1
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Jinks M, Howard M, Rizzi F, Goldup SM, Burnett AD, Wilson AJ. Direct Detection of Hydrogen Bonds in Supramolecular Systems Using 1H- 15N Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23127-23133. [PMID: 36508201 PMCID: PMC9782782 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular systems are usually characterized in solution through analysis of NMR data such as complexation-induced shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects (nOe). Routine direct detection of hydrogen bonding particularly in multicomponent mixtures, even with the aid of 2D NMR experiments for full assignment, is more challenging. We describe an elementary rapid 1H-15N HMQC NMR experiment which addresses these challenges without the need for complex pulse sequences. Under readily accessible conditions (243/263 K, 50 mM solutions) and natural 15N abundance, unambiguous assignment of 15N resonances facilitates direct detection of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in mechanically interlocked structures and quadruply hydrogen-bonded dimers─of dialkylaminoureidopyrimidinones, ureidopyrimidinones, and diamidonaphthyridines─in single or multicomponent mixtures to establish tautomeric configuration, conformation, and, to resolve self-sorted speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Jinks
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Mark Howard
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 2BJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 2BJ, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
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2
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Serrano-Molina D, Montoro-García C, Mayoral MJ, de Juan A, González-Rodríguez D. Self-Sorting Governed by Chelate Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5450-5460. [PMID: 35311263 PMCID: PMC8972263 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Self-sorting
phenomena are the basis of manifold relevant (bio)chemical
processes where a set of molecules is able to interact with no interference
from other sets and are ruled by a number of codes that are programmed
in molecular structures. In this work, we study, the relevance of
chelate cooperativity as a code for achieving high self-sorting fidelities.
In particular, we establish qualitative and quantitative relationships
between the cooperativity of a cyclic system and the self-sorting
fidelity when combined with other molecules that share identical geometry
and/or binding interactions. We demonstrate that only systems displaying
sufficiently strong chelate cooperativity can achieve quantitative
narcissistic self-sorting fidelities either by dictating the distribution
of cyclic species in complex mixtures or by ruling the competition
between the intra- and intermolecular versions of a noncovalent interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Serrano-Molina
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Montoro-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mayoral
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto de Juan
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Rodin M, Li J, Kuckling D. Dually cross-linked single networks: structures and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8147-8177. [PMID: 34059857 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked polymers have attracted an immense attention over the years, however, there are many flaws of these systems, e.g. softness and brittleness; such materials possess non-adjustable properties and cannot recover from damage and thus are limited in their practical applications. Supramolecular chemistry offers a variety of dynamic interactions that when integrated into polymeric gels endow the systems with reversibility and responsiveness to external stimuli. A combination of different cross-links in a single gel could be the key to tackle these drawbacks, since covalent or chemical cross-linking serve to maintain the permanent shape of the material and to improve overall mechanical performance, whereas non-covalent cross-links impart dynamicity, reversibility, stimuli-responsiveness and often toughness to the material. In the present review we sought to give a comprehensive overview of the progress in design strategies of different types of dually cross-linked single gels made by researchers over the past decade as well as the successful implementations of these advances in many demanding fields where versatile multifunctional materials are required, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, self-healing and adhesive systems, sensors as well as shape memory materials and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Rodin
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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4
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Aparicio F, Mayoral MJ, Montoro-García C, González-Rodríguez D. Guidelines for the assembly of hydrogen-bonded macrocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7277-7299. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights selected examples on the synthesis of hydrogen-bonded macrocycles from ditopic molecules and analyze the main factors, often interrelated, that influence the equilibrium between ring and chain species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Aparicio
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials (MSMn) group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - M. J. Mayoral
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials (MSMn) group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - C. Montoro-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials (MSMn) group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - D. González-Rodríguez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials (MSMn) group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
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5
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Sheetz EG, Qiao B, Pink M, Flood AH. Programmed Negative Allostery with Guest-Selected Rotamers Control Anion–Anion Complexes of Stackable Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7773-7777. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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6
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García-Arriaga M, Acosta-Santiago M, Cruz A, Rivera-Rivera JM, López GE, Rivera JM. Probing the Limits of Supramolecular G-Quadruplexes Using Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017; 468:209-222. [PMID: 29062143 PMCID: PMC5649357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine and related derivatives self-assemble in the presence of cations like potassium into supramolecular G-quadruplexes (SGQs), where four guanine moieties form planar tetrads (T) that coaxially stack into columnar aggregates with broad size distributions. However, SGQs made from 8-aryl-2'-deoxyguanosine derivatives (8ArGs), form mostly octamers, or two-tetrad (2T)-SGQs, while some form dodecamers (3T-SGQs), or hexadecamers (4T-SGQs), and none reported to date form higher assemblies. A theoretical model that addresses the configurational space available for the multiple pathways available for 8ArGs to self-assemble into SGQs is used to frame a series of molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) with selected SGQs. Some key insights from this work include: (a) The predicted entropic costs are not significantly higher for SGQs with more subunits due to their hierarchical assembly pathways; (b) The multiple isomeric SGQs vary in the interfacial contacts between consecutive tetrads, due to their two distinct sides (head, h; tail, t), with the MDS supporting the predicted order of stability of hh > ht > tt for octamers. (c) Such order also applies to dodecamers and hexadecamers, but with context-dependent exceptions due to strong allosteric effects. (d) The main factor disfavoring the tt interface is the repulsive dipolar interactions between the O4' from ribose moieties on adjacent tetrads. (e) SGQs with 5 or more tetrads are disfavored because the attractive interactions are not large or strong enough to overcome the many repulsive forces resulting from the addition of further tetrads. We expect these findings provide some guidelines to enable the further development of SGQs into functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn García-Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, San Juan, PR, 00926
