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Oyeyemi OT, Ogundahunsi O, Schunk M, Fatem RG, Shollenberger LM. Neglected tropical disease (NTD) diagnostics: current development and operations to advance control. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:1-24. [PMID: 37872790 PMCID: PMC10769148 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2272095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have become important public health threats that require multi-faceted control interventions. As late treatment and management of NTDs contribute significantly to the associated burdens, early diagnosis becomes an important component for surveillance and planning effective interventions. This review identifies common NTDs and highlights the progress in the development of diagnostics for these NTDs. Leveraging existing technologies to improve NTD diagnosis and improving current operational approaches for deployment of developed diagnostics are crucial to achieving the 2030 NTD elimination target. Point-of-care NTD (POC-NTD) diagnostic tools are recommended preferred diagnostic options in resource-constrained areas for mapping risk zones and monitoring treatment efficacy. However, few are currently available commercially. Technical training of remote health care workers on the use of POC-NTD diagnostics, and training of health workers on the psychosocial consequences of these diagnostics are critical in harnessing POC-NTD diagnostic potential. While the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the possibility of achieving NTD elimination in 2030 due to the disruption of healthcare services and dwindling financial support for NTDs, the possible contribution of NTDs in exacerbating COVID-19 pandemic should motivate NTD health system strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA
| | - Olumide Ogundahunsi
- The Central Office for Research and Development (CORD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Mirjam Schunk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU) institution, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramzy G. Fatem
- Schistosome Biological Supply Center, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Franco JR, Cecchi G, Priotto G, Paone M, Kadima Ebeja A, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Sankara D, Zhao W, Dagne DA. Human African trypanosomiasis cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries (2011-2020). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010885. [PMID: 36342910 PMCID: PMC9639846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is transmitted by tsetse flies in endemic foci in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of international travel and population movements, cases are also occasionally diagnosed in non-endemic countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Antitrypanosomal medicines to treat the disease are available gratis through the World Health Organization (WHO) thanks to a public-private partnership, and exclusive distribution of the majority of them enables WHO to gather information on all exported cases. Data collected by WHO are complemented by case reports and scientific publications. During 2011-2020, 49 cases of HAT were diagnosed in 16 non-endemic countries across five continents: 35 cases were caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, mainly in tourists visiting wildlife areas in eastern and southern Africa, and 14 cases were due to T. b. gambiense, mainly in African migrants originating from or visiting endemic areas in western and central Africa. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HAT diagnosis in non-endemic countries is rare and can be challenging, but alertness and surveillance must be maintained to contribute to WHO's elimination goals. Early detection is particularly important as it considerably improves the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Franco
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Priotto
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Abdoulaye Diarra
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Dieudonné Sankara
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Argaw Dagne
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
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Álvarez-Rodríguez A, Jin BK, Radwanska M, Magez S. Recent progress in diagnosis and treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis has made the elimination of this disease a realistic target by 2030. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1037094. [PMID: 36405602 PMCID: PMC9669443 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1037094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by unicellular flagellated protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma brucei. The subspecies T. b. gambiense is mainly responsible for mostly chronic anthroponotic infections in West- and Central Africa, accounting for roughly 95% of all HAT cases. Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense results in more acute zoonotic infections in East-Africa. Because HAT has a two-stage pathogenesis, treatment depends on clinical assessment of patients and the determination whether or not parasites have crossed the blood brain barrier. Today, ultimate confirmation of parasitemia is still done by microscopy analysis. However, the introduction of diagnostic lateral flow devices has been a major contributor to the recent dramatic drop in T. b. gambiense HAT. Other techniques such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinant polymerase amplification (RPA)-based tests have been published but are still not widely used in the field. Most recently, CRISPR-Cas technology has been proposed to improve the intrinsic diagnostic characteristics of molecular approaches. This will become crucial in the near future, as preventing the resurgence of HAT will be a priority and will require tools with extreme high positive and negative predicted values, as well as excellent sensitivity and specificity. As for treatment, pentamidine and suramin have historically been the drugs of choice for the treatment of blood-stage gambiense-HAT and rhodesiense-HAT, respectively. For treatment of second-stage infections, drugs that pass the blood brain barrier are needed, and melarsoprol has been effectively used for both forms of HAT in the past. However, due to the high occurrence of post-treatment encephalopathy, the drug is not recommended for use in T. b. gambiense HAT. Here, a combination therapy of eflornithine and nifurtimox (NECT) has been the choice of treatment since 2009. As this treatment requires IV perfusion of eflornithine, efforts were launched in 2003 by the drugs for neglected disease initiative (DNDi) to find an oral-only therapy solution, suitable for rural sub-Saharan Africa treatment conditions. In 2019 this resulted in the introduction of fexinidazole, with a treatment regimen suitable for both the blood-stage and non-severe second-stage T. b. gambiense infections. Experimental treatment of T. b. rhodesiense HAT has now been initiated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bo-Kyung Jin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stefan Magez,
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4
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Sima N, Dujeancourt-Henry A, Perlaza BL, Ungeheuer MN, Rotureau B, Glover L. SHERLOCK4HAT: A CRISPR-based tool kit for diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104308. [PMCID: PMC9626900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To achieve elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), the development of highly sensitive diagnostics is needed. We have developed a CRISPR based diagnostic for HAT using SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) that is readily adaptable to a field-based setting. Methods We adapted SHERLOCK for the detection of T. brucei species. We targeted 7SLRNA, TgSGP and SRA genes and tested SHERLOCK against RNA from blood, buffy coat, dried blood spots (DBS), and clinical samples. Findings The pan-Trypanozoon 7SLRNA and T. b. gambiense-specific TgSGP SHERLOCK assays had a sensitivity of 0.1 parasite/μL and a limit of detection 100 molecules/μL. T. b. rhodesiense-specific SRA had a sensitivity of 0.1 parasite/μL and a limit of detection of 10 molecules/μL. TgSGP SHERLOCK and SRA SHERLOCK detected 100% of the field isolated strains. Using clinical specimens from the WHO HAT cryobank, the 7SLRNA SHERLOCK detected trypanosomes in gHAT samples with 56.1%, 95% CI [46.25–65.53] sensitivity and 98.4%, 95% CI [91.41–99.92] specificity, and rHAT samples with 100%, 95% CI [83.18–100] sensitivity and 94.1%, 95% CI [80.91–98.95] specificity. The species-specific TgSGP and SRA SHERLOCK discriminated between the gambiense/rhodesiense HAT infections with 100% accuracy. Interpretation The 7SLRNA, TgSGP and SRA SHERLOCK discriminate between gHAT and rHAT infections, and could be used for epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of HAT in the field after further technical development. Funding Institut Pasteur (PTR-175 SHERLOCK4HAT), French Government's Investissement d’Avenir program Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (LabEx IBEID), and Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-PRC 2021 SherPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Sima
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France,Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201 & Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Annick Dujeancourt-Henry
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Blanca Liliana Perlaza
- Institut Pasteur, ICAReB Platform (Clinical Investigation & Access to Research Bioresources) of the Center for Translational Science, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Ungeheuer
- Institut Pasteur, ICAReB Platform (Clinical Investigation & Access to Research Bioresources) of the Center for Translational Science, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201 & Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France,Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guinea, Conakry, Guinea,Corresponding author.
| | - Lucy Glover
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France,Corresponding author.
