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Makhneva ZK, Smolova TN, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. LH2 Complex from Sulfur Bacteria Allochromatium vinosum – Natural Singlet Oxygen Sensor. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Makhneva ZK, Moskalenko AA. Carotenoids in LH2 Complexes from Allochromatium vinosum under Illumination Are Able to Generate Singlet Oxygen Which Oxidizes BChl850. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626172230021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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Friebe VM, Barszcz AJ, Jones MR, Frese RN. Stabilisierung von Elektronentransferwegen erlaubt Stabilität von Biohybrid-Photoelektroden über Jahre. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202201148. [PMID: 38504712 PMCID: PMC10947033 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDie Nutzung natürlicher photosynthetischer Enzyme in biohybriden Anwendungen stellt eine attraktive und potenziell nachhaltige Möglichkeit zur Umwandlung von solarer Energie in Elektrizität und Brennstoffe dar. Jedoch begrenzt die Stabilität von photosynthetisch aktiven Proteinen nach der Implementierung in biohybride Anwendungsdesigns die operative Lebensdauer von Biophotoelektroden auf bisher wenige Stunden. In dieser Publikation demonstrieren wir, wie sich die Stabilität einer mesoporösen Elektrode, welche mit dem Photoprotein RC‐LH1 aus Rhodobacter sphaeroides beschichtet ist, erheblich steigern lässt. Durch die Aufrechterhaltung der Elektronenübertragungswege konnte die operative Lebensdauer unter Dauerlicht auf 33 Tage gesteigert werden und die operative Funktionalität nach einer Lagerung über mehr zwei Jahre hinweg demonstriert werden. Kombiniert mit hohen Photoströmen, die Spitzenwerte von 4.6 mA cm−2 erreichten, erzeugte die optimierte Biophotoelektrode eine kumulative Leistung von 86 C cm−2, die höchste bisher berichtete Leistung für diese Art von Elektroden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Faktor, welcher die Stabilität einschränkt, die Architektur der Struktur ist, die das Photoprotein umgibt, sowie das entsprechende biohybride Sensoren und photovoltaische Geräte mit einer Betriebsdauer von mehreren Jahren möglich sind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M. Friebe
- Fachbereich Physik und AstronomieLaserLaB AmsterdamVU Universität AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1081Amsterdam1081 HVNiederlande
- Lehrstuhl für ElektrobiotechnologieCampus Straubing für Biotechnologie und NachhaltigkeitTechnische Universität MünchenSchulgasse 2294315StraubingDeutschland
| | - Agata J. Barszcz
- Fachbereich Physik und AstronomieLaserLaB AmsterdamVU Universität AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1081Amsterdam1081 HVNiederlande
| | - Michael R. Jones
- Fakultät für BiochemieGebäude für biomedizinische WissenschaftenUniversität von BristolUniversity WalkBristolBS8 1TDGroßbritannien
| | - Raoul N. Frese
- Fachbereich Physik und AstronomieLaserLaB AmsterdamVU Universität AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1081Amsterdam1081 HVNiederlande
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4
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Friebe VM, Barszcz AJ, Jones MR, Frese RN. Sustaining Electron Transfer Pathways Extends Biohybrid Photoelectrode Stability to Years. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201148. [PMID: 35302697 PMCID: PMC9324148 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of natural photosynthetic enzymes in semi‐artificial devices constitutes an attractive and potentially sustainable route for the conversion of solar energy into electricity and solar fuels. However, the stability of photosynthetic proteins after incorporation in a biohybrid architecture typically limits the operational lifetime of biophotoelectrodes to a few hours. Here, we demonstrate ways to greatly enhance the stability of a mesoporous electrode coated with the RC‐LH1 photoprotein from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. By preserving electron transfer pathways, we extended operation under continuous high‐light to 33 days, and operation after storage to over two years. Coupled with large photocurrents that reached peak values of 4.6 mA cm−2, the optimized biophotoelectrode produced a cumulative output of 86 C cm−2, the largest reported performance to date. Our results demonstrate that the factor limiting stability is the architecture surrounding the photoprotein, and that biohybrid sensors and photovoltaic devices with operational lifetimes of years are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M. Friebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy LaserLaB Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
- Electrobiotechnology Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability Technical University of Munich Schulgasse 22 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Agata J. Barszcz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy LaserLaB Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Jones
- School of Biochemistry Biomedical Sciences Building University of Bristol University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Raoul N. Frese
- Department of Physics and Astronomy LaserLaB Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
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5
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Photodiagnosis and photodynamic effects of bacteriochlorin-naphthalimide conjugates on tumor cells and mouse model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 223:112294. [PMID: 34500215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photo-induced cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of a series of dual function agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescent imaging based on bacteriochlorin photosensitizer conjugated with various naphthalimide fluorophores was studied in vitro using murine tumor cells of S37 sarcoma and in vivo on mice bearing murine S37 sarcoma. Upon irradiation at the absorption maximum of the photosensitizer, the activity of conjugates was as high as in the case of individual bacteriochlorin, while an additional excitation of the naphthalimide fragment led to an increase in the PDT efficacy due to resonance energy transfer from the fluorophore to photosensitizer. The fluorescence contrast and specific cytotoxic activity measurements indicate that the conjugate of bacteriochlorin with 3,4-dimethoxestyrene-substituted naphthalimide is the most promising agent for the application as theranostic in PDT.