| | - Maxier Acosta-Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, San Juan, PR, 00926
| | - Antony Cruz
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lehman College-CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468
| | - José M Rivera-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, San Juan, PR, 00926
| | - Gustavo E López
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lehman College-CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468
| | - José M Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, San Juan, PR, 00926
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7
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Zhao W, Qiao B, Chen C, Flood AH. High‐Fidelity Multistate Switching with Anion–Anion and Acid–Anion Dimers of Organophosphates in Cyanostar Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13083-13087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Chun‐Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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8
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Zhao W, Qiao B, Chen C, Flood AH. High‐Fidelity Multistate Switching with Anion–Anion and Acid–Anion Dimers of Organophosphates in Cyanostar Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Chun‐Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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9
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Stross A, Iadevaia G, Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Sequence-Selective Formation of Synthetic H-Bonded Duplexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12655-12663. [PMID: 28857551 PMCID: PMC5627343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers equipped with a sequence of phenol and pyridine N-oxide groups form duplexes via H-bonding interactions between these recognition units. Reductive amination chemistry was used to synthesize all possible 3-mer sequences: AAA, AAD, ADA, DAA, ADD, DAD, DDA, and DDD. Pairwise interactions between the oligomers were investigated using NMR titration and dilution experiments in toluene. The measured association constants vary by 3 orders of magnitude (102 to 105 M-1). Antiparallel sequence-complementary oligomers generally form more stable complexes than mismatched duplexes. Mismatched duplexes that have an excess of H-bond donors are stabilized by the interaction of two phenol donors with one pyridine N-oxide acceptor. Oligomers that have a H-bond donor and acceptor on the ends of the chain can fold to form intramolecular H-bonds in the free state. The 1,3-folding equilibrium competes with duplex formation and lowers the stability of duplexes involving these sequences. As a result, some of the mismatch duplexes are more stable than some of the sequence-complementary duplexes. However, the most stable mismatch duplexes contain DDD and compete with the most stable sequence-complementary duplex, AAA·DDD, so in mixtures that contain all eight sequences, sequence-complementary duplexes dominate. Even higher fidelity sequence selectivity can be achieved if alternating donor-acceptor sequences are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
E. Stross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Giulia Iadevaia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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10
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Hetmańska M, Maciejewski A. The application of a UHPLC system to study the formation of various chemical species by compounds undergoing efficient self-aggregation and to determine the homodimerization constants (K DM) with values in the high range of 10 6–10 10 M −1. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates a new concept for the use of UHPLC method for identification of the species formed by a self-aggregating compound depending on its concentration and solvent used and to determine homodimerization constants, KDM = 106–1010 M−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hetmańska
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Maciejewski
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
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11
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Mayoral MJ, Camacho-García J, Magdalena-Estirado E, Blanco-Lomas M, Fadaei E, Montoro-García C, Serrano-Molina D, González-Rodríguez D. Dye-conjugated complementary lipophilic nucleosides as useful probes to study association processes by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7558-7565. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01930k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resonance energy transfer is used here to study the association and self-sorting events between lipophilic nucleosides in apolar aromatic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Mayoral
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - J. Camacho-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - E. Magdalena-Estirado
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - M. Blanco-Lomas
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - E. Fadaei
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - C. Montoro-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - D. Serrano-Molina
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - D. González-Rodríguez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
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12
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Shih HK, Hsieh CC, Mohamed MG, Zhu CY, Kuo SW. Ternary polybenzoxazine/POSS/SWCNT hybrid nanocomposites stabilized through supramolecular interactions. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1847-1858. [PMID: 26685885 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we linked zero-dimensional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) with one-dimensional single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as dual-dimensional nanohybrid complexes within polybenzoxazine matrices, stabilized through noncovalent supramolecular interactions. First, we synthesized a new bifunctionalized benzoxazine (Py-Bz-T), presenting thymine (T) and pyrene (Py) units, that displayed excellent thermal properties after thermal curing, because its T moieties increased the physical cross-linking density. Second, we prepared Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS [octuply adenine (A)-functionalized POSS] nanocomposites and investigated, using nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, the multiple hydrogen bonding AT interactions between Py-Bz-T and OBA-POSS. Finally, we prepared Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS/SWCNT ternary hybrid complexes dispersed in THF, stabilized through both multiple hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the SWCNTs were highly dispersed and covered by the Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS nanocomposites; these ternary hybrid complexes were stabilized through π-π interactions between Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS and the SWCNTs, as evidenced using fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Kang Shih
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu, 300 Taiwan.