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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7
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Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 35183235 PMCID: PMC8858479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
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8
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Harder CB, Persson S, Christensen J, Ljubic A, Nielsen EM, Hoorfar J. Molecular diagnostics of Salmonella and Campylobacter in human/animal fecal samples remain feasible after long-term sample storage without specific requirements. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 7:399-414. [PMID: 35071939 PMCID: PMC8712530 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in the development of sequencing technologies, numbers of commercial providers and diminishing costs have made DNA-based identification and diagnostics increasingly accessible to doctors and laboratories, eliminating the need for local investments in expensive technology and training or hiring of skilled technicians. However, reliable and comparable molecular analyses of bacteria in stool samples are dependent on storage and workflow conditions that do not introduce post-sampling bias, the most important factor being the need to keep the DNA at a stable detectable level. For that reason, there may remain other prohibitively costly requirements for cooling or freezing equipment or special chemical additives. This study investigates the diagnostic detectability of Salmonella and Campylobacter DNA in human, pig and chicken stool samples, stored at different temperatures and with different preservation methods. Stool samples were spiked with 106 CFU/mL of both Salmonella and Campylobacter strains stored at −20 °C, 5 °C and 20 °C (Room temperature, RT) and treated with either RNAlater, EDTA or Silica/ethanol. DNA was extracted at 9 different time points within 30 days and quantified by Qubit (total DNA) and qPCR (Salmonella and Campylobacter DNA). We found no statistically significant differences among the different preservation methods, and DNA from both species was easily detected at all time points and at all temperatures, both with and without preservation. This suggests that infections by these bacteria can be diagnosed and possibly also analysed in further detail simply by taking a stool sample in any suitable sealed container that can be transported to laboratory analysis without special storage or preservation requirements. We briefly discuss how this finding can benefit infection control in both developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Harder
- Statens Serum institut, Dept. Bacteriology, Parasitology and Fungi, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Ecology, Microbial Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund
| | - S Persson
- Statens Serum institut, Dept. Bacteriology, Parasitology and Fungi, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Christensen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Microbiological department, Søndervang 4, 4100 Ringsted
| | - A Ljubic
- AGC Biologics, Process Transfer, Vandtårnsvej 83, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - E M Nielsen
- Statens Serum institut, Dept. Bacteriology, Parasitology and Fungi, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Hoorfar
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Rogers MJ, McManus DP, Muhi S, Gordon CA. Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032920. [PMID: 34378956 PMCID: PMC8404699 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00329-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect over one billion people worldwide, with individuals from communities in low-socioeconomic areas being most at risk and suffering the most. Disease management programs are hindered by the lack of infrastructure and resources for clinical sample collection, storage, and transport and a dearth of sensitive diagnostic methods that are inexpensive as well as accurate. Many diagnostic tests and tools have been developed for the parasitic NTDs, but the collection and storage of clinical samples for molecular and immunological diagnosis can be expensive due to storage, transport, and reagent costs, making these procedures untenable in most areas of endemicity. The application of membrane technology, which involves the use of specific membranes for either sample collection and storage or diagnostic procedures, can streamline this process, allowing for long-term sample storage at room temperature. Membrane technology can be used in serology-based diagnostic assays and for nucleic acid purification prior to molecular analysis. This facilitates the development of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Rogers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Ngay Lukusa I, Van Reet N, Mumba Ngoyi D, Miaka EM, Masumu J, Patient Pyana P, Mutombo W, Ngolo D, Kobo V, Akwaso F, Ilunga M, Kaninda L, Mutanda S, Muamba DM, Valverde Mordt O, Tarral A, Rembry S, Büscher P, Lejon V. Trypanosome SL-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to demonstrate active gambiense human African trypanosomiasis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009739. [PMID: 34534223 PMCID: PMC8480889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spliced Leader (SL) trypanosome RNA is detectable only in the presence of live trypanosomes, is abundant and the Trypanozoon subgenus has a unique sequence. As previously shown in blood from Guinean human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients, SL-RNA is an accurate target for diagnosis. Detection of SL-RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has never been attempted. In a large group of Congolese gambiense HAT patients, the present study aims i) to confirm the sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in the blood and; ii) to assess the diagnostic performance of SL-RNA compared to trypanosome detection in CSF. Methodology/Principal findings Blood and CSF from 