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Makhneva ZK, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. Carotenoids Do Not Protect Bacteriochlorophylls in Isolated Light-Harvesting LH2 Complexes of Photosynthetic Bacteria from Destructive Interactions with Singlet Oxygen. Molecules 2021; 26:5120. [PMID: 34500552 PMCID: PMC8434301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of singlet oxygen on light-harvesting (LH) complexes has been studied for a number of sulfur (S+) and nonsulfur (S-) photosynthetic bacteria. The visible/near-IR absorption spectra of the standard LH2 complexes (B800-850) of Allochromatium (Alc.) vinosum (S+), Rhodobacter (Rba.) sphaeroides (S-), Rhodoblastus (Rbl.) acidophilus (S-), and Rhodopseudomonas (Rps.) palustris (S-), two types LH2/LH3 (B800-850 and B800-830) of Thiorhodospira (T.) sibirica (S+), and an unusual LH2 complex (B800-827) of Marichromatium (Mch.) purpuratum (S+) or the LH1 complex from Rhodospirillum (Rsp.) rubrum (S-) were measured in aqueous buffer suspensions in the presence of singlet oxygen generated by the illumination of the dye Rose Bengal (RB). The content of carotenoids in the samples was determined using HPLC analysis. The LH2 complex of Alc. vinosum and T. sibirica with a reduced content of carotenoids was obtained from cells grown in the presence of diphenylamine (DPA), and LH complexes were obtained from the carotenoidless mutant of Rba. sphaeroides R26.1 and Rps. rubrum G9. We found that LH2 complexes containing a complete set of carotenoids were quite resistant to the destructive action of singlet oxygen in the case of Rba. sphaeroides and Mch. purpuratum. Complexes of other bacteria were much less stable, which can be judged by a strong irreversible decrease in the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) absorption bands (at 850 or 830 nm, respectively) for sulfur bacteria and absorption bands (at 850 and 800 nm) for nonsulfur bacteria. Simultaneously, we observe the appearance of the oxidized product 3-acetyl-chlorophyll (AcChl) absorbing near 700 nm. Moreover, a decrease in the amount of carotenoids enhanced the spectral stability to the action of singlet oxygen of the LH2 and LH3 complexes from sulfur bacteria and kept it at the same level as in the control samples for carotenoidless mutants of nonsulfur bacteria. These results are discussed in terms of the current hypothesis on the protective functions of carotenoids in bacterial photosynthesis. We suggest that the ability of carotenoids to quench singlet oxygen (well-established in vitro) is not well realized in photosynthetic bacteria. We compared the oxidation of BChl850 in LH2 complexes of sulfur bacteria under the action of singlet oxygen (in the presence of 50 μM RB) or blue light absorbed by carotenoids. These processes are very similar: {[BChl + (RB or carotenoid) + light] + O2} → AcChl. We speculate that carotenoids are capable of generating singlet oxygen when illuminated. The mechanism of this process is not yet clear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrey A. Moskalenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (Z.K.M.); (M.A.B.)
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7
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Indrawati R, Zubaidah E, Sutrisno A, Limantara L, Yusuf MM, Brotosudarmo THP. Visible Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity of Pigments Extracted from Dregs of Green and Black Teas. SCIENTIFICA 2021; 2021:5524468. [PMID: 34234972 PMCID: PMC8216794 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5524468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll and its derivatives are potential natural sensitizers frequently applied in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chlorophyll derivatives are formed naturally during tea processing, but they do not contribute to the color of tea infusions and thus are presumably left in the tea dregs. The present study aimed to investigate (i) the chlorophyll remnants in the pigments recovered from dregs of green and black teas and (ii) the antibacterial activity of pigments extracted from the tea dregs upon illumination using a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. Pigment analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of main degradation products of chlorophylls, such as pheophytin and its epimers, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbides. In vitro assays demonstrated significant reductions in the number of viable bacteria in the presence of the pigments after 30 min of incubation with LED light irradiation. The descending order of bacterial susceptibility was Listeria monocytogenes > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhi. At an equivalent irradiation intensity, the blue and red LEDs could stimulate a comparable inactivation effect through photodynamic reactions. These findings demonstrated the valorization potential of tea dregs as a source of chlorophyll derivatives with visible light-induced antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny Indrawati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Elok Zubaidah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aji Sutrisno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Leenawaty Limantara
- Center for Urban Studies, Universitas Pembangunan Jaya, South Tangerang 15413, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Megawati Yusuf
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
| | - Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
- Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Ma Chung, Malang 65151, Indonesia
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8
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Magdaong NCM, Buhrmaster JC, Faries KM, Liu H, Tira GA, Lindsey JS, Hanson DK, Holten D, Laible PD, Kirmaier C. In Situ, Protein-Mediated Generation of a Photochemically Active Chlorophyll Analogue in a Mutant Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1260-1275. [PMID: 33835797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