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13
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Zarra S, Wood DM, Roberts DA, Nitschke JR. Molecular containers in complex chemical systems. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:419-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in the use of molecular containers in complex chemical systems, focusing on three aspects: host–guest behaviour, structural transformations and reactivity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel M. Wood
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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14
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Camacho-García J, Montoro-García C, López-Pérez AM, Bilbao N, Romero-Pérez S, González-Rodríguez D. Synthesis and complementary self-association of novel lipophilic π-conjugated nucleoside oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4506-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of lipophilic nucleosides comprising natural and non-natural bases that are π-conjugated to a short oligophenylene–ethynylene fragment has been synthesized and their respective association constants measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Camacho-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - C. Montoro-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - A. M. López-Pérez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - N. Bilbao
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - S. Romero-Pérez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - D. González-Rodríguez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
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15
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Martín-Hidalgo M, García-Arriaga M, González F, Rivera JM. Tuning supramolecular G-quadruplexes with mono- and divalent cations. Supramol Chem 2015; 27:174-180. [PMID: 27708503 DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2014.924626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular G-quadruplexes (SGQs) are formed via the cation promoted self-assembly of guanine derivatives into stacks of planar hydrogen-bonded tetramers. Here, we present results on the formation of SGQs made from the 8-(m-acetylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (mAGi) derivative in the presence of various mono- and divalent cations. NMR and HR ESI-MS data indicate that varying the cation can efficiently tune the molecularity, the fidelity and stability (thermal and kinetic) of the resulting SGQs. The results show that, parallel to the previously reported potassium-templated hexadecamer (mAGi16·3K+), Na+, Rb+ and [Formula: see text] also promote the formation of similar supramolecules with high fidelity and molecularity. In contrast, the divalent cations Pb2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ template the formation of octamers (mAGi8), with the latter two inducing higher thermal stabilities. Molecular dynamics simulations for the hexadecamers containing monovalent cations enabled critical insights that help explain the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Martín-Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Marilyn García-Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Fernando González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - José M Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras 00931, Puerto Rico
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16
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Appel WPJ, Nieuwenhuizen MML, Lutz M, de Waal BFM, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Supramolecular chemistry with ureido-benzoic acids. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00871e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, complementary quadruple hydrogen-bonding motif is presented that shows very strong dimerization and is switchable with pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco P. J. Appel
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marko M. L. Nieuwenhuizen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas F. M. de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Wong CH, Zimmerman SC. Orthogonality in organic, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry: from Merrifield to click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1679-95. [PMID: 23282586 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of orthogonality has been applied to many areas of chemistry, ranging from wave functions to chromatography. But it was Barany and Merrifield's orthogonal protecting group strategy that paved the way for solid phase peptide syntheses, other important classes of biomaterials such as oligosaccharides and oligonucleotides, and ultimately to a term in widespread usage that is focused on chemical reactivity and binding selectivity. The orthogonal protection strategy has been extended to the development of orthogonal activation, and recently the click reaction, for streamlining organic synthesis. The click reaction and its variants are considered orthogonal as the components react together in high yield and in the presence of many other functional groups. Likewise, supramolecular building blocks can also be orthogonal, thereby enabling programmed self-assembly, a superb strategy to create complex architectures. Overall, orthogonal reactions and supramolecular interactions have dramatically improved the syntheses, the preparation of functional materials, and the self-assembly of nanoscale structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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18