97 confirmed gambiense HAT patients from the Democratic Republic of Congo were collected using PAXgene blood RNA Tubes. Before RNA extraction, specimens were supplemented with internal extraction control RNA to monitor the extraction, which was performed with a PAXgene Blood RNA Kit. SL-RNA qPCR was carried out with and without reverse transcriptase to monitor DNA contamination. In blood, 92/97 (94.8%) HAT patients tested SL-RNA positive, which was significantly more than combined trypanosome detection in lymph and blood (78/97 positive, 80.4%, p = 0.001). Of 96 CSF RNA specimens, 65 (67.7%) were SL-RNA positive, but there was no significant difference between sensitivity of SL-RNA and trypanosome detection in CSF. The contribution of DNA to the Cq values was negligible. In CSF with normal cell counts, a fraction of SL-RNA might have been lost during extraction as indicated by higher internal extraction control Cq values. Conclusions/Significance Detection of SL-RNA in blood and CSF allows sensitive demonstration of active gambiense HAT infection, even if trypanosomes remain undetectable in blood or lymph. As this condition often occurs in treatment failures, SL-RNA detection in blood and CSF for early detection of relapses after treatment deserves further investigation. Trial registration This study was an integral part of the diagnostic trial "New Diagnostic Tools for Elimination of Sleeping Sickness and Clinical Trials: Early tests of Cure" (DiTECT-HAT-WP4, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03112655). Human African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic infection occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, which is fatal if left untreated. Diagnosis relies on demonstration of trypanosomes, which may occur at such low concentrations that they remain microscopically undetectable. Nucleic acid detection offers an alternative, in particular RNA, which is unstable and a better marker for live organisms than DNA. Trypanosomal SL-RNA detection in blood by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR has hitherto only been tested twice. Although in cerebrospinal fluid, trypanosome presence indicates brain infection, SL-RNA detection has never been attempted. We evaluated sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. For each specimen, 2 controls were included: presence of genomic DNA contamination and efficacy of RNA extraction. Sensitivity of SL-RNA detection in blood was higher than of combined blood and lymph microscopy. In cerebrospinal fluid, SL-RNA and trypanosome detection had similar sensitivity. In a few specimens, traces of DNA were amplified. In some cerebrospinal fluids, some RNA was lost during extraction. Performing both internal controls is crucial, to ensure that negative SL-RNA cerebrospinal fluid findings are not due to a failed extraction and, in particular when testing treated patients, to differentiate live parasite RNA from reminiscent DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipos Ngay Lukusa
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medecine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Justin Masumu
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pati Patient Pyana
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Wilfried Mutombo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Digas Ngolo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vincent Kobo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Felix Akwaso
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Médard Ilunga
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lewis Kaninda
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvain Mutanda
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonné Mpoyi Muamba
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Antoine Tarral
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rembry
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medecine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Mixed Research Unit 177 Intertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Camara M, Soumah AM, Ilboudo H, Travaillé C, Clucas C, Cooper A, Kuispond Swar NR, Camara O, Sadissou I, Calvo Alvarez E, Crouzols A, Bart JM, Jamonneau V, Camara M, MacLeod A, Bucheton B, Rotureau B. Extravascular Dermal Trypanosomes in Suspected and Confirmed Cases of gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:12-20. [PMID: 32638003 PMCID: PMC8246823 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) typically involves 2 steps: a serological screen, followed by the detection of living trypanosome parasites in the blood or lymph node aspirate. Live parasites can, however, remain undetected in some seropositive individuals, who, we hypothesize, are infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasites in their extravascular dermis. Methods To test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective observational cohort study in the gHAT focus of Forecariah, Republic of Guinea. Of the 5417 subjects serologically screened for gHAT, 66 were enrolled into our study and underwent a dermatological examination. At enrollment, 11 seronegative, 8 unconfirmed seropositive, and 18 confirmed seropositive individuals had blood samples and skin biopsies taken and examined for trypanosomes by molecular and immunohistological methods. Results In seropositive individuals, dermatological symptoms were significantly more frequent, relative to seronegative controls. T.b. gambiense parasites were present in the blood of all confirmed cases (n = 18) but not in unconfirmed seropositive individuals (n = 8). However, T. brucei parasites were detected in the extravascular dermis of all unconfirmed seropositive individuals and all confirmed cases. Skin biopsies of all treated cases and most seropositive untreated individuals progressively became negative for trypanosomes 6 and 20 months later. Conclusions Our results highlight the skin as a potential reservoir for African trypanosomes, with implications for our understanding of this disease’s epidemiology in the context of its planned elimination and underlining the skin as a novel target for gHAT diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariame Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Alseny M'mah Soumah