All possible natural amino acids have been substituted for the native LeuL185 positioned near the B-side bacteriopheophytin (HB) in the bacterial reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Additional mutations that enhance electron transfer to the normally inactive B-side cofactors are present. Approximately half of the isolated RCs with Glu at L185 contain a magnesium chlorin (CB) in place of HB. The chlorin is not the common BChl a oxidation product 3-desvinyl-3-acetyl chlorophyll a with a C-C bond in ring D and a C═C bond in ring B but has properties consistent with reversal of these bond orders, giving 17,18-didehydro BChl a. In such RCs, charge-separated state P+CB- forms in ∼5% yield. The other half of the GluL185-containing RCs have a bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) denoted βB in place of HB. Residues His, Asp, Asn, and Gln at L185 yield RCs with ≥85% βB in the HB site, while most other amino acids result in RCs that retain HB (≥95%). To the best of our knowledge, neither bacterial RCs that harbor five BChl a molecules and one chlorophyll analogue nor those with six BChl a molecules have been reported previously. The finding that altering the local environment within a cofactor binding site of a transmembrane complex leads to in situ generation of a photoactive chlorin with an unusual ring oxidation pattern suggests new strategies for amino acid control over pigment type at specific sites in photosynthetic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Cecil M Magdaong
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - James C Buhrmaster
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Faries
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gregory A Tira
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Deborah K Hanson
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Philip D Laible
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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9
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Tran T, Dawrs SN, Norton GJ, Virdi R, Honda JR. Brought to you courtesy of the red, white, and blue-pigments of nontuberculous mycobacteria. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:434-450. [PMID: 33364537 PMCID: PMC7755587 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigments are chromophores naturally synthesized by animals, plants, and microorganisms, as well as produced synthetically for a wide variety of industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. Bacteria produce various pigments including melanin, pyocyanin, bacteriochlorophyll, violacein, prodigiosin, and carotenoids that exert diverse biological activities as antioxidants and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial properties. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) include over 200 environmental and acid-fast species; some of which can cause opportunistic disease in humans. Early in the study of mycobacteriology, the vast majority of mycobacteria were not known to synthesize pigments, particularly NTM isolates of clinical significance such as the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) species. This paper reviews the overall understanding of microbial pigments, their applications, as well as highlights what is currently known about pigments produced by NTM, the circumstances that trigger their production, and their potential roles in NTM survival and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tru Tran
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie N Dawrs
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health; Department of Immunology and Genomic Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Grant J Norton
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health; Department of Immunology and Genomic Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Ravleen Virdi
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health; Department of Immunology and Genomic Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer R Honda
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health; Department of Immunology and Genomic Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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10
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Dukh M, Tabaczynski WA, Seetharaman S, Ou Z, Kadish KM, D'Souza F, Pandey RK. meso
‐ and β‐Pyrrole‐Linked Chlorin‐Bacteriochlorin Dyads for Promoting Far‐Red FRET and Singlet Oxygen Production. Chemistry 2020; 26:14996-15006. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Dukh
- PDT Center Cell Stress Biology Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo NY 14263 USA
| | | | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Zhongping Ou
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- PDT Center Cell Stress Biology Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo NY 14263 USA
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11
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Makhneva ZK, Ashikhmin AA, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. Carotenoids are Probably Involved in Singlet Oxygen Generation in the Membranes of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria under Light Irradiation. Microbiology (Reading) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261720010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Makhneva ZK, Ashikhmin AA, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. Bacteriochlorophyll Interaction with Singlet Oxygen in Membranes of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria: Does the Protective Function of Carotenoids Exist? DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2019; 486:216-219. [PMID: 31367825 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672919030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct action of singlet oxygen on the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) of light-harvesting complexes in the membranes of four species of purple non-sulfur and sulfur photosynthesizing bacteria with and without carotenoids was studied. It was found that BChl in carotenoidless samples is generally more resistant to the action of singlet oxygen compared to the control. It is assumed that carotenoids are not required to protect BChl of bacterial light-harvesting complexes from singlet oxygen, and in the classic work by Griffith et al. [1] the apoptosis process in carotenoidless mutant cells, which involves the destruction of complexes, the appearance of monomeric BChl, and the generation of singlet oxygen caused by BChl, followed by BChl oxidation, was mistakenly attributed to the protective function of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Makhneva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - A A Ashikhmin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia.
| | - M A Bolshakov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - A A Moskalenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia.
