1
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Ma R, Li D, Xu C, Yang J, Huang J, Guo Z. Fabricated advanced textile for personal thermal management, intelligent health monitoring and energy harvesting. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 332:103252. [PMID: 39053159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fabrics are soft against the skin, flexible, easily accessible and able to wick away perspiration, to some extent for local private thermal management. In this review, we classify smart fabrics as passive thermal management fabrics and active thermal management fabrics based on the availability of outside energy consumption in the manipulation of heat generation and dissipation from the human body. The mechanism and research status of various thermal management fabrics are introduced in detail, and the article also analyses the advantages and disadvantages of various smart thermal management fabrics, achieving a better and more comprehensive comprehension of the current state of research on smart thermal management fabrics, which is quite an important reference guide for our future research. In addition, with the progress of science and technology, the social demand for fabrics has shifted from keeping warm to improving health and quality of life. E-textiles have potential value in areas such as remote health monitoring and life signal detection. New e-textiles are designed to mimic the skin, sense biological data and transmit information. At the same time, the ultra-moisturizing properties of the fabric's thermal management allow for applications beyond just the human body to energy. E-textiles hold great promise for energy harvesting and storage. The article also introduces the application of smart fabrics in life forms and energy harvesting. By combining electronic technology with textiles, e-textiles can be manufactured to promote human well-being and quality of life. Although smart textiles are equipped with more intelligent features, wearing comfort must be the first thing to be ensured in the multi-directional application of textiles. Eventually, we discuss the dares and prospects of smart thermal management fabric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Deke Li
- School of materials engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenggong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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2
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Craighero M, Li Q, Zeng Z, Choi C, Kim Y, Yoon H, Liu T, Sowinski P, Haraguchi S, Hwang B, Mihiretie B, Fabiano S, Müller C. Poly(benzodifurandione) Coated Silk Yarn for Thermoelectric Textiles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2406770. [PMID: 39099342 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric textile devices represent an intriguing avenue for powering wearable electronics. The lack of air-stable n-type polymers has, until now, prevented the development of n-type multifilament yarns, which are needed for textile manufacturing. Here, the thermomechanical properties of the recently reported n-type polymer poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) are explored and its suitability as a yarn coating material is assessed. The outstanding robustness of the polymer facilitates the coating of silk yarn that, as a result, displays an effective bulk conductivity of 13 S cm-1, with a projected half-life of 3.2 ± 0.7 years at ambient conditions. Moreover, the n-type PBFDO coated silk yarn with a Young's modulus of E = 0.6 GPa and a strain at break of εbreak = 14% can be machine washed, with only a threefold decrease in conductivity after seven washing cycles. PBFDO and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) coated silk yarns are used to fabricate two out-of-plane thermoelectric textile devices: a thermoelectric button and a larger thermopile with 16 legs. Excellent air stability is paired with an open-circuit voltage of 17 mV and a maximum output power of 0.67 µW for a temperature difference of 70 K. Evidently, PBFDO coated multifilament silk yarn is a promising component for the realization of air stable thermoelectric textile devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Zijin Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
- Hot Disk AB, Sven Hultins gatan 9A, Göteborg, 41258, Sweden
| | - Chunghyeon Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Hyungsub Yoon
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Przemyslaw Sowinski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
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3
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Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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4
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Paleo AJ, Krause B, Cerqueira MF, González-Domínguez JM, Muñoz E, Pötschke P, Rocha AM. Thermoelectric Properties of Cotton Fabrics Dip-Coated in Pyrolytically Stripped Pyrograf ® III Carbon Nanofiber Based Aqueous Inks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4335. [PMID: 37374519 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The transport properties of commercial carbon nanofibers (CNFs) produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) depend on the various conditions used during their growth and post-growth synthesis, which also affect their derivate CNF-based textile fabrics. Here, the production and thermoelectric (TE) properties of cotton woven fabrics (CWFs) functionalized with aqueous inks made from different amounts of pyrolytically stripped (PS) Pyrograf® III PR 25 PS XT CNFs via dip-coating method are presented. At 30 °C and depending on the CNF content used in the dispersions, the modified textiles show electrical conductivities (σ) varying between ~5 and 23 S m-1 with a constant negative Seebeck coefficient (S) of -1.1 μVK-1. Moreover, unlike the as-received CNFs, the functionalized textiles present an increase in their σ from 30 °C to 100 °C (dσ/dT > 0), explained by the 3D variable range hopping (VRH) model as the charge carriers going beyond an aleatory network of potential wells by thermally activated hopping. However, as it happens with the CNFs, the dip-coated textiles show an increment in their S with temperature (dS/dT > 0) successfully fitted with the model proposed for some doped multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) mats. All these results are presented with the aim of discerning the authentic function of this type of pyrolytically stripped Pyrograf® III CNFs on the thermoelectric properties of their derived textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Paleo