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea.,Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital de Donka,Conakry, Guinea
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)-Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Nanoro, Burkina-Faso.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Clucas
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nono-Raymond Kuispond Swar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Oumou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Ibrahim Sadissou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Estefania Calvo Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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12
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Alfred Compaoré CF, Ilboudo H, Kaboré J, Kaboré JW, Camara O, Bamba M, Sakande H, Koné M, Camara M, Kaba D, Gaston Belem AM, Deborggraeve S, Büscher P, Bucheton B, Lejon V, Jamonneau V. Analytical sensitivity of loopamp and quantitative real-time PCR on dried blood spots and their potential role in monitoring human African trypanosomiasis elimination. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108014. [PMID: 33011238 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective set by WHO to reach elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) as a public health problem by 2020 is being achieved. The next target is the interruption of gambiense-HAT transmission in humans by 2030. To monitor progress towards this target, in areas where specialized local HAT control capacities will disappear, is a major challenge. Test specimens should be easily collectable and safely transportable such as dried blood spots (DBS). Monitoring tests performed in regional reference centres should be reliable, cheap and allow analysis of large numbers of specimens in a high-throughput format. The aim of this study was to assess the analytical sensitivity of Loopamp, M18S quantitative real-time PCR (M18S qPCR) and TgsGP qPCR as molecular diagnostic tests for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in DBS. The sensitivity of the Loopamp test, with a detection limit of 100 trypanosomes/mL, was in the range of parasitaemias commonly observed in HAT patients, while detection limits for M18S and TgsGP qPCR were respectively 1000 and 10,000 trypanosomes/mL. None of the tests was entirely suitable for high-throughput use and further development and implementation of sensitive high-throughput molecular tools for monitoring HAT elimination are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Franck Alfred Compaoré
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, 11 BP 218, Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Justin Windingoudi Kaboré
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Oumou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mohamed Bamba
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hassane Sakande
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Minayégninrin Koné
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouake, West Africa
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouake, West Africa
| | - Adrien Marie Gaston Belem
- Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouake, West Africa; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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13
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Taylor EM. NTD Diagnostics for Disease Elimination: A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E375. [PMID: 32517108 PMCID: PMC7344624 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) marked out for disease elimination provide a lens through which to explore the changing status of diagnosis in global health. This paper reports on the findings of a scoping review, which set out to explore the main debates around diagnosis for the elimination of NTDs, including the multiple roles diagnostic technologies are being ascribed and the ideal characteristics of tests. It also attempts to summarise the state of diagnosis for three NTDs with elimination goals. The review places special emphasis on point-of-care testing in acknowledgement of the remote and underserved areas where NTDs proliferate. Early NTD campaigns were largely focused on attack phase planning, whereby a similar set of interventions could be transplanted anywhere. Now, with elimination goals in sight, strategies must be tailored to local settings if they are to attain and sustain success. Diagnostic data helps with local adaptation and is increasingly used for programmatic decision-making. The review finds that elimination goals reframe whom diagnosis is for and the myriad roles diagnostics can play. The exigencies of elimination also serve to highlight deficiencies in the current diagnostic arsenal and development pipeline for many NTDs. Moving forward, a guiding framework is needed to drive research and stimulate investment in diagnosis to support NTD goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Michelle Taylor
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, UK
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14