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Palm D, Agostini A, Pohland AC, Werwie M, Jaenicke E, Paulsen H. Stability of Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein (WSCP) Depends on Phytyl Conformation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7971-7979. [PMID: 31459885 PMCID: PMC6648419 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCP) from Brassicaceae form homotetrameric chlorophyll (Chl)-protein complexes binding one Chl per apoprotein and no carotenoids. Despite the lack of photoprotecting pigments, the complex-bound Chls displays a remarkable stability toward photodynamic damage. On the basis of a mutational study, we show that not only the presence of the phytyls is necessary for photoprotection in WSCPs, as we previously demonstrated, but also is their correct conformation and localization. The extreme heat stability of WSCP also depends on the presence of the phytyl chains, confirming their relevance for the unusual stability of WSCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
M. Palm
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Pohland
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mara Werwie
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaenicke
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Jakob-Welder-Weg 26, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute
of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Makhneva ZK, Ashikhmin AA, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. Quenchers Protect BChl850 from Action of Singlet Oxygen in the Membranes of a Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacterium Allochromatium vinosum Strain MSU. Microbiology (Reading) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261719010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Leiger K, Linnanto JM, Rätsep M, Timpmann K, Ashikhmin AA, Moskalenko AA, Fufina TY, Gabdulkhakov AG, Freiberg A. Controlling Photosynthetic Excitons by Selective Pigment Photooxidation. J Phys Chem B 2018; 123:29-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Leiger
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Juha Matti Linnanto
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Margus Rätsep
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kõu Timpmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | - Arvi Freiberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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16
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Bol’shakov MA, Ashikhmin AA, Makhneva ZK, Moskalenko AA. Effect of Light with Different Spectral Composition on Cell Growth and Pigment Composition of the Membranes of Purple Sulfur Bacteria Allochromatium minutissimum and Allochromatium vinosum. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Chlorophyll degradation in aqueous mediums induced by light and UV-B irradiation: An UHPLC-ESI-MS study. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Agostini A, Palm DM, Schmitt FJ, Albertini M, Valentin MD, Paulsen H, Carbonera D. An unusual role for the phytyl chains in the photoprotection of the chlorophylls bound to Water-Soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7504. [PMID: 28790428 PMCID: PMC5548782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins which tetramerize upon binding four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules. The bound Chls are highly photostable, despite the lack of bound carotenoids known, in Chl-containing photosynthetic proteins, to act as singlet oxygen and Chl triplet (3Chl) quenchers. Although the physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, it is likely to be related to their biochemical stability and their resistance to photodegradation. To get insight into the origin of this photostability, the properties of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs upon illumination were investigated. We found that, unlike the excited singlet states, which are excitonic states, the triplet state is localized on a single Chl molecule. Moreover, the lifetime of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs is comparable to that observed in other Chl-containing systems and is reduced in presence of oxygen. In contrast to previous observations, we found that WSCP actually photosensitizes singlet oxygen with an efficiency comparable to that of Chl in organic solvent. We demonstrated that the observed resistance to photooxidation depends on the conformation of the phytyl moieties, which in WSCP are interposed between the rings of Chl dimers, hindering the access of singlet oxygen to the oxidizable sites of the pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M Palm
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Albertini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Makhneva ZK, Ashikhmin AA, Bolshakov MA, Moskalenko AA. 3-Acetyl-chlorophyll formation in light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria by chemical oxidation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:176-86. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Saga Y, Ishitani A, Takahashi N, Kawamura K. Production of bacteriopurpurin-18 phytyl ester from bacteriopheophytin a via allomerization by contact with titanium oxides in the presence of molecular oxygen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:639-41. [PMID: 25529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of bacteriopheophytin (BPhe) a, which was a demetalated pigment of bacteriochlorophyll a in photosynthetic bacteria, in CH2Cl2 in the presence of TiO2 particles with bubbling O2 in the dark produced a pigment absorbing 814nm. Detailed characterization of the novel pigment isolated from the CH2Cl2 suspension revealed that bacteriopurpurin-18 phytyl ester possessing an anhydride-type six-membered exocyclic E-ring was majorly formed by the treatment with TiO2 particles under oxygenic conditions. Oxidation of the bacteriochlorin ring in BPhe a, namely formations of derivatives of 3-acetyl pheophytin a and 3-acetyl protopheophytin a, can barely be detected through the conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Saga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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21
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Handoko YA, Rondonuwu FS, Limantara L. The Photosensitizer Stabilities of Tookad® on Aggregation, Acidification, and Day-light Irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Kwon SY, Jiang SN, Zheng JH, Choy HE, Min JJ. Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a novel tumor-targeting bacteria that emits natural near-infrared fluorescence. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:172-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Young Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Jeonnam Korea
