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Martín C, Zervakis GI, Xiong S, Koutrotsios G, Strætkvern KO. Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value-added products. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252138. [PMID: 37670430 PMCID: PMC10484051 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is the residual biomass generated after harvesting the fruitbodies of edible/medicinal fungi. Disposal of SMS, the main by-product of the mushroom cultivation process, often leads to serious environmental problems and is financially demanding. Efficient recycling and valorization of SMS are crucial for the sustainable development of the mushroom industry in the frame of the circular economy principles. The physical properties and chemical composition of SMS are a solid fundament for developing several applications, and recent literature shows an increasing research interest in exploiting that inherent potential. This review provides a thorough outlook on SMS exploitation possibilities and discusses critically recent findings related to specific applications in plant and mushroom cultivation, animal husbandry, and recovery of enzymes and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martín
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Shaojun Xiong
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Knut Olav Strætkvern
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
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Klausen SJ, Falck-Ytter AB, Strætkvern KO, Martin C. Evaluation of the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and the Saccharification of Cellulose as a Route for the Valorization of Spent Mushroom Substrate. Molecules 2023; 28:5140. [PMID: 37446802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraction of bioactive compounds and cellulose saccharification are potential directions for the valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Therefore, investigating the suitability of different extraction methods for recovering bioactive compounds from SMS and how the extraction affects the enzymatic saccharification is of uppermost relevance. In this work, bioactive compounds were extracted from Pleurotus spp. SMS using four extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction (SoE), a 40:60 ethanol/water mixture gave the highest extraction efficiency (EE) (69.9-71.1%) among the seven solvent systems assayed. Reflux extraction with 40:60 ethanol/water increased the extraction yield and EE compared to SoE. A shorter reflux time yielded a higher extraction of carbohydrates than SoE, while a longer time was more effective for extracting phenolics. The extracts from 240 min of reflux had comparable antioxidant activity (0.3-0.5 mM GAE) with that achieved for SoE. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at 65 °C for 60 min allowed an EE (~82%) higher than that achieved by either reflux for up to 150 min or SoE. Subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 150 °C resulted in the best extraction parameters among all the tested methods. Vanillic acid and chlorogenic acid were the primary phenolic acids identified in the extracts. A good correlation between the concentration of caffeic acid and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was found. Saccharification tests revealed an enhancement of the enzymatic digestibility of SMS cellulose after the extraction of bioactive compounds. The findings of this initial study provide indications on new research directions for maximizing the recovery of bioactive compounds and fermentable sugars from SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Klausen
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
| | | | - Knut Olav Strætkvern
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
| | - Carlos Martin
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Páez-León SY, González-Cortazar M, Sánchez-Vázquez JE, Torres-Acosta JFDJ, Téllez-Téllez M, García-Flores A, Castañeda-Ramírez GS, Aguilar-Marcelino L. Bio-directed Chemical Study of Pleurotus ostreatus Spent Substrate and Its Nematicidal Activity. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1603-1611. [PMID: 36066696 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, the nematicidal activity of the chemical fractionation of the spent substrate of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus against eggs and L3 larvae of Haemonchus contortus was evaluated. METHODS The hydroalcoholic extract of the spent substrate was subjected to a bipartition with ethyl acetate giving two fractions: one aqueous (F. Ac) and one organic (F. AcOET). Both fractions were evaluated against eggs and L3 larvae at different concentrations (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.3125 mg/mL) and 2% methanol, PBS and thiabendazole (5 mg/mL) as controls. Chemical fractionation of F. AcOET was performed in open column chromatography where 76 fractions were obtained and when analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) were grouped into 11 mixtures (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11). These mixtures were evaluated at 10 mg/mL against eggs and L3 larvae. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and a Tukey test in the SAS V9 program. RESULTS The results showed that, in the evaluation of F. AcOET and F. Ac, for the inhibition of egg hatching, the highest percentages were 78.80 and 76.89% at 5 mg/mL, respectively. As for the percentage of larval mortality, F. AcOET obtained 60.91 and F. Ac 29.77% at 5 mg/mL. The results of the evaluations of the mixtures showed that mixtures R4, R5 obtained 100 and 95.41% larval mortality and mixtures R6 and R7 presented 100% inhibitory activity of egg hatching, so these were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry finding compounds such as vanillin, β-sitosterol, ρ-methyl ρ-hydroxycinnamate and ρ-hydroxybenzaldehyde. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that the spent substrate of P. ostreatus has potential anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. Moreover, by reusing and taking advantage of this substrate, its environmental pollution effects can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yaracet Páez-León
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, CP 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No.1. Col. Centro, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Maura Téllez-Téllez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Flores
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Chamilpa, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gloria Sarahi Castañeda-Ramírez
- CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, CP 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
- CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, CP 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Disease resistance and growth promotion activities of chitin/cellulose nanofiber from spent mushroom substrate to plant. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fujita R, Yokono M, Ube N, Okuda Y, Ushijima S, Fukushima-Sakuno E, Ueno K, Osaki-Oka K, Ishihara A. Suppression of Alternaria brassicicola infection by volatile compounds from spent mushroom substrates. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:25-32. [PMID: 33867273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most commercially circulating mushrooms are produced via cultivation using artificially produced mushroom substrates. However, after mushroom harvesting, the disposal of spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) is a serious problem for the mushroom industry owing to the need for a disposal site and the cost involved. Thus, in view of the possibility of recycling SMSs as a soil modifier, we examined the effect of soil mixed with SMSs on the infection of Arabidopsis leaves by Alternaria brassicicola, the causal agent of cabbage leaf spot. The mixing of SMSs used for Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pholiota microspora, Lyophyllum decastes, and Auricularia polytricha into culture soil suppressed the lesion formation caused by A. brassicicola. The defense responses of Arabidopsis were not induced by the culturing of these seedlings in soils containing SMSs. Suppressed lesion formation was observed after the seedlings were treated with volatiles emitted from SMSs that were incubated with soil for 7 days and used for H. marmoreus, P. microspora, L. decastes, A. polytricha, Lentinula edodes, and Cyclocybe cylindracea. The volatiles from the SMSs reduced the elongation of A. brassicicola hyphae. GC-MS analyses of extracts from the SMS containing soils led to the detection of various volatile compounds; among these, skatole, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, γ-dodecalactone, butyric acid, guaiacol, 6-amyl-2-pyrone, and 1-octen-3-ol were examined for inhibitory activity on A. brassicicola and found to suppress hyphae elongation. These findings indicate that the antifungal volatile compounds emitted by the SMSs suppress A. brassicicola infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Fujita
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yokono
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Okuda
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori 689-1125, Japan
| | - Shuji Ushijima
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori 689-1125, Japan
| | - Emi Fukushima-Sakuno
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori 689-1125, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kumiko Osaki-Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Nishimura A, Yoshioka A, Kariya K, Ube N, Ueno K, Tebayashi SI, Osaki-Oka K, Ishihara A. Sugars in an aqueous extract of the spent substrate of the mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus induce defense responses in rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:743-755. [PMID: 33580659 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses are activated by various exogenous stimuli. We found that an aqueous extract of spent mushroom substrate used for the cultivation of Hypsizygus marmoreus induced defense responses in rice. Fractionation of the spent mushroom substrate extract indicated that the compounds responsible for this induction were neutral and hydrophilic molecules with molecular weights lower than 3 kDa. Compounds with these characteristics, namely glucose, fructose, and sucrose, were detected in the extract at concentrations of 17.4, 3.3, and 1.6 mM, respectively, and the treatment of rice leaves with these sugars induced defense responses. Furthermore, microarray analysis indicated that the genes involved in defense responses were commonly activated by the treatment of leaves with spent mushroom substrate extract and glucose. These findings indicate that the induction of defense responses by treatment with spent mushroom substrate extract is, at least in part, attributable to the sugar constituents of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Nishimura
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Anna Yoshioka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kariya
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tebayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200B Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Merel D, Savoie JM, Mata G, Salmones D, Ortega C, Atanasova V, Chéreau S, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Guerrero-Analco JA. Methanolic Extracts from Cultivated Mushrooms Affect the Production of Fumonisins B and Fusaric Acid by Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E366. [PMID: 32498307 PMCID: PMC7354567 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides and their mycotoxins cause damage to plants, animals, and human health. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of crude extracts (CEs) from Agaricus subrufescens, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies on in vitro production of biomass and mycotoxins by two strains of F. verticillioides. Stipes and pilei were separated before extraction for A. subrufescens and L. edodes. Comparative metabolomics and dereplication of phenolic compounds were used to analyze all CEs. Mushroom CEs did not significantly inhibit the production of mycelial biomass at concentrations of 2 mg mL⁻1. CEs from A. subrufescens (stipes and pilei) and L. edodes pilei inhibited the production of fumonisins B1 + B2 + B3 by 54% to 80%, whereas CE from P. ostreatus had no effect. In contrast, CE from L. edodes stipes dramatically increased the concentration of fumonisins in culture media. Fusaric acid concentration was decreased in cultures by all CEs except L. edodes stipes. Differences in phenolic composition of the extracts may explain the different effects of the CE treatments on the production of mycotoxins. The opposing activities of stipes and pilei from L. edodes offer an opportunity to search for active compounds to control the mycotoxin production by F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Merel
- Red Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos (RMBR), Instituto de Ecología (A.C), Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (D.M.); (D.S.); (C.O.)
