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Pobłocki K, Drzeżdżon J, Kostrzewa T, Jacewicz D. Coordination Complexes as a New Generation Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8052. [PMID: 34360819 PMCID: PMC8348047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become an alternative to standard cancer treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The uniqueness of this method relies on the possibility of using various photosensitizers (PS) that absorb and convert light emission in radical oxygen-derived species (ROS). They can be present alone or in the presence of other compounds such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), non-tubules or polymers. The interaction between DNA and metal-based complexes plays a key role in the development of new anti-cancer drugs. The use of coordination compounds in PDT has a significant impact on the amount ROS generated, quantum emission efficiency (Φem) and phototoxic index (PI). In this review, we will attempt to systematically review the recent literature and analyze the coordination complexes used as PS in PDT. Finally, we compared the anticancer activities of individual coordination complexes and discuss future perspectives. So far, only a few articles link so many transition metal ion coordination complexes of varying degrees of oxidation, which is why this review is needed by the scientific community to further expand this field worldwide. Additionally, it serves as a convenient collection of important, up-to-date information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Pobłocki
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Tomasz Kostrzewa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.P.); (D.J.)
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2
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Indrawati R, Zubaidah E, Sutrisno A, Limantara L, Yusuf MM, Brotosudarmo THP. Visible Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity of Pigments Extracted from Dregs of Green and Black Teas. SCIENTIFICA 2021; 2021:5524468. [PMID: 34234972 PMCID: PMC8216794 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5524468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll and its derivatives are potential natural sensitizers frequently applied in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chlorophyll derivatives are formed naturally during tea processing, but they do not contribute to the color of tea infusions and thus are presumably left in the tea dregs. The present study aimed to investigate (i) the chlorophyll remnants in the pigments recovered from dregs of green and black teas and (ii) the antibacterial activity of pigments extracted from the tea dregs upon illumination using a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. Pigment analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of main degradation products of chlorophylls, such as pheophytin and its epimers, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbides. In vitro assays demonstrated significant reductions in the number of viable bacteria in the presence of the pigments after 30 min of incubation with LED light irradiation. The descending order of bacterial susceptibility was Listeria monocytogenes > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhi. At an equivalent irradiation intensity, the blue and red LEDs could stimulate a comparable inactivation effect through photodynamic reactions. These findings demonstrated the valorization potential of tea dregs as a source of chlorophyll derivatives with visible light-induced antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny Indrawati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Elok Zubaidah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aji Sutrisno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Leenawaty Limantara
- Center for Urban Studies, Universitas Pembangunan Jaya, South Tangerang 15413, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Megawati Yusuf
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
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Cheng MHY, Cevallos A, Rajora MA, Zheng G. Fast, facile, base-free microwave-assisted metallation of bacteriochlorophylls and corresponding high yield synthesis of TOOKAD. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Naturally-derived metallo-bacteriochlorophylls have attracted much attention since their clinical approval for cancer photodynamic therapy. Their therapeutic properties are rooted in the metal complexation of bacteriochlorophylls, which endows them with optical properties favourable for biophotonic and biomedical applications, including near-infrared light-activated reactive oxygen species generation at therapeutic levels. Despite these advantages, the utility of these chromophores has been limited by synthetic challenges associated with bacteriochlorophyll metallation; specifically, a slow reaction rate and necessity of complex purification procedures remain barriers towards metalated bacteriochlorophyll synthesis. Here, these limitations are overcome through the development of a new fast, facile, efficient, base-free microwave heating metallation method for the synthesis of a series of metallo (Pd, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, In, Mn, Co) bacteriopyropheophorbides. The preparation and structural and optical spectral characterization of these complexes are presented. This microwave-enabled synthetic method is then applied to generate the clinical photosensitizer agent Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD) effectively and efficiently, followed by validation of its metallation-enhanced ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miffy. H. Y. Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alberto Cevallos