| | - Sheng-Nan Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; HaiKou People's Hospital; HaiKou China
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Jeonnam Korea
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology; Chonnam National University Medical School; Jeonnam Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School; Jeonnam Korea
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23
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Yang E, Diers JR, Huang YY, Hamblin MR, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Molecular electronic tuning of photosensitizers to enhance photodynamic therapy: synthetic dicyanobacteriochlorins as a case study. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:605-18. [PMID: 23163632 DOI: 10.1111/php.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical, photostability, electrochemical and molecular-orbital characteristics are analyzed for a set of stable dicyanobacteriochlorins that are promising photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The bacteriochlorins are the parent compound (BC), dicyano derivative (NC)2BC and corresponding zinc (NC)2BC-Zn and palladium chelate (NC)2BC-Pd. The order of PDT activity against HeLa human cancer cells in vitro is (NC)2BC-Pd > (NC)2BC > (NC)2BC-Zn ≈ BC. The near-infrared absorption feature of each dicyanobacteriochlorin is bathochromically shifted 35-50 nm (748-763 nm) from that for BC (713 nm). Intersystem crossing to the PDT-active triplet excited state is essentially quantitative for (NC)2BC-Pd. Phosphorescence from (NC)2BC-Pd occurs at 1122 nm (1.1 eV). This value and the measured ground-state redox potentials fix the triplet excited-state redox properties, which underpin PDT activity via Type-1 (electron transfer) pathways. A perhaps counterintuitive (but readily explicable) result is that of the three dicyanobacteriochlorins, the photosensitizer with the shortest triplet lifetime (7 μs), (NC)2BC-Pd has the highest activity. Photostabilities of the dicyanobacteriochlorins and other bacteriochlorins studied recently are investigated and discussed in terms of four phenomena: aggregation, reduction, oxidation and chemical reaction. Collectively, the results and analysis provide fundamental insights concerning the molecular design of PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Yang E, Kirmaier C, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical properties and electronic structure of stable, tunable synthetic bacteriochlorins: extending the features of native photosynthetic pigments. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10801-16. [PMID: 21875047 DOI: 10.1021/jp205258s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins, which are tetrapyrrole macrocycles with two reduced pyrrole rings, are Nature's near-infrared (NIR) absorbers (700-900 nm). The strong absorption in the NIR region renders bacteriochlorins excellent candidates for a variety of applications including solar light harvesting, flow cytometry, molecular imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Natural bacteriochlorins are inherently unstable due to oxidative conversion to the chlorin (one reduced pyrrole ring) or the porphyrin. The natural pigments are also only modestly amenable to synthetic manipulation, owing to a nearly full complement of substituents on the macrocycle. Recently, a new synthetic methodology has afforded access to stable synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein a wide variety of substituents can be appended to the macrocycle at preselected locations. Herein, the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of 33 synthetic bacteriochlorins are investigated. The NIR absorption bands of the chromophores range from ∼700 to ∼820 nm; the lifetimes of the lowest excited singlet state range from ∼2 to ∼6 ns; the fluorescence quantum yields range from ∼0.05 to ∼0.25; and the yield of the lowest triplet excited state is ∼0.5. The spectroscopic/photophysical studies of the bacteriochlorins are accompanied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations that probe the characteristics of the frontier molecular orbitals. The DFT calculations indicate that the impact of substituents on the spectral properties of the molecules derives primarily from effects on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Collectively, the studies show how the palette of synthetic bacteriochlorins extends the properties of the native photosynthetic pigments (bacteriochlorophylls). The studies have also elucidated design principles for tuning the spectral and photophysical characteristics as required for a wide variety of photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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25
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Gerola AP, Santana A, França PB, Tsubone TM, de Oliveira HPM, Caetano W, Kimura E, Hioka N. Effects of metal and the phytyl chain on chlorophyll derivatives: physicochemical evaluation for photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:884-94. [PMID: 21501173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll compounds and their derivatives containing metal or phytyl chain can be used as photosensitizer in photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (PDI). So, the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial effect of chlorophyll derivatives were investigated: Mg-chlorophyll (Mg-Chl), Zn-chlorophyll (Zn-Chl), Zn-chlorophyllide (Zn-Chlde), Cu-chlorophyll (Cu-Chl), pheophytin (Pheo) and pheophorbide (Pheid). The photobleaching experiments showed photostability according to Cu-Chl > Pheo ∼ Pheid ≫ Zn-Chl ∼ Zn-Chlde > Mg-Chl. This order was discussed in terms of metal and the phytyl chain presences. Pheid and Zn-Chl in aqueous Tween 80 solution exhibited highest singlet oxygen yield compared with the other derivatives. Chlorophyll derivatives (CD) with phytyl chain was limited by the self-aggregation phenomenon at high concentrations, even in micellar systems (Tween 80 and P-123). The antimicrobial effect of CD derivatives was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Artemia salina. Pheid showed the best results against all organisms tested, Zn-Chlde was an excellent bactericide in the dark and Cu-Chl had no PDI effect. No correlation with CD uptake by microorganisms and darkness cytotoxicity was found. The physicochemical properties allied to bioassays results indicate that Mg-Chl, Pheo, Zn-Chl and Pheid are good candidates for PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Gerola