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Matovu E, Katiti D, Kitibwa A, Kazibwe A, Kato CD, Biéler S, Ndung'u JM. Optimisation of template preparation and laboratory evaluation of the Loopamp™ Trypanosoma brucei kit for detection of parasite DNA in blood. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107844. [PMID: 32119932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Loopamp™ Trypanosoma brucei Detection Kit is the latest addition of molecular techniques for amplification of parasite DNA in biological materials. We have evaluated the kit on a number of preparations of crude templates from the blood of experimentally infected rodents, to provide the best option that can be extrapolated to resource-poor healthcare settings where human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is endemic. We used rodent blood spiked with T. b. brucei at various serial dilutions to test whole blood, that was concentrated by differential lysis of red blood cells (RBCs) followed by centrifugation, or buffy coat samples recovered from whole blood after centrifugation. We also tested crude templates produced after lysis of blood with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or Triton X, and storage for up to 28 days at room temperature after spotting on filter paper or glass slides. Concentration by RBC lysis provided the highest analytical sensitivity (0.04 trypanosomes/ml), closely followed by the much cheaper SDS at 0.1 trypanosomes/ml sensitivity. We also monitored the persistence of DNA in lysed blood dried onto filter papers by testing them weekly with the LAMP kit and by PCR for the 177bp repeats characteristic of the T. brucei subspecies. At a concentration of 100 trypanosomes/ml, signals indicating presence of parasite DNA could be detected up to week 10, while at 10 trypanosomes/ml detection of signals was limited to week 4. Thus, an ordinary filter paper provides a convenient medium for preservation of trypanosome DNA at ambient conditions for use with the LAMP kit in the short run. Lysis of samples with SDS enhanced sensitivity by facilitating parasite DNA availability. This opens the avenue to incorporate LAMP in routine algorithms for HAT diagnosis and surveillance, as well as for monitoring elimination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dianah Katiti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Annah Kitibwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - AnneJ Kazibwe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Mathu Ndung'u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Attardo GM, Abd-Alla AMM, Acosta-Serrano A, Allen JE, Bateta R, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Caers J, Caljon G, Christensen MB, Farrow DW, Friedrich M, Hua-Van A, Jennings EC, Larkin DM, Lawson D, Lehane MJ, Lenis VP, Lowy-Gallego E, Macharia RW, Malacrida AR, Marco HG, Masiga D, Maslen GL, Matetovici I, Meisel RP, Meki I, Michalkova V, Miller WJ, Minx P, Mireji PO, Ometto L, Parker AG, Rio R, Rose C, Rosendale AJ, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G, Schoofs L, Scolari F, Swain MT, Takáč P, Tomlinson C, Tsiamis G, Van Den Abbeele J, Vigneron A, Wang J, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Weiss BL, Wilson RK, Zhao X, Aksoy S. Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes. Genome Biol 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31477173 PMCID: PMC6721284 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity. RESULTS Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. CONCLUSIONS Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Allen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David W Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasileios P Lenis
- Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ernesto Lowy-Gallego
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosaline W Macharia
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irene Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya.,Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Peter Takáč
- Department of Animal Systematics, Ústav zoológie SAV; Scientica, Ltd, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Etoloakarnania, Greece
| | | | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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16
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Attardo GM, Abd-Alla AMM, Acosta-Serrano A, Allen JE, Bateta R, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Caers J, Caljon G, Christensen MB, Farrow DW, Friedrich M, Hua-Van A, Jennings EC, Larkin DM, Lawson D, Lehane MJ, Lenis VP, Lowy-Gallego E, Macharia RW, Malacrida AR, Marco HG, Masiga D, Maslen GL, Matetovici I, Meisel RP, Meki I, Michalkova V, Miller WJ, Minx P, Mireji PO, Ometto L, Parker AG, Rio R, Rose C, Rosendale AJ, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G, Schoofs L, Scolari F, Swain MT, Takáč P, Tomlinson C, Tsiamis G, Van Den Abbeele J, Vigneron A, Wang J, Warren WC, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Weiss BL, Wilson RK, Zhao X, Aksoy S. Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes. Genome Biol 2019; 20:187. [PMID: 31477173 DOI: 10.1101/531749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity. RESULTS Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. CONCLUSIONS Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - James E Allen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David W Farrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasileios P Lenis
- Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ernesto Lowy-Gallego
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Rosaline W Macharia
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gareth L Maslen
- VectorBase, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Irina Matetovici
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irene Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology - Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Peter Takáč
- Department of Animal Systematics, Ústav zoológie SAV; Scientica, Ltd, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Etoloakarnania, Greece
| | | | - Aurelien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Barrett MP. The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis is in sight: Report from the third WHO stakeholders meeting on elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006925. [PMID: 30521522 PMCID: PMC6283460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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18