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maneesha A. Rajora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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Zander PD, Żarczyński M, Vogel H, Tylmann W, Wacnik A, Sanchini A, Grosjean M. A high-resolution record of Holocene primary productivity and water-column mixing from the varved sediments of Lake Żabińskie, Poland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143713. [PMID: 33229096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication and anoxia are increasing in lakes worldwide. However, our understanding of variations of primary productivity and anoxia in lakes over thousands of years is limited. Long-term records are needed to understand the natural variability of lake ecosystems and to improve our understanding of drivers of productivity and anoxia. In this study, we used the varved sediment record of Lake Żabińskie, Poland to answer the following research questions: 1) How have primary production and water column oxygen concentrations varied during the past 10,800 years?; 2) what role did natural and anthropogenic forces have in driving changes in primary production or lake mixing regime? Recently developed hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques were used to quantify sedimentary chloropigments-a and bacteriopheopigments-a (Bphe-a) at sub-annual resolution. These data, combined with elemental data from micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and pigment assemblage data from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements, were used to reconstruct paleolimnological conditions. Bphe-a was used as an indicator of anoxia, and its presence suggests that an extensive anoxic zone was present nearly continuously from 10.8 to 2.8 ka BP. Anoxic conditions, driven by thermal stratification, were promoted by closed forest cover during that time, which limited wind-driven mixing of the water column. After 2.8 ka BP, water column oxygenation occurred more frequently, particularly during periods of increased human agricultural activity and forest opening. Pronounced anoxia was again present continuously from ~610 to 1470 CE, concurrent with a period of reforestation. After ~1610 CE, deforestation caused increases in erosion rates, algal production, and water column oxygenation. Pigment assemblages indicate that the algal community during the past 150 years was different from any other time during the Holocene. This study demonstrates a clear link between lake biogeochemical processes and forest cover and shows the potential of HSI to produce extremely high-resolution records of past productivity and redox conditions from varved lake sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Zander
- Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Tylmann
- Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wacnik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrea Sanchini
- Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Grosjean
- Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Dąbrowski JM. Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Polívka T. Tuning the Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer Between Phthalocyanine and Carotenoid by Methyl Groups on the Conjugated Chain. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:453-454. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Polívka
- Institute of Physics; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
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7
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Chlorophyll degradation in aqueous mediums induced by light and UV-B irradiation: An UHPLC-ESI-MS study. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Orzeł Ł, Waś J, Kania A, Susz A, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Staroń J, Witko M, Stochel G, Fiedor L. Factors controlling the reactivity of divalent metal ions towards pheophytin a. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017. [PMID: 28639057 PMCID: PMC5517585 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the factors which determine the reactivity of divalent metal ions in the spontaneous formation of metallochlorophylls, using experimental and computational approaches. Kinetic studies were carried out using pheophytin a in reactions with various divalent metal ions combined with non- or weakly-coordinative counter ions in a series of organic solvents. To obtain detailed insights into the solvent effect, the metalations with the whole set of cations were investigated in three solvents and with Zn2+ in seven solvents. The reactions were monitored using electronic absorption spectroscopy and the stopped-flow technique. DFT calculations were employed to shed light on the role of solvent