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19
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Saha ML, De S, Pramanik S, Schmittel M. Orthogonality in discrete self-assembly – survey of current concepts. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6860-909. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Pellizzaro ML, Houton KA, Wilson AJ. Sequential and phototriggered supramolecular self-sorting cascades using hydrogen-bonded motifs. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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21
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Mudraboyina BP, Wisner JA. Synthesis and self-association of double-helical AADD arrays. Chemistry 2012; 18:14157-64. [PMID: 22996084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The design and syntheses of four self-complementary oligomers that contain an underlying AADD hydrogen bond sequence are presented, and their self-association was examined in the solution and solid state. The molecular recognition between the two strands is highly sensitive to substitutions of their component heterocycles. Substitution with electron-donating and -withdrawing groups and the influence of preorganization has a large effect on the overall stabilities of the complexes studied. In particular, a wide range (>10(5) M(-1)) of stabilities with respect to substitutions at various positions in the AADD oligomers was demonstrated. In the most extreme case, the dimerization constant measured (K(dimer) ≥4.5×10(7) M(-1)) is comparable to the most stable homodimers of neutral AADD arrays reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Mudraboyina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Zhang Y, Zimmerman SC. Azobenzene dye-coupled quadruply hydrogen-bonding modules as colorimetric indicators for supramolecular interactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:486-95. [PMID: 22509220 PMCID: PMC3326628 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The facile coupling of azobenzene dyes to the quadruply hydrogen-bonding modules 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine (DAN) and 7-deazaguanine urea (DeUG) is described. The coupling of azobenzene dye 2 to mono-amido DAN units 4, 7, and 9 was effected by classic 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed peptide synthesis with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) as activating agent, affording the respective amide products 5, 8, and 10 in 60–71% yield. The amide linkage was formed through either the aliphatic or aromatic ester group of 2, allowing both the flexibility and absorption maximum to be tuned. Azobenzene dye 1 was coupled to the DeUG unit 11 by Steglich esterification to afford the product amide 12 in 35% yield. Alternatively, azobenzene dye 16 underwent a room-temperature copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition with DeUG alkyne 17 to give triazole 18 in 71% yield. Azobenzene coupled DAN modules 5, 8, and 10 are bright orange–red in color, and azobenzene coupled DeUG modules 12 and 18 are orange–yellow in color. Azobenzene coupled DAN and DeUG modules were successfully used as colorimetric indicators for specific DAN–DeUG and DAN–UPy (2-ureido-4(1H)-pyrimidone) quadruply hydrogen-bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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23
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Pellizzaro ML, McGhee AM, Renton LC, Nix MG, Fisher J, Turnbull WB, Wilson AJ. Conformer-independent ureidoimidazole motifs--tools to probe conformational and tautomeric effects on the molecular recognition of triply hydrogen-bonded heterodimers. Chemistry 2011; 17:14508-17. [PMID: 22113828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Linear arrays of hydrogen bonds are useful for the reversible assembly of "stimuli-responsive" supramolecular materials. There is thus an ongoing requirement for easy-to-synthesise motifs that are capable of presenting hydrogen-bonding functionality in a predictable manner, such that high-affinity and high-fidelity recognition occurs. The design of linear arrays is made challenging as a consequence of their ability to adopt multiple conformational and tautomeric configurations; with each additional hydrogen-bonding heteroatom added to an array, the available tautomeric and conformational space increases and it can be difficult to anticipate where unproductive conformers/tautomers will arise. This paper describes a detailed study on the complementary ureidoimidazole donor-donor-acceptor (DDA) array (1) and amidoisocytosine donor-acceptor-acceptor (DAA) array (2). A specific feature of 1 is that two degenerate, intramolecular hydrogen-bonded conformations are postulated, both of which present a DDA array that is complementary to appropriate DAA partners. 1D and 2D (1)H NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and ab initio structure calculations confirm 1 interacts with 2 (K(a) ≈ 33,000 M(-1) in CDCl(3)) in a conformer-independent fashion driven by enthalpy. Comparison of the binding behaviour of 1 with hexylamidocytosine (4) and amidonaphthyridine (5) provides insight on the role that intramolecular hydrogen-bonding plays in mediating affinity towards DAA partners.