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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26
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Gerola AP, Tsubone TM, Santana A, de Oliveira HPM, Hioka N, Caetano W. Properties of chlorophyll and derivatives in homogeneous and microheterogeneous systems. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7364-73. [PMID: 21568354 DOI: 10.1021/jp201278b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Mg-Chl) and its derivatives, zinc chlorophyll (Zn-Chl), copper chlorophyll (Cu-Chl), pheophytin (Pheo), pheophorbide (Pheid), and zinc chlorophyllide (Zn-Chld), were studied as to their acid-base equilibrium properties, hydrophobicity, stability, binding, and relative localization in neutral surfactant micellar systems. The stability order of metalochlorophyll (pH(M)) in acidic medium was found to be Cu-Chl > Zn-Chld > Zn-Chl > Mg-Chl. The apparent pK(a) for protonation of porphyrin ring nitrogens was around 1.0 for all derivatives. The pK(a) for protonation of carboxylate phorbide was 5.9 for Pheid and 2.4 for Zn-Chld. This difference was attributed to complexation of carboxylate with zinc. The hydrophobicity of chlorophyll in relation to the ability of partitioning the cell membrane lipid layer was estimated in the octanol/water biphasic system. Pheo, a more hydrophobic molecule, presented the highest partition coefficient (K(P)) in the organic phase, followed by Cu-Chl, Mg-Chl, Zn-Chl, Pheid, and Zn-Chld. The hydrophobic character was the key to relative drug location in the micellar systems. All studied derivatives interacted strongly with Tween 80 micellar systems, and particularly with P-123. For both surfactants, the order followed by binding constant (K(b)) was Zn-Chld > Pheo > Cu-Chl > Mg-Chl > Zn-Chl > Pheid, while binding constants estimated for the Chl containing the phytyl group correlated with K(P). Fluorescence quenching studies have shown that phorbides are located in a less hydrophobic region than the phytyl chain-containing derivatives, which are located preferentially in a deeper micellar microenvironment. Thus, the association of the chlorophylls with specific binding sites of micellar systems is strongly modulated by the presence of phytyl chains and metal coordinated to the porphyrinic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Gerola
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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27
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Krayer M, Yang E, Kim HJ, Kee HL, Deans RM, Sluder CE, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Stable Indium Bacteriochlorins. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4607-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Richard M. Deans
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Camille E. Sluder
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Krayer M, Yang E, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis and photophysical characterization of annulated bacteriochlorins. Mimicking and extending the properties of bacteriochlorophylls. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Pereira MM, Monteiro CJ, Simões AV, Pinto SM, Abreu AR, Sá GF, Silva EF, Rocha LB, Dąbrowski JM, Formosinho SJ, Simões S, Arnaut LG. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of a library of photostable halogenated bacteriochlorins: an access to near infrared chemistry. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Self-aggregates of natural chlorophylls and their synthetic analogues in aqueous media for making light-harvesting systems. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Krayer M, Ptaszek M, Kim HJ, Meneely KR, Fan D, Secor K, Lindsey JS. Expanded scope of synthetic bacteriochlorins via improved acid catalysis conditions and diverse dihydrodipyrrin-acetals. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1016-39. [PMID: 20088604 DOI: 10.1021/jo9025572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins are attractive candidates for a wide variety of photochemical studies owing to their strong absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. The prior acid-catalysis conditions [BF(3) x O(Et)(2) in CH(3)CN at room temperature] for self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (bearing a geminal dimethyl group in the pyrroline ring) typically afforded a mixture of three macrocycles: the expected 5-methoxybacteriochlorin (MeOBC-type), a 5-unsubstituted bacteriochlorin (HBC-type), and a free base B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC-type). Here, a broad survey of >20 acids identified four promising acid catalysis conditions of which TMSOTf/2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature was most attractive owing to formation of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorin as the sole macrocycle regardless of the pyrrolic substituents in the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (electron-withdrawing, electron-donating, or no substituent). Eleven new dihydrodipyrrin-acetals were prepared following standard routes. Application of the new acid catalysis conditions has afforded diverse bacteriochlorins (e.g., bearing alkyl/ester, aryl/ester, diester, and no substituents) in a few days from commercially available starting materials. Consideration of the synthetic steps and yields for formation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal and bacteriochlorin underpins evaluation of synthetic plans for early installation of bacteriochlorin substituents via the dihydrodipyrrin-acetal versus late installation via derivatization of beta-bromobacteriochlorins. Treatment of the 5-methoxybacteriochlorins with NBS gave regioselective 15-bromination when no pyrrolic substituents were present or when each pyrrole contained two substituents; on the other hand, the presence of a beta-ethoxycarbonyl group caused loss of regioselectivity. The 15 new bacteriochlorins prepared herein exhibit a long-wavelength absorption band in the range 707-759 nm, providing tunable access to the near-infrared region. Taken together, this study expands the scope of available bacteriochlorins for fundamental studies and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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Dandler J, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Photochemistry of Bacteriochlorophylls in Human Blood Plasma: 2. Reaction Mechanism Investigated by Product Analysis and Deuterium Isotope Effect. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:342-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Dandler JÃ, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Distribution of Chlorophyll- and Bacteriochlorophyll-derived Photosensitizers in Human Blood Plasma. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Dandler J, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Photochemistry of bacteriochlorophylls in human blood plasma: 1. Pigment stability and light-induced modifications of lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:331-41. [PMID: 19947966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transmetalated derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll are promising sensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Protocols using short delay times between injection and irradiation cause interest in the photochemistry of these pigments in the blood. Using near-infrared irradiation where these pigments absorb strongly, we have studied the photochemistry of Zn- and Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09), and of the highly polar taurinated Pd-derivative, WST11, in isolated fractions of human blood plasma. The stability of all pigments is increased in blood plasma, compared with monomeric solutions. Pd-bacteriopheophorbide is much more stable than the other two derivatives. It also has a higher capacity for inducing reactive oxygen species, yet the consumption of oxygen is comparable. There is furthermore evidence for photobleaching under anoxic conditions. The generation of hydroperoxides (ROOH) is faster with Pd- than with Zn-complexes; the formation of endoperoxides (ROOR'), measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, is comparable with the two central metals. Formation of both ROOH and ROOR' is increased in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) compared with high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which is probably related to the higher concentration of target molecules in the former. In HDL, extensive cross-linking is induced among the apolipoproteins; judged from the electrophoretic mobility of LDL and HDL particles, there is also a gross structural change. Photosensitized cross-linking is much less pronounced with high-density proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Dandler
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Universität München, Munich, Germany
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36
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Dandler J, Scheer H. Inhibition of aggregation of [Pd]-bacteriochlorophyllides in mesoporous silica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11988-11992. [PMID: 19772311 DOI: 10.1021/la902767x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation is a major factor affecting the photophysical properties of chlorophylls. For two [Pd]-bacteriochlorophyll derivatives that are currently under clinical testing as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, aggregation control in aqueous solution has been studied with folded-sheet mesoporous silica (FSM) of different pore sizes (20, 45, 83 A) and with detergent (Triton X-100). With both the moderately polar WST09 and the highly polar WST11, no pigment oligomers were formed in FSM, and the monomer-dimer equilibrium was shifted toward the monomer with decreasing pore diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Dandler
- Department Biologie I - Botanik, Universität München, Germany
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37
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Ruzié C, Krayer M, Lindsey JS. Fast and robust route to hydroporphyrin-chalcones with extended red or near-infrared absorption. Org Lett 2009; 11:1761-4. [PMID: 19296621 DOI: 10.1021/ol900277m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of an acetylchlorin or diacetylbacteriochlorin with an aldehyde under microwave conditions readily affords the corresponding hydroporphyrin-chalcone. The aldehydes include aryl aldehydes, cinnamaldehyde, and all-trans-retinal. The chalcone causes a bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band of the hydroporphyrin by up to 24 nm. The facile conjugation and wavelength tunability should make such constructs valuable for fundamental spectroscopic studies as well as diverse photochemical applications in the relatively unexplored red and near-infrared spectral regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ruzié
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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38
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Kee HL, Diers JR, Ptaszek M, Muthiah C, Fan D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads as prototypes for near-infrared molecular imaging probes: controlling charge-transfer and fluorescence properties in polar media. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:909-20. [PMID: 19222800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of two energy-transfer dyads that are potential candidates for near-infrared (NIR) imaging probes are investigated as a function of solvent polarity. The dyads (FbC-FbB and ZnC-FbB) contain either a free base (Fb) or zinc (Zn) chlorin (C) as the energy donor and a free base bacteriochlorin (B) as the energy acceptor. The dyads were studied in toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In both dyads, energy transfer from the chlorin to bacteriochlorin occurs with a rate constant of approximately (5-10 ps)(-1) and a yield of >99% in nonpolar and polar media. In toluene, the fluorescence yields (Phif=0.19) and singlet excited-state lifetimes (tau approximately 5.5 ns) are comparable to those of the benchmark bacteriochlorin. The fluorescence yield and excited-state lifetime decrease as the solvent polarity increases, with quenching by intramolecular electron (or hole) transfer being greater for FbC-FbB than for ZnC-FbB in a given solvent. For example, the Phif and tau values for FbC-FbB in acetone are 0.055 and 1.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.019 and 0.28 ns, whereas those for ZnC-FbB in acetone are 0.12 and 4.