in activating the metal ions towards porphyrinoids. This experimental and computational analysis gives detailed information regarding how the solvent and the counter ion assist/hinder the metalation reaction as activators/inhibitors. The metalation course is dictated to a large extent by the reaction medium, via either the activation or deactivation of the incoming metal ion. The solvent may affect the metalation in several ways, mainly via H-bonding with pyrrolenine nitrogens and the activation/deactivation of the incoming cation. It also seems to affect the activation enthalpy by causing slight conformational changes in the macrocyclic ligand. These new mechanistic insights contribute to a better understanding of the “metal–counterion–solvent” interplay in the metalation of porphyrinoids. In addition, they are highly relevant to the mechanisms of metalation reactions catalyzed by chelatases and explain the differences between the insertion of Mg2+ and other divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - J Waś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Kania
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Susz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - D Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Staroń
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Witko
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - L Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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9
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Analysis of reaction products of astaxanthin and its acetate with reactive oxygen species using LC/PDA ESI-MS and ESR spectrometry. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Saga Y, Ishitani A, Takahashi N, Kawamura K. Production of bacteriopurpurin-18 phytyl ester from bacteriopheophytin a via allomerization by contact with titanium oxides in the presence of molecular oxygen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:639-41. [PMID: 25529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of bacteriopheophytin (BPhe) a, which was a demetalated pigment of bacteriochlorophyll a in photosynthetic bacteria, in CH2Cl2 in the presence of TiO2 particles with bubbling O2 in the dark produced a pigment absorbing 814nm. Detailed characterization of the novel pigment isolated from the CH2Cl2 suspension revealed that bacteriopurpurin-18 phytyl ester possessing an anhydride-type six-membered exocyclic E-ring was majorly formed by the treatment with TiO2 particles under oxygenic conditions. Oxidation of the bacteriochlorin ring in BPhe a, namely formations of derivatives of 3-acetyl pheophytin a and 3-acetyl protopheophytin a, can barely be detected through the conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Saga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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11
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Handoko YA, Rondonuwu FS, Limantara L. The Photosensitizer Stabilities of Tookad® on Aggregation, Acidification, and Day-light Irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Lessons from chlorophylls: modifications of porphyrinoids towards optimized solar energy conversion. Molecules 2014; 19:15938-54. [PMID: 25286377 PMCID: PMC6271569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical applications of photosynthesis-inspired processes depend on a thorough understanding of the structures and physiochemical features of pigment molecules such as chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Consequently, the major structural features of these pigments have been systematically examined as to how they influence the S1 state energy, lifetimes, quantum yields, and pigment photostability. In particular, the effects of the macrocyclic π-electron system, central metal ion (CMI), peripheral substituents, and pigment aggregation, on these critical parameters are discussed. The results obtained confirm that the π-electron system of the chromophore has the greatest influence on the light energy conversion capacity of porphyrinoids. Its modifications lead to changes in molecular symmetry, which determine the energy levels of frontier orbitals and hence affect the S1 state properties. In the case of bacteriochlorophylls aggregation can also strongly decrease the S1 energy. The CMI may be considered as another influential structural feature which only moderately influences the ground-state properties of bacteriochlorophylls but strongly affects the singlet excited-state. An introduction of CMIs heavier than Mg2+ significantly improves pigments' photostabilities, however, at the expense of S1 state lifetime. Modifications of the peripheral substituents may also influence the S1 energy, and pigments’ redox potentials, which in turn influence their photostability.
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13
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Fiedor J, Burda K. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:466-88. [PMID: 24473231 PMCID: PMC3942711 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids constitute a ubiquitous group of isoprenoid pigments. They are very efficient physical quenchers of singlet oxygen and scavengers of other reactive oxygen species. Carotenoids can also act as chemical quenchers undergoing irreversible oxygenation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these reactions are still not fully understood, especially in the context of the anti- and pro-oxidant activity of carotenoids, which, although not synthesized by humans and animals, are also present in their blood and tissues, contributing to a number of biochemical processes. The antioxidant potential of carotenoids is of particular significance to human health, due to the fact that losing antioxidant-reactive oxygen species balance results in “oxidative stress”, a critical factor of the pathogenic processes of various chronic disorders. Data coming from epidemiological studies and clinical trials strongly support the observation that adequate carotenoid supplementation may significantly reduce the risk of several disorders mediated by reactive oxygen species. Here, we would like to highlight the beneficial (protective) effects of dietary carotenoid intake in exemplary widespread modern civilization diseases, i.e., cancer, cardiovascular or photosensitivity disorders, in the context of carotenoids’ unique antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fiedor
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
| | - Květoslava Burda
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
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Molecular symmetry determines the mechanism of a very efficient ultrafast excitation-to-heat conversion in Ni-substituted chlorophylls. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Yang E, Kirmaier C, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical properties and electronic structure of stable, tunable synthetic bacteriochlorins: extending the features of native photosynthetic pigments. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10801-16. [PMID: 21875047 DOI: 10.1021/jp205258s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins, which are tetrapyrrole macrocycles with two reduced pyrrole rings, are Nature's near-infrared (NIR) absorbers (700-900 nm). The strong absorption in the NIR region renders bacteriochlorins excellent candidates for a variety of applications including solar light harvesting, flow cytometry, molecular imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Natural bacteriochlorins are inherently unstable due to oxidative conversion to the chlorin (one reduced pyrrole ring) or the porphyrin. The natural pigments are also only modestly amenable to synthetic manipulation, owing to a nearly full complement of substituents on the macrocycle. Recently, a new synthetic methodology has afforded access to stable synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein a wide variety of substituents can be appended to the macrocycle at preselected locations. Herein, the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of 33 synthetic bacteriochlorins are investigated. The NIR absorption bands of the chromophores range from ∼700 to ∼820 nm; the lifetimes of the lowest excited singlet state range from ∼2 to ∼6 ns; the fluorescence quantum yields range from ∼0.05 to ∼0.25; and the yield of the lowest triplet excited state is ∼0.5. The spectroscopic/photophysical studies of the bacteriochlorins are accompanied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations that probe the characteristics of the frontier molecular orbitals. The DFT calculations indicate that the impact of substituents on the spectral properties of the molecules derives primarily from effects on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Collectively, the studies show how the palette of synthetic bacteriochlorins extends the properties of the native photosynthetic pigments (bacteriochlorophylls). The studies have also elucidated design principles for tuning the spectral and photophysical characteristics as required for a wide variety of photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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16
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Liu TW, Chen J, Burgess L, Cao W, Shi J, Wilson BC, Zheng G. Multimodal bacteriochlorophyll theranostic agent. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:354-62. [PMID: 21938263 PMCID: PMC3177244 DOI: 10.7150/thno/v01p0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complimentary ability of different noninvasive imaging technologies with therapeutic modalities can be used in tandem providing high-resolution and highly sensitive imaging of events at the molecular and cellular level providing a means for image-guided therapy. There is increasing interest in using porphyrin-based photosensitizers as theranostics to take advantages of their near-infrared fluorescent properties for imaging and their strong singlet oxygen generation abilities for photodynamic therapy. Here we report a targeted multimodal bacteriochlorophyll theranostic probe. This probe consists of a bacteriochlorophyll derivative, a pharmacokinetics modification peptide linker and folate for targeted delivery to folate receptor expressing cancer cells. We demonstrate its multimodal theranostic capability, its folate receptor targeting ability and its utility for both NIR fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy purposes both in vitro and in vivo.
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17
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Krayer M, Yang E, Kim HJ, Kee HL, Deans RM, Sluder CE, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Stable Indium Bacteriochlorins. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4607-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Richard M. Deans
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Camille E. Sluder
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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18
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Design of porphyrin-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pereira MM, Monteiro CJ, Simões AV, Pinto SM, Abreu AR, Sá GF, Silva EF, Rocha LB, Dąbrowski JM, Formosinho SJ, Simões S, Arnaut LG. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of a library of photostable halogenated bacteriochlorins: an access to near infrared chemistry. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gruszecki WI, Zubik M, Luchowski R, Janik E, Grudzinski W, Gospodarek M, Goc J, Fiedor L, Gryczynski Z, Gryczynski I. Photoprotective role of the xanthophyll cycle studied by means of modeling of xanthophyll–LHCII interactions. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Dandler J, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Photochemistry of Bacteriochlorophylls in Human Blood Plasma: 2. Reaction Mechanism Investigated by Product Analysis and Deuterium Isotope Effect. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:342-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Dandler JÃ, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Distribution of Chlorophyll- and Bacteriochlorophyll-derived Photosensitizers in Human Blood Plasma. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dandler J, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Photochemistry of bacteriochlorophylls in human blood plasma: 1. Pigment stability and light-induced modifications of lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:331-41. [PMID: 19947966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transmetalated derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll are promising sensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Protocols using short delay times between injection and irradiation cause interest in the photochemistry of these pigments in the blood. Using near-infrared irradiation where these pigments absorb strongly, we have studied the photochemistry of Zn- and Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09), and of the highly polar taurinated Pd-derivative, WST11, in isolated fractions of human blood plasma. The stability of all pigments is increased in blood plasma, compared with monomeric solutions. Pd-bacteriopheophorbide is much more stable than the other two derivatives. It also has a higher capacity for inducing reactive oxygen species, yet the consumption of oxygen is comparable. There is furthermore evidence for photobleaching under anoxic conditions. The generation of hydroperoxides (ROOH) is faster with Pd- than with Zn-complexes; the formation of endoperoxides (ROOR'), measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, is comparable with the two central metals. Formation of both ROOH and ROOR' is increased in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) compared with high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which is probably related to the higher concentration of target molecules in the former. In HDL, extensive cross-linking is induced among the apolipoproteins; judged from the electrophoretic mobility of LDL and HDL particles, there is also a gross structural change. Photosensitized cross-linking is much less pronounced with high-density proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Dandler
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Cao W, Ng KK, Corbin I, Zhang Z, Ding L, Chen J, Zheng G. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Stable Bacteriochlorophyll-Analog and Its Incorporation into High-Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticles for Tumor Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2023-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900404y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Cao
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kenneth K. Ng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ian Corbin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Donzello MP, Viola E, Bergami C, Dini D, Ercolani C, Giustini M, Kadish KM, Meneghetti M, Monacelli F, Rosa A, Ricciardi G. Tetra-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazines with Externally Appended Pyridine Rings. 6. Chemical and Redox Properties and Highly Effective Photosensitizing Activity for Singlet Oxygen Production of Penta- and Monopalladated Complexes in Dimethylformamide Solution. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:8757-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800678m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Donzello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Elisa Viola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Costanza Bergami
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Danilo Dini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Claudio Ercolani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Mauro Giustini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Moreno Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Monacelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Rosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35121, Padova, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100, Potenza, Italy
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Chen CS, Wu SH, Wu YY, Fang JM, Wu TH. Properties of astaxanthin/Ca2+ complex formation in the deceleration of cis/trans isomerization. Org Lett 2007; 9:2985-8. [PMID: 17629283 DOI: 10.1021/ol0709533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deceleration of the regioselective cis/trans isomerization of all-trans-astaxanthin (ASTX) in the presence of Ca2+ was shown by HPLC analysis. The NMR and ITC analyses provided evidence for complexation of ASTX with Ca2+ in 1:2 stoichiometry via chelation at both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The rotation across torsion omega6 (C5-C6-C7-C8) upon complexation is consistent with the NOE between 7-H and 5-CH3. This study supports the inhibitory effect of ASTX on calcium-induced turbidity of lens crystallins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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27
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Tomi T, Shibata Y, Ikeda Y, Taniguchi S, Haik C, Mataga N, Shimada K, Itoh S. Energy and electron transfer in the photosynthetic reaction center complex of Acidiphilium rubrum containing Zn-bacteriochlorophyll a studied by femtosecond up-conversion spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:22-30. [PMID: 17169326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photosynthetic reaction center (RC) complex was isolated from a purple bacterium, Acidiphilium rubrum. The RC contains bacteriochlorophyll a containing Zn as a central metal (Zn-BChl a) and bacteriopheophytin a (BPhe a) but no Mg-BChl a. The absorption peaks of the Zn-BChl a dimer (P(Zn)), the accessory Zn-BChl a (B(Zn)), and BPhe a (H) at 4 K in the RC showed peaks at 875, 792, and 753 nm, respectively. These peaks were shorter than the corresponding peaks in Rhodobacter sphaeroides RC that has Mg-BChl a. The kinetics of fluorescence from P(Zn)(*), measured by fluorescence up-conversion, showed the rise and the major decay with time constants of 0.16 and 3.3 ps, respectively. The former represents the energy transfer from B(Zn)(*) to P(Zn), and the latter, the electron transfer from P(Zn) to H. The angle between the transition dipoles of B(Zn) and P(Zn) was estimated to be 36 degrees based on the fluorescence anisotropy. The time constants and the angle are almost equal to those in the Rb. sphaeroides RC. The high efficiency of A. rubrum RC seems to be enabled by the chemical property of Zn-BChl a and by the L168HE modification of the RC protein that modifies P(Zn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Tomi
- Department of Material Science (Physics), Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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28
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Pröll S, Wilhelm B, Robert B, Scheer H. Myoglobin with modified tetrapyrrole chromophores: binding specificity and photochemistry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:750-63. [PMID: 16814742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complexes were prepared of horse heart myoglobin with derivatives of (bacterio)chlorophylls and the linear tetrapyrrole, phycocyanobilin. Structural factors important for binding are (i) the presence of a central metal with open ligation site, which even induces binding of phycocyanobilin, and (ii) the absence of the hydrophobic esterifying alcohol, phytol. Binding is further modulated by the stereochemistry at the isocyclic ring. The binding pocket can act as a reaction chamber: with enolizable substrates, apo-myoglobin acts as a 13(2)-epimerase converting, e.g., Zn-pheophorbide a' (13(2)S) to a (13(2)R). Light-induced reduction and oxidation of the bound pigments are accelerated as compared to solution. Some flexibility of the myoglobin is required for these reactions to occur; a nucleophile is required near the chromophores for photoreduction (Krasnovskii reaction), and oxygen for photooxidation. Oxidation of the bacteriochlorin in the complex and in aqueous solution continues in the dark.
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29
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Limantara L, Koehler P, Wilhelm B, Porra RJ, Scheer H. Photostability of Bacteriochlorophyll a and Derivatives: Potential Sensitizers for Photodynamic Tumor Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:770-80. [PMID: 16438618 DOI: 10.1562/2005-09-07-ra-676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photostabilities of bacteriochlorophyll a and several of its derivatives, which are of interest as potential sensitizers in photodynamic tumor therapy, were investigated. The pigments were irradiated with light >630 nm in organic solvents (acetone, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and toluene) and in aqueous detergent solutions (cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide [CTAB], lauryldimethyl-aminoxide [LDAO] or sodium dodecyl-sulfate [SDS] and Triton X-100 [TX100]). Their stabilities in these different solvents were determined in the presence and absence of an external sensitizer (pyromethyl-pheophorbide a), oxygen, sodium ascorbate and inert gas (Ar) or vacuum. The photodegradation products of bacteriochlorophyll a in acetone solution were isolated, purified by HPLC and analyzed by their absorption spectra and mass spectroscopy. Besides the well-known dehydrogenation products, such as [3-acetyl]-chlorophyll a, which were obtained as by-products, the major products had low absorption in the visible-near infrared spectral range. The spectral signature of the major component of these products was characteristic of linear open-chain tetrapyrroles, but they lacked the characteristic protonation-deprotonation behavior and reactivity of bilins with Zn(++).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leenawaty Limantara
- Department Biologie I, Bereich Botanik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany
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Glaeser J, Klug G. Photo-oxidative stress in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: protective role of carotenoids and expression of selected genes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:1927-1938. [PMID: 15942000 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Rhodobacter sphaeroides, carotenoids are essential constituents of the photosynthetic apparatus and are assumed to prevent the formation of singlet oxygen by quenching of triplet bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) in vivo. It was shown that small amounts of singlet oxygen are generated in vivo by incubation of R. sphaeroides under high light conditions. However, growth and survival rates were not affected. Higher amounts of singlet oxygen were generated by BChl a in a carotenoid-deficient strain and led to a decrease in growth and survival rates. The data support earlier results on the pivotal role of carotenoids in the defence against stress caused by singlet oxygen. Results obtained under photo-oxidative stress conditions with strains impaired in carotenoid synthesis suggest that sphaeroidene and neurosporene provide less protection against methylene-blue-generated singlet oxygen than sphaeroidenone in vivo. Despite their protective function against singlet oxygen, relative amounts of carotenoids did not accumulate in R. sphaeroides wild-type cultures under photo-oxidative stress, and relative mRNA levels of phytoene dehydrogenase and sphaeroidene monooxygenase did not increase. In contrast, singlet oxygen specifically induced the expression of glutathione peroxidase and a putative Zn-dependent hydrolase, but mRNA levels of hydrogen-peroxide-degrading catalase E were not significantly affected by photo-oxidative stress. Based on these results, it is suggested that singlet oxygen acts as a specific signal for gene expression in R. sphaeroides. Presumably transcriptional regulators exist to specifically induce the expression of genes involved in the response to stress caused by singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Glaeser
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Klug
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Moskalenko AA, Makhneva ZK, Fiedor L, Scheer H. Effects of carotenoid inhibition on the photosynthetic RC-LH1 complex in purple sulphur bacterium Thiorhodospira sibirica. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:71-80. [PMID: 16172927 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-4473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Core complexes (LH1-RC) were isolated using preparative gel electrophoresis from photosynthetic membranes of the purple bacterium, Thiorhodospira sibirica, grown in the absence or presence of the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, diphenylamine. The biosynthesis of carotenoids is affected by diphenylamine both quantitavely and qualitatively: after inhibition, the level of carotenoids in core complexes reaches only 10% of the normal content, as analyzed by HPLC and absorption spectroscopy. The normally grown bacterium biosynthesizes spirilloxanthin, rhodopin, anhydrorhodovibrin and lycopene, whereas after inhibition only neurosporene, zeta-carotene and their derivatives are found in the complexes. There is no concomitant accumulation of appreciable amounts of colorless carotenoid precursors. Interestingly, the main absorption band of the core light harvesting complex isolated from carotenoid-inhibited cells, shows a red shift to 889 nm, instead of a blue shift observed in many carotenoid-deficient species of purple photosynthetic bacteria. The stability of isolated core complexes against n-octyl-beta-D: -glucopyranoside clearly depends on the presence of carotenoids. Subcomplexes resulting from the detergent treatment, were characterized by non-denaturating gel electrophoresis combined with in situ absorption spectroscopy. Core complexes with the native carotenoid complement dissociate into three subcomplexes: (a) LH1 complexes partially depleted of carotenoids, with an unusual spectrum in the NIR region (lambdamax = 791, 818, 847 and 875 nm), (b) reaction centers associated with fragments of LH1, (c) small amounts of a carotenoidless B820 subcomplex. The core complex from the carotenoid-deficient bacterium is much less stable and yields only the two sub-complexes (b) and (c). We conclude that carotenoids contribute critically to stability and interactions of the core complexes with detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Moskalenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Science, 142290, Pushchino, Russia. andrey-mos@ ibbp.psn.ru
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Drzewiecka-Matuszek A, Skalna A, Karocki A, Stochel G, Fiedor L. Effects of heavy central metal on the ground and excited states of chlorophyll. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:453-62. [PMID: 15918033 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls, owing to their adjustable pi-electron system and intense, well-separated electronic transitions, can serve as convenient intrinsic spectroscopic probes of ligand-metal center interactions. They are also interesting for their photosensitizing properties. In order to examine the heavy-atom effects on the chlorophyll triplet state, a key intermediate in chlorophyll-photosensitized reactions, the synthesis of a novel Pt(II)-substituted chlorophyll a was carried out, and the effects of the substitution on steady-state and transient photophysical properties of chlorophyll were studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, and by laser flash photolysis. The presence of highly electronegative platinum as the central ion increases the energies of the chlorophyll main absorption transitions. As laser flash photolysis experiments show, in air-equilibrated solutions, chlorophyll triplets are efficiently quenched by molecular oxygen. Interestingly, this quenching by oxygen is more effective with metal-containing pigments, in spite of the increased spin-orbit coupling, introduced with the central metals. This points to occurrence of nonspecific interactions of molecular oxygen with metallochlorophylls. The differences in the effects exerted on the pigment triplet by the central metal become distinct after the removal of oxygen. The lifetime of a Pt-chlorophyll triplet remains very short, in the range of only a few microseconds, unlike in the free-base and Mg- and Zn-substituted chlorophylls. Such drastic shortening of the triplet lifetime can be attributed to a large heavy-atom effect, implying that strong interactions must occur between the central Pt(II) ion and the chlorophyll macrocycle, which lead to a more efficient spin-orbit coupling in Pt-chlorophyll than in Pt-porphyrins.