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria F Cerqueira
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre. Jose Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- CFUM-Center of Physics of the University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Enrique Muñoz
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana M Rocha
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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5
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Meena JS, Choi SB, Jung SB, Kim JW. Electronic textiles: New age of wearable technology for healthcare and fitness solutions. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100565. [PMID: 36816602 PMCID: PMC9932217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyles and evolving work environments have created challenges for global health and cause huge burdens on healthcare and fitness systems. Physical immobility and functional losses due to aging are two main reasons for noncommunicable disease mortality. Smart electronic textiles (e-textiles) have attracted considerable attention because of their potential uses in health monitoring, rehabilitation, and training assessment applications. Interactive textiles integrated with electronic devices and algorithms can be used to gather, process, and digitize data on human body motion in real time for purposes such as electrotherapy, improving blood circulation, and promoting wound healing. This review summarizes research advances on e-textiles designed for wearable healthcare and fitness systems. The significance of e-textiles, key applications, and future demand expectations are addressed in this review. Various health conditions and fitness problems and possible solutions involving the use of multifunctional interactive garments are discussed. A brief discussion of essential materials and basic procedures used to fabricate wearable e-textiles are included. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, opportunities, and future perspectives in the area of smart textiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Singh Meena
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Boo Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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6
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Rêgo AS, Filipe L, Dias RA, Alves FS, Queiroz J, Ainla A, Arruda LM, Fangueiro R, Bouçanova M, Bernardes RA, de Sousa LB, Santos-Costa P, Apóstolo JA, Parreira P, Salgueiro-Oliveira A. End-User Assessment of an Innovative Clothing-Based Sensor Developed for Pressure Injury Prevention: A Mixed-Method Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4039. [PMID: 36901051 PMCID: PMC10001934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate a clothing prototype that incorporates sensors for the evaluation of pressure, temperature, and humidity for the prevention of pressure injuries, namely regarding physical and comfort requirements. A mixed-method approach was used with concurrent quantitative and qualitative data triangulation. A structured questionnaire was applied before a focus group of experts to evaluate the sensor prototypes. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the discourse of the collective subject, followed by method integration and meta-inferences. Nine nurses, experts in this topic, aged 32.66 ± 6.28 years and with a time of profession of 10.88 ± 6.19 years, participated in the study. Prototype A presented low evaluation in stiffness (1.56 ± 1.01) and roughness (2.11 ± 1.17). Prototype B showed smaller values in dimension (2.77 ± 0.83) and stiffness (3.00 ± 1.22). Embroidery was assessed as inadequate in terms of stiffness (1.88 ± 1.05) and roughness (2.44 ± 1.01). The results from the questionnaires and focus groups' show low adequacy as to stiffness, roughness, and comfort. The participants highlighted the need for improvements regarding stiffness and comfort, suggesting new proposals for the development of sensors for clothing. The main conclusions are that Prototype A presented the lowest average scores relative to rigidity (1.56 ± 1.01), considered inadequate. This dimension of Prototype B was evaluated as slightly adequate (2.77 ± 0.83). The rigidity (1.88 ± 1.05) of Prototype A + B + embroidery was evaluated as inadequate. The prototype revealed clothing sensors with low adequacy regarding the physical requirements, such as stiffness or roughness. Improvements are needed regarding the stiffness and roughness for the safety and comfort characteristics of the device evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S. Rêgo
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Filipe
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosana A. Dias
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe S. Alves
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Queiroz
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alar Ainla
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Arruda
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Raul Fangueiro
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Maria Bouçanova