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Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 2017; 390:2397-2409. [PMID: 28673422 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a parasitic infection that almost invariably progresses to death unless treated. Human African trypanosomiasis caused devastating epidemics during the 20th century. Thanks to sustained and coordinated efforts over the past 15 years, the number of reported cases has fallen to an historically low level. Fewer than 3000 cases were reported in 2015, and the disease is targeted for elimination by WHO. Despite these recent successes, the disease is still endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where it is a considerable burden on rural communities, most notably in central Africa. Since patients are also reported from non-endemic countries, human African trypanosomiasis should be considered in differential diagnosis for travellers, tourists, migrants, and expatriates who have visited or lived in endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine, disease control relies on case detection and treatment, and vector control. Available drugs are suboptimal, but ongoing clinical trials provide hope for safer and simpler treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- UMR INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Gerardo Priotto
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland
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Aksoy S, Buscher P, Lehane M, Solano P, Van Den Abbeele J. Human African trypanosomiasis control: Achievements and challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005454. [PMID: 28426685 PMCID: PMC5398477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping sickness, also known as human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a neglected disease that impacts 70 million people living in 1.55 million km2 in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been multiple HAT epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa, with the most recent epidemic in the 1990s resulting in about half a million HAT cases reported between 1990 and 2015. Here we review the status of HAT disease at the current time and the toolbox available for its control. We also highlight future opportunities under development towards novel or improved interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Phillipe Buscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mike Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Solano
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Evaluation of Antigens for Development of a Serological Test for Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168074. [PMID: 27936225 PMCID: PMC5148118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control and elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) can be accelerated through the use of diagnostic tests that are more accurate and easier to deploy. The goal of this work was to evaluate the immuno-reactivity of antigens and identify candidates to be considered for development of a simple serological test for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense infections, ideally both. Methodology/Principal Findings The reactivity of 35 antigens was independently evaluated by slot blot and ELISA against sera from both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense infected patients and controls. The antigens that were most reactive by both tests to T. b. gambiense sera were the membrane proteins VSG LiTat 1.3, VSG LiTat 1.5 and ISG64. Reactivity to T. b. rhodesiense sera was highest with VSG LiTat 1.3, VSG LiTat 1.5 and SRA, although much lower than with T. b. gambiense samples. The reactivity of all possible combinations of antigens was also calculated. When the slot blot results of 2 antigens were paired, a VSG LiTat 1.3- ISG75 combination performed best on T. b. gambiense sera, while a VSG LiTat 1.3-VSG LiTat 1.5 combination was the most reactive using ELISA. A combination of SRA and either VSG LiTat 1.3 or VSG LiTat 1.5 had the highest reactivity on T. b. rhodesiense sera according to slot blot, while in ELISA, pairing SRA with either GM6 or VSG LiTat 1.3 yielded the best results. Conclusions This study identified antigens that were highly reactive to T. b. gambiense sera, which could be considered for developing a serological test for gambiense HAT, either individually or in combination. Antigens with potential for inclusion in a test for T. b. rhodesiense HAT were also identified, but because their reactivity was comparatively lower, a search for additional antigens would be required before developing a test for this form of the disease.
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21
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Rooney B, Piening T, Büscher P, Rogé S, Smales CM. Expression of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Antigens in Leishmania tarentolae. Potential for Use in Rapid Serodiagnostic Tests (RDTs). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004271. [PMID: 26650813 PMCID: PMC4674146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of rapid serodiagnostic tests for sleeping sickness and other diseases caused by kinetoplastids relies on the affordable production of parasite-specific recombinant antigens. Here, we describe the production of recombinant antigens from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b. gambiense) in the related species Leishmania tarentolae (L. tarentolae), and compare their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to native antigens currently used in diagnostic kits against a panel of human sera. A number of T.b. gambiense protein antigen candidates were chosen for recombinant expression in L. tarentolae based on current diagnostics in field use and recent findings on immunodiagnostic antigens found by proteomic profiling. In particular, the extracellular domains of invariant surface glycoprotein 65 (ISG65), variant surface glycoproteins VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5 were fused with C-terminal histidine tags and expressed as soluble proteins in the medium of cultured, recombinant L. tarentolae. Using affinity chromatography, on average 10 mