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Hasenleitner M, Plaetzer K. In the Right Light: Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms Using a LED-Based Illumination Device Tailored for the Antimicrobial Application. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 9:antibiotics9010013. [PMID: 31906034 PMCID: PMC7168192 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria threaten the health of people world-wide and cause high costs to their health systems. According to Scientific American, the number of regrettable fatalities due to the bacteria that are resistant to conventional antibiotics will sum up to 300 million until 2050 if the problem is not tackled immediately. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) has proven effective against microorganisms irrespective of their resistance to conventional treatment, but for the translation into clinical practice, economic, homogenous and powerful light sources holding approval as medical devices are needed. In this study we present two novel light emitting diode (LED)-based lamps (Repuls7PDI-red and Repuls7PDI-blue) tailored for application in PDI and demonstrate their photodynamic efficiency upon using either methylene blue (MB), a photoactive compound widely used in PDI, or Sodium Magnesium Chlorophyllin (CHL), a water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll, which holds approval as food additive E140, against bacteria and fungi. Gram+ Staphylococcus aureus, Gram- Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans serve as model systems. Repuls7PDI-red emits a wavelength of 635 nm and an intensity of 27.6 ± 2.4 mW·cm-2 at a distance of 13.5 cm between the light source and the target, while the Repuls7PDI-blue allows an exposure at 433 nm (within the range of violet light) (6.4 ± 0.5 mW·cm-2 at 13.5 cm). Methylene blue was photoactivated with the Repuls7PDI-red at 635 nm (25.6 J·cm-2) and allows for photokilling of E. coli by more than 6 log10 steps at a concentration of 10 µM MB. Using equal parameters, more than 99.99999% of S. aureus (20 µM MB) and 99.99% of C. albicans (50 µM MB) were killed. If blue light (Repuls7PDI-blue, 433 nm, 6.6 J·cm2) is used to trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a photoinactivation of S. aureus (5 µM CHL, CFU reduction > 7 log10) and C. albicans (>7 log10) below the detection limit is achieved. PDI based on CHL (10 µM) using red light activation reduces the number of viable S. aureus by more than 6 log10. Our data prove that both LED-based light sources are applicable for Photodynamic Inactivation. Their easy-to-use concept, high light output and well-defined wavelength might facilitate the translation of PDI into clinical practice.
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Karunakaran SC, Babu PSS, Madhuri B, Marydasan B, Paul AK, Nair AS, Rao KS, Srinivasan A, Chandrashekar TK, Rao CM, Pillai R, Ramaiah D. In vitro demonstration of apoptosis mediated photodynamic activity and NIR nucleus imaging through a novel porphyrin. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:127-32. [PMID: 23092119 DOI: 10.1021/cb3004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a novel water-soluble porphyrin THPP and its metalated derivative Zn-THPP having excellent triplet excited state quantum yields and singlet oxygen generation efficiency. When compared to U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved and clinically used sensitizer Photofrin, THPP showed ca. 2-3-fold higher in vitro photodynamic activity in different cell lines under identical conditions. The mechanism of the biological activity of these porphyrin systems has been evaluated through a variety of techniques: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, comet assay, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, CM-H(2)DCFDA assay, DNA fragmentation, flow cytometric analysis, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy, which confirm the apoptotic cell death through predominantly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, THPP showed rapid cellular uptake and are localized in the nucleus of the cells as compared to Hoechst dye and Photofrin, thereby demonstrating its use as an efficient sensitizer in photodynamic therapy and live cell NIR nucleus imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh C. Karunakaran
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| | | | - Bollapalli Madhuri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad-500 007,
Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Betsy Marydasan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Albish K. Paul
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Asha S. Nair
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum-695014, Kerala, India
| | - K. Sridhar Rao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad-500 007,
Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Alagar Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar-751005,
Odisha, India
| | | | - Ch. Mohan Rao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad-500 007,
Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Danaboyina Ramaiah
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
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Pieslinger A, Plaetzer K, Oberdanner CB, Berlanda J, Mair H, Krammer B, Kiesslich T. Characterization of a simple and homogeneous irradiation device based on light-emitting diodes: A possible low-cost supplement to conventional light sources for photodynamic treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wong TW, Wang YY, Sheu HM, Chuang YC. Bactericidal effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic action on Vibrio vulnificus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:895-902. [PMID: 15728881 PMCID: PMC549273 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.895-902.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative, highly invasive bacterium responsible for human opportunistic infections. We studied the antibacterial effects of toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) for V. vulnificus wound infections in mice. Fifty-three percent (10 of 19) of mice treated with 100 microg of TBO per ml and exposed to broad-spectrum red light (150 J/cm(2) at 80 mW/cm(2)) survived, even though systemic septicemia had been established with a bacterial inoculum 100 times the 50% lethal dose. In vitro, the bacteria were killed after exposure to a lower light dose (100 J/cm(2) at 80 mW/cm(2)) in the presence of low-dose TBO (0.1 microg/ml). PDT severely damaged the cell wall and reduced cell motility and virulence. Cell-killing effects were dependent on the TBO concentration and light doses and were mediated partly through the reactive oxygen species generated during the photodynamic reaction. Our study has demonstrated that PDT can cure mice with otherwise fatal V. vulnificus wound infections. These promising results suggest the potential of this regimen as a possible alternative to antibiotics in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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