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Fiedor J, Fiedor L, Haessner R, Scheer H. Cyclic endoperoxides of β-carotene, potential pro-oxidants, as products of chemical quenching of singlet oxygen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1709:1-4. [PMID: 15993379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoprotection by carotenoids is generally considered to be based on the photophysical quenching of triplets and singlet oxygen. There is also accumulating evidence of an alternative, chemical quenching of triplets and singlet oxygen by carotenoids. We report the identification of relatively stable cyclic mono- and diendoperoxides as first products of such an alternative reaction. Nevertheless, these species remain reactive and in the dark cause autooxidation of beta-carotene in our model system. Their formation could explain the intriguing pro-oxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fiedor
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland.
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34
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Dudkowiak A, Staśkowiak E, Hanyż I, Wiktorowicz K, Cofta J, Frąckowiak D. Properties of bacteriochlorophyll c and bacteriopheophytin c in resting and stimulated lymphocytes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Schastak S, Jean B, Handzel R, Kostenich G, Hermann R, Sack U, Orenstein A, Wang YS, Wiedemann P. Improved pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and necrosis in vivo using a new near infra-red photosensitizer: tetrahydroporphyrin tetratosylat. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 78:203-13. [PMID: 15708517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The search for better photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of malignancies has led to the investigation of a new water-soluble, positively charged, and chemical stable tetrahydroporphyrin tetratosylat (THPTS) with a strong absorption at 760.5 nm, belonging to the bacteriochlorophyll family. THPTS undergoes a rapid uptake by human choroidal melanoma (CM) cells with a weak dark toxicity after a 24-h incubation (LD10 = 150 microM, LD50 = 6.0 mM). In response to laser light at 760+/-3 nm and doses of 10, 15 and 30 J/cm2, around 71%, 76%, and 92% of the CM cells were killed, respectively. Studies of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo (living mice) and ex vivo (excised organs) were made in a Balb/c mice bearing subcutaneously inoculated C26 colon carcinoma using fiber-optic spectrofluorimetry (FOS). Tumours were irradiated 3 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 5.0 mg/kg THPTS with an incoherent light source at 750+/-20 nm and an intensity of 100 mW/cm2 and fluences of 60, 90 and 120 J/cm2. THPTS demonstrated preferential accumulation in C26 colon carcinoma in comparison with most normal tissues except kidneys. For the tissues of liver, colon, muscle, and spleen the tumour/normal tissue ratio (TNTR) ranged from 8.0 to 50. After irradiation with 120 J/cm2 the depth of tumour necrosis reached 15 mm. Histological examination of the tumour samples 24 h after THPTS-PDT, revealed severe stasis in the blood vessels and coagulative necrosis. These results suggest that THPTS-PDT may be of particular importance in the treatment of accessible malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Schastak
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Liebig Strasse 10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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