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Li Y, Park T, Quansah JK, Zimmerman SC. Synthesis of a Redox-Responsive Quadruple Hydrogen-Bonding Unit for Applications in Supramolecular Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17118-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2069278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - J. Kwansima Quansah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Steven C. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Gooch A, McGhee AM, Renton LC, Plante JP, Lindsay CI, Wilson AJ. Design, synthesis and binding properties of conformer-independent linear ADA hydrogen-bonding arrays. Supramol Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270802468397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gooch
- a School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Jeffrey P. Plante
- a School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
- b Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
| | | | - Andrew J. Wilson
- a School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
- b Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK
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26
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Gooch A, McGhee AM, Pellizzaro ML, Lindsay CI, Wilson AJ. Substituent Control over Dimerization Affinity of Triply Hydrogen Bonded Heterodimers. Org Lett 2010; 13:240-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102619u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gooch
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K., and Huntsman Polyurethanes, Everslaan 45, 3078 Everberg, Belgium
| | - Andrea M. McGhee
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K., and Huntsman Polyurethanes, Everslaan 45, 3078 Everberg, Belgium
| | - Maria L. Pellizzaro
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K., and Huntsman Polyurethanes, Everslaan 45, 3078 Everberg, Belgium
| | - Christopher I. Lindsay
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K., and Huntsman Polyurethanes, Everslaan 45, 3078 Everberg, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K., and Huntsman Polyurethanes, Everslaan 45, 3078 Everberg, Belgium
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27
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Anderson CA, Taylor PG, Zeller MA, Zimmerman SC. Room Temperature, Copper-Catalyzed Amination of Bromonaphthyridines with Aqueous Ammonia. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4848-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100476x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus A. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Phillip G. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Mary A. Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Steven C. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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28
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Hisamatsu Y, Shirai N, Ikeda SI, Odashima K. A New Quadruple Hydrogen-Bonding Module Based on Five-Membered Heterocyclic Urea Structure. Org Lett 2010; 12:1776-9. [PMID: 20232854 DOI: 10.1021/ol100385b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naohiro Shirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Odashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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29
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Woodward PJ, Hermida Merino D, Greenland BW, Hamley IW, Light Z, Slark AT, Hayes W. Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Elastomers: Correlating Hydrogen Bonding Strength with Morphology and Rheology. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9027646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Woodward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hermida Merino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby W. Greenland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Light
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Slark
- Henkel U.K. Limited, Wexham Road, Slough, SL2 5DS United Kingdom
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
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de Greef TFA, Nieuwenhuizen MML, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW. Competitive Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Oligo(ethylene oxide) Substituted Quadruple Hydrogen Bonded Systems. J Org Chem 2010; 75:598-610. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902053t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom F. A. de Greef
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marko M. L. Nieuwenhuizen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Rivera-Sánchez MDC, Andújar-de-Sanctis I, García-Arriaga M, Gubala V, Hobley G, Rivera JM. Walking a supramolecular tightrope: a self-assembled dodecamer from an 8-aryl-2'-deoxyguanosine derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10403-5. [PMID: 19722619 PMCID: PMC2717712 DOI: 10.1021/ja9040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the properties of self-assembled supramolecules via intrinsic parameters (i.e., structural information in the subunits) enables the reliable construction of assemblies of well-defined size and composition. Here we show that an optimum balance between repulsive (e.g., steric) and attractive (e.g., pi-pi, dipole-dipole) noncovalent interactions between subunits of a lipophilic 8-(3-pyridyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine derivative enables the high fidelity formation of a stable and discrete self-assembled dodecamer. In contrast, the isosteric 8-phenyl-2'-deoxyguanosine derivative assembles into an octamer because it cannot engage in additional dipole-dipole interactions. Adding dodecamers to a supramolecular construction toolbox, already containing octamers and hexadecamers made from other 8-aryl-2'-deoxyguanosine derivatives, should enable the preparation of a wide variety of self-assembled nanostructures where the size and the number of functional elements can be precisely fine-tuned for specific applications.
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Kuykendall DW, Anderson CA, Zimmerman SC. Hydrogen-Bonded DeUG·DAN Heterocomplex: Structure and Stability and a Scalable Synthesis of DeUG with Reactive Functionality. Org Lett 2008; 11:61-4. [PMID: 19049402 DOI: 10.1021/ol802344w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell W. Kuykendall
- Department of Chemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Cyrus A. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Steven C. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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34
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35
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McGhee AM, Kilner C, Wilson AJ. Conformer independent heterodimerisation of linear arrays using three hydrogen bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:344-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b712603d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Wilson AJ. Non-covalent polymer assembly using arrays of hydrogen-bonds. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:409-425. [PMID: 32900059 DOI: 10.1039/b612566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bond-mediated non-covalent polymer synthesis is an emerging area that presents new opportunities for the design of stimuli-responsive materials. Central to this is the ready availability of appropriate building blocks with which to link monomers together. This review discusses recent developments in the design, synthesis and use of arrays of hydrogen-bonds as supramolecular linking units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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37
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Fyles TM, Tong CC. Predicting speciation in the multi-component equilibrium self-assembly of a metallosupramolecular complex. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b613758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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