- Impetus Portugal-Têxteis Sa (IMPETUS), 4740-696 Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Rafael A. Bernardes
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana B. de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Santos-Costa
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João A. Apóstolo
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Parreira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Salgueiro-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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8
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Ojstršek A, Jug L, Plohl O. A Review of Electro Conductive Textiles Utilizing the Dip-Coating Technique: Their Functionality, Durability and Sustainability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4713. [PMID: 36365707 PMCID: PMC9654088 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented review summarizes recent studies in the field of electro conductive textiles as an essential part of lightweight and flexible textile-based electronics (so called e-textiles), with the main focus on a relatively simple and low-cost dip-coating technique that can easily be integrated into an existing textile finishing plant. Herein, numerous electro conductive compounds are discussed, including intrinsically conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, metal, and metal-based nanomaterials, as well as their combinations, with their advantages and drawbacks in contributing to the sectors of healthcare, military, security, fitness, entertainment, environmental, and fashion, for applications such as energy harvesting, energy storage, real-time health and human motion monitoring, personal thermal management, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding, wireless communication, light emitting, tracking, etc. The greatest challenge is related to the wash and wear durability of the conductive compounds and their unreduced performance during the textiles' lifetimes, which includes the action of water, high temperature, detergents, mechanical forces, repeated bending, rubbing, sweat, etc. Besides electrical conductivity, the applied compounds also influence the physical-mechanical, optical, morphological, and comfort properties of textiles, depending on the type and concentration of the compound, the number of applied layers, the process parameters, as well as additional protective coatings. Finally, the sustainability and end-of-life of e-textiles are critically discussed in terms of the circular economy and eco-design, since these aspects are mainly neglected, although e-textile' waste could become a huge problem in the future when their mass production starts.
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9
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Paleo AJ, Krause B, Cerqueira MF, Muñoz E, Pötschke P, Rocha AM. Electronic Features
of Cotton Fabric e-Textiles
Prepared with Aqueous Carbon Nanofiber Inks. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2022; 1:122-131. [PMCID: PMC9903369 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.2c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Cotton woven fabrics functionalized with aqueous inks
made with
carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and anionic surfactant are prepared via dip-coating
followed by heat treatment, and their electronic properties are discussed.
The e-textiles prepared with the inks made with the highest amount
of CNFs (6.4 mg mL–1) show electrical conductivities
(σ) of ∼35 S m–1 and a negative Seebeck
(S) of −6 μV K–1 at
30 °C, which means that their majority carriers are electrons.
The σ(T) of the e-textiles from 30 to 100 °C
shows a negative temperature effect, interpreted as a thermally activated
hopping mechanism across a random network of potential wells by means
of the 3D variable range hopping (VRH) model. Likewise, their S(T) from 30 to 100 °C shows a negative
temperature effect, conveniently depicted by the same model proposed
for describing the negative Seebeck of doped multiwall carbon nanotube
mats. From this model, it is deduced that the cause of the negative
Seebeck in the e-textiles may arise from the contribution of the impurities
found in the as-received CNFs, which cause sharply varying and localized
states at approximately 0.085 eV above their Fermi energy level (EF). Moreover, the possibility of a slight n-doping
from the cellulose fibers of the fabrics and the residuals of the
anionic surfactant onto the most external CNF graphitic shells present
in the e-textiles is also discussed with the help of the σ(T) and S(T) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio. J. Paleo
- 2C2T-Centre
for Textile Science and Technology, University
of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Fátima Cerqueira
- INL-International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre. Jose Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- CFUM
− Center of Physics of the University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Enrique Muñoz
- Facultad
de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Rocha
- 2C2T-Centre
for Textile Science and Technology, University
of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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Tang Y, Guo B, Cruz MA, Chen H, Zhou Q, Lin Z, Xu F, Xu F, Chen X, Cai D, Wiley BJ, Kang J. Colorful Conductive Threads for Wearable Electronics: Transparent Cu-Ag Nanonets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201111. [PMID: 35839473 PMCID: PMC9405525 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles have been regarded as the basic building blocks for constructing a new generation of wearable electronics. However, the electronization of textiles often changes their original properties such as color, softness, glossiness, or flexibility. Here a rapid room-temperature fabrication method toward conductive colorful threads and fabrics with Ag-coated Cu (Cu-Ag) nanonets is demonstrated. Cu-Ag core-shell nanowires are produced through a one-pot synthesis followed by electroless deposition. According to the balance of draining and entraining forces, a fast dip-withdraw process in a volatile solution is developed to tightly wrap Cu-Ag nanonets onto the fibers of thread. The modified threads are not only conductive, but they also retain their original features with enhanced mechanical stability and dry-wash durability. Furthermore, various e-textile devices are fabricated such as a fabric heater, touch screen gloves, a wearable real-time temperature sensor, and warm fabrics against infrared thermal dissipation. These high quality and colorful conductive textiles will provide powerful materials for promoting next-generation applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Mutya A. Cruz
- Department of ChemistryDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708‐0354USA
| | - Han Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Qicheng Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Fuchun Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Feiya Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Duanjun Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | | | - Junyong Kang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and ApplicationsCI center for OSEDCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
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Nešić D, Tanasković D, Vorkapić M. Application of self-adhesive conductive material on textiles. TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/tekstind2204028n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A basic overview of electronics on textiles is given with an emphasis on self-adhesive conductive materials and their characteristics. It is kept on materials, self-adhesive conductive textiles and metal tapes and foils, which can be easily obtained. Their advantages compared to other techniques for electronics on textiles are described. The proposed structure is for the microwave area, which is a demanding area with regard to high frequencies.
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Wu Y, Mechael SS, Carmichael TB. Wearable E-Textiles Using a Textile-Centric Design Approach. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4051-4064. [PMID: 34665618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electronics worn on the body have the potential to improve human health and the quality of life by monitoring vital signs and movements, displaying information, providing self-illumination for safety, and even providing new routes for personal expression through fashion. Textiles are a part of daily life in clothing, making them an ideal platform for wearable electronics. The acceptance of wearable e-textiles hinges on maintaining the properties of textiles that make them compatible with the human body. Beneficial properties such as softness, stretchability, drapability, and breathability come from the 3D fibrous structures of knitted and woven textiles. However, these structures also present considerable challenges for the fabrication of wearable e-textiles. Fabrication methods used for modern electronic devices are designed for 2D planar substrates and are mostly unsuitable for the complex 3D structures of textiles. There is thus an urgent need to develop fabrication methods specifically for e-textiles to advance wearable electronics. Solution-based fabrication methods are a promising approach to fabricating wearable e-textiles, especially considering that textiles have been successfully modified using pigmented dyes in dyebaths and printing inks for thousands of years. In this Account, we discuss our research on the solution-based electroless metallization of textiles to fabricate conductive e-textiles that are building blocks for e-textile devices. Electroless metallization solutions fully permeate textile structures to deposit metallic coatings on the surfaces of individual textile fibers, maintaining the inherent textile structures and wearability. The resulting e-textiles are highly conductive, soft, and stretchable. We furthermore discuss ways to turn the challenges related to textile structures into new opportunities by strategically using the structural features of textiles for e-textile device design. We demonstrate this textile-centric approach to designing e-textile devices using two examples. We discuss how the structure of an ultrasheer knitted textile forms a useful framework for new e-textile transparent conductive electrodes and describe the implementation of these electrodes to form highly stretchable light-emitting e-textiles. We also show how the structural features of velour fabrics form the basis for an innovative "island-bridge" strain-engineering structure that enables the integration of brittle electroactive materials and protects them from strain-induced damage, leading to the fabrication of stretchable textile-based lithium-ion battery electrodes. With the vast variety of textile structures available, we highlight the opportunities associated with this textile-centric design approach to advance textile-based wearable electronics. Such advances depend on a deep understanding of the relationship between the textile structure and the device requirements, which may potentially lead to the development of new textile structures customized to support specific devices. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges that remain for the future of e-textiles, including durability, sustainability, and the development of performance standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Sara S. Mechael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Tricia Breen Carmichael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
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