- Red Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología (A.C), Xalapa 91073, Mexico;
| | - Jean-Michel Savoie
- INRAE, Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (V.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Gerardo Mata
- Red Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos (RMBR), Instituto de Ecología (A.C), Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (D.M.); (D.S.); (C.O.)
| | - Dulce Salmones
- Red Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos (RMBR), Instituto de Ecología (A.C), Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (D.M.); (D.S.); (C.O.)
| | - Carlos Ortega
- Red Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos (RMBR), Instituto de Ecología (A.C), Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (D.M.); (D.S.); (C.O.)
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- INRAE, Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (V.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- INRAE, Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (V.A.); (S.C.)
| | | | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Red Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAV), Instituto de Ecología (A.C), Xalapa 91073, Mexico;
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First report of the nematicidal activity of Flammulina velutipes, its spent mushroom compost and metabolites. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:410. [PMID: 31692701 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the nematicidal potential of Flammulina velutipes and its spent mushroom compost. Additionally, the nematicidal activity of enzymes and metabolites was analyzed. Isolated F. velutipes and its SMC had significant nematicidal effect on Panagrellus sp. larvae. The percentages of reduction in relation to the control group were: 69, 57.5 and 70% for SMC and 56, 24.5 and 26.6% for the isolated fungus, for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The active SMC crude extract showed nematicidal action with reduction percentages of 43 and 57% for 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively. The boiled crude extract also showed nematicidal action, however, the reduction percentages were lower than those of the active extract. This demonstrated that the nematicidal action was due to enzyme activities and other metabolites. The results demonstrated that SMC, the isolated fungus, the crude extract and the boiled crude extract showed a significant percentage of reduction on Panagrellus sp. larvae. SMC evidenced a higher nematicidal activity than the isolated fungus. In addition, nematophagous activity of F. velutipes was observed for the first time.
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Ishihara A, Ando K, Yoshioka A, Murata K, Kokubo Y, Morimoto N, Ube N, Yabuta Y, Ueno M, Tebayashi SI, Ueno K, Osaki-Oka K. Induction of defense responses by extracts of spent mushroom substrates in rice. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2019; 44:89-96. [PMID: 31148936 PMCID: PMC6529750 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d18-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of treatment with hot water extracts from the spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) of Lentinula edodes and Hypsizygus marmoreus on the resistance of rice leaves to Pyricularia oryzae infection. The spraying of the SMS extracts clearly suppressed the development of lesions caused by Py. oryzae infection. The accumulation of phytoalexins momilactones A and B, oryzalexin A, and sakuranetin was markedly induced by the spraying of extracts. The enhanced expression of defense related genes PR1b and PBZ was also found in leaves sprayed with the extracts. Treatments with the extracts also affected phytohormone levels. The levels of N 6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine and trans-zeatin markedly increased in response to treatment, whereas the levels of salicylic and jasmonic acids were largely unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kana Ando
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | | | | | - Yu Kokubo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | | | - Naoki Ube
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | | | - Makoto Ueno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University
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