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.072 and 2.4 ns. The difference in fluorescence properties of the two dyads in a given polar solvent is due to the relative energies of the lowest energy charge-transfer states, as assessed by ground-state redox potentials and supported by molecular-orbital energies derived from density functional theory calculations. Controlling the extent of excited-state quenching in polar media will allow the favorable photophysical properties of the chlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads to be exploited in vivo. These properties include very large Stokes shifts (85 nm for FbC-FbB, 110 nm for ZnC-FbB) between the red-region absorption of the chlorin and the NIR fluorescence of the bacteriochlorin (lambdaf=760 nm), long bacteriochlorin excited-state lifetime (approximately 5.5 ns), and narrow (<or=20 nm) absorption and fluorescence bands. The latter will facilitate selective excitation/detection and multiprobe applications using both intensity- and lifetime-imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Kamal N, Sabaratnam V, Abdullah N, Ho ASH, Teo SH, Lee HB. Light-activated cytotoxic compounds from Malaysian microorganisms for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 95:179-88. [PMID: 19125347 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment which involves activation of a photosensitizing drug with light to produce reactive oxygen species that kill tumors without causing damage to unirradiated normal tissues. To date, only Photofrin, Foscan and Levulan have been approved for clinical treatment of cancer. Tropical habitats such as those found in Malaysia are attractive sources of new therapeutic compounds as tremendous chemical diversity is found in a large number of plants, animals, marine- and micro-organisms. In our screening program for novel photosensitizers from nature, colorful strains of fungi (from Aspergillus and Penicillium genus) and bacteria (including actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria) were collected from various habitats in Peninsular Malaysia, such as coastal soil, peat soil, marine sponges and wastewater ponds. Methanolic extracts from a total of 85 different species were evaluated with a short-term cell viability assay for photo-cytotoxicity, where a promyelocytic leukemia cell-line, HL60 incubated with 20 microg/ml of extracts was irradiated with 9.6 J/cm(2) of a broad spectrum light. Two of these extracts, one from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (PBUM003) and one from Rhodopseudomonas palustris (PBUM001) showed moderate to strong photo-cytotoxicity. Subsequent bioassay guided isolation of the PBUM001 extract yielded known photosensitisers that are based on bacteriochlorophyll-a by comparing their molecular weight data, HPLC profiles and UV-vis absorption spectra with literature values, thereby demonstrating the validity of our screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurkhalida Kamal
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Level 2 Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, No 1 Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Egorova-Zachernyuk T, van Rossum B, Erkelens C, de Groot H. Characterisation of uniformly 13C, 15N labelled bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriopheophytin a in solution and in solid state: complete assignment of the 13C, 1H and 15N chemical shifts. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:1074-1083. [PMID: 18802970 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation we report a complete assignment of (13)C, (1)H and (15)N solution and solid state chemical shifts of two bacterial photosynthetic pigments, bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and bacteriopheophytin (BPheo) a. Uniform stable-isotope labelling strategies were developed and applied to biosynthetic preparation of photosynthetic pigments, namely uniformly (13)C, (15)N labelled BChl a and BPheo a. Uniform stable-isotope labelling with (13)C, (15)N allowed performing the assignment of the (13)C, (15)N and (1)H resonances. The photosynthetic pigments were isolated from the biomass of photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris 17001 grown in uniformly (13)C (99%) and (15)N (98%) enriched medium. Both pigments were characterised by NMR in solution (acetone-d(6)) and by MAS NMR in solid state and their NMR resonances were recorded and assigned through standard liquid 2D (13)C-(13)C COSY, (1)H-(13)C HMQC, (1)H-(15)N HMBC and solid 2D (13)C-(13)C RFDR, (1)H-(13)C FSLG HETCOR and (1)H-(15)N HETCOR correlation techniques at 600 MHz and 750 MHz. The characterisation of pigments is of interest from biochemical to pharmaceutical industries, photosynthesis and food research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Egorova-Zachernyuk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Kee HL, Nothdurft R, Muthiah C, Diers JR, Fan D, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Culver JP, Holten D. Examination of Chlorin-Bacteriochlorin Energy-transfer Dyads as Prototypes for Near-infrared Molecular Imaging Probes†. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1061-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ruzié C, Krayer M, Balasubramanian T, Lindsey JS. Tailoring a Bacteriochlorin Building Block with Cationic, Amphipathic, or Lipophilic Substituents. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5806-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ruzié
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | | | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Gandy MN, Piggott MJ. Synthesis of kalasinamide, a putative plant defense phototoxin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:866-868. [PMID: 18327909 DOI: 10.1021/np070582z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of the azaanthracene kalasinamide (1) is described, and the discrepancy in the reported (13)C NMR data and melting points for the natural product from two different sources is resolved. Kalasinamide is prone to autosensitized photooxidation, in solution and in the solid state, to give the corresponding quinone, marcanine A (8). This transformation may be representative of a novel and more general step in the biosynthesis of (aza)anthraquinones. Through its ability to generate toxic singlet oxygen, kalasinamide may serve a protective role, defending the plant against predation and the invasion of microbial pathogens, following mechanical insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Gandy
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Borbas KE, Lindsey JS. Swallowtail Bacteriochlorins. Lipophilic Absorbers for the Near-Infrared. Org Lett 2008; 10:1931-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800436u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University; Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University; Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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