors to Predictive Structure-Property Relationships. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3307. [PMID: 32722289 PMCID: PMC7435653 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous metals made by dealloying take the form of macroscopic (mm- or cm-sized) porous bodies with a solid fraction of around 30%. The material exhibits a network structure of "ligaments" with an average ligament diameter that can be adjusted between 5 and 500 nm. Current research explores the use of nanoporous metals as functional materials with respect to electrochemical conversion and storage, bioanalytical and biomedical applications, and actuation and sensing. The mechanical behavior of the network structure provides the scope for fundamental research, particularly because of the high complexity originating from the randomness of the structure and the challenges arising from the nanosized ligaments, which can be accessed through an experiment only indirectly via the testing of the macroscopic properties. The strength of nanoscale ligaments increases systematically with decreasing size, and owing to the high surface-to-volume ratio their elastic and plastic properties can be additionally tuned by applying an electric potential. Therefore, nanoporous metals offer themselves as suitable model systems for exploring the structure-property relationships of complex interconnected microstructures as well as the basic mechanisms of the chemo-electro-mechanical coupling at interfaces. The micromechanical modeling of nanoporous metals is a rapidly growing field that strongly benefits from developments in computational methods, high-performance computing, and visualization techniques; it also benefits at the same time through advances in characterization techniques, including nanotomography, 3D image processing, and algorithms for geometrical and topological analysis. The review article collects articles on the structural characterization and micromechanical modeling of nanoporous metals and discusses the acquired understanding in the context of advancements in the experimental discipline. The concluding remarks are given in the form of a summary and an outline of future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Richert
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany;
| | - Norbert Huber
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany;
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Veselinovic J, AlMashtoub S, Nagella S, Seker E. Interplay of Effective Surface Area, Mass Transport, and Electrochemical Features in Nanoporous Nucleic Acid Sensors. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10751-10758. [PMID: 32600033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors transduce biochemical events (e.g., DNA hybridization) to electrical signals and can be readily interfaced with electronic instrumentation for portability. Nanostructuring the working electrode enhances sensor performance via augmented effective surface area that increases the capture probability of an analyte. However, increasing the effective surface area via thicker nanostructured electrodes hinders the analyte's permeation into the nanostructured volume and limits its access to deeper electrode surfaces. Here, we use nanoporous gold (np-Au) with various thicknesses and pore morphologies coupled with a methylene blue (MB) reporter-tagged DNA probe for DNA target detection as a model system to study the influence of electrode features on electrochemical sensing performance. Independent of the DNA target concentration, the hybridization current (surrogate for detection sensitivity) increases with the surface enhancement factor (EF), until an EF of ∼5, after which the sensor performance deteriorates. Electrochemical and fluorometric quantification of a desorbed DNA probe suggest that DNA permeation is severely limited for higher EFs. In addition, undesirable capacitive currents disguise the faradaic currents from the MB reporter at larger EFs that require higher square wave voltammetry (SWV) frequencies. Finally, a real-time hybridization study reveals that expanding the effective surface area beyond EFs of ∼5 decreases sensor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Veselinovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Suzan AlMashtoub
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sachit Nagella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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15
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Liu Y, Moore JH, Kolling GL, McGrath JS, Papin JA, Swami NS. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Ciprofloxacin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Determined Rapidly Based on Pyocyanin Secretion. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2020; 312:127936. [PMID: 32606491 PMCID: PMC7326315 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.127936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) often exhibit broad-spectrum resistance and persistence to common antibiotics. Persistence is especially problematic with immune-compromised subjects who are unable to eliminate the inhibited bacteria. Hence, antibiotics must be used at the appropriate minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) rather than at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels. However, MBC determination by conventional methods requires a 24 h culture step in the antibiotic media to confirm inhibition, followed by a 24 h sub-culture step in antibiotic-free media to confirm the lack of bacterial growth. We show that electrochemical detection of pyocyanin (PYO), which is a redox-active bacterial metabolite secreted by P. aeruginosa, can be used to rapidly assess the critical ciprofloxacin level required for bactericidal deactivation of P. aeruginosa within just 2 hours in antibiotic-treated growth media. The detection sensitivity for PYO can be enhanced by using nanoporous gold that is modified with a self-assembled monolayer to lower interference from oxygen reduction, while maintaining a low charge transfer resistance level and preventing electrode fouling within biological sample matrices. In this manner, bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin towards P. aeruginosa at the MBC level and bacterial persistence at the MIC level can be determined rapidly, as validated at later timepoints using bacterial subculture in antibiotic-free media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - John H. Moore
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Glynis L. Kolling
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - John S. McGrath
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jason A Papin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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16
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Liu P, Chen Q, Ito Y, Han J, Chu S, Wang X, Reddy KM, Song S, Hirata A, Chen M. Dealloying Kinetics of AgAu Nanoparticles by In Situ Liquid-Cell Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1944-1951. [PMID: 32069418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation and evolution of bicontinuous nanoporous structure during dealloying has been one of the most challenging subjects of dealloying research. However, previous in situ investigations either suffer from insufficient spatial resolution (e.g., X-ray tomography) or lack morphology visualization and mass information (e.g., scanning tunneling microscopy). In this work, we report the kinetics of the whole course of dealloying by utilizing liquid-cell aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. With Z-contrast imaging analysis, the in situ sub-nanoscale characterization reveals two new phenomena, an initial period of dealloying indicative of an initial length scale for bulk dealloying and a large volume shrinkage in a nanoscale alloy precursor. We explain the particle-size-dependent volume shrinkage with the formation of a dense shell and quantify the dependence with a simple geometric model. These insights into the mechanisms of dealloying will enable deliberate designs of nanoporous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and The Energy Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Jiuhui Han
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shufen Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kolan Madhav Reddy
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuangxi Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Akihiko Hirata
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mingwei Chen
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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17
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Khan RK, Yadavalli VK, Collinson MM. Flexible Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for Electroanalysis in Complex Matrices. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rezaul K. Khan
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 23284-2006
| | - Vamsi K. Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Maryanne M Collinson
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 23284-2006
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18
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Liu Y, McGrath JS, Moore JH, Kolling GL, Papin JA, Swami NS. Electrofabricated biomaterial-based capacitor on nanoporous gold for enhanced redox amplification. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Stine KJ. Nanoporous Gold and Other Related Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1080. [PMID: 31357629 PMCID: PMC6723733 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of nanomaterials continues to expand with the discovery of new nanostructures opening up new possibilities for both the study of unique physical properties and new applications [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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20
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Li W, Ma C, Zhang L, Chen B, Chen L, Zeng H. Tuning Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance of Nanoporous Gold with a Silica Shell for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E251. [PMID: 30759881 PMCID: PMC6410204 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the tuning of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of nanoporous gold (NPG) by silica coating, which also affects the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of NPG. In this study, controllable silica shell is assembled on the NPG surface, and a fully silica thin layer causes more than 50 nm red-shift of LSPR band due to dielectric medium dependence. Additionally, ~1 nm silica coated NPG film shows excellent SERS enhancement, which is due to electromagnetic coupling between ligaments and local surface plasmon field enhancement within pores, and theoretical analysis indicates that silica coating further improves the coupling effect, which demonstrates the electromagnetic origin of the tuning of SERS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Luyang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Heping Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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21
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Zhou L, Hou H, Wei H, Yao L, Sun L, Yu P, Su B, Mao L. In Vivo Monitoring of Oxygen in Rat Brain by Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Modified with Antifouling Nanoporous Membrane. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3645-3651. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanfeng Hou
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lina Yao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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22
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23
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Zhang C, Xie Z, He X, Liang P, Zeng Q, Zhang Z. Fabrication and characterization of nanoporous Cu–Sn intermetallicsviadealloying of ternary Mg–Cu–Sn alloys. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dealloying of Mg–Cu–Sn alloys leads to the formation of nanoporous Cu–Sn intermetallics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Ping Liang
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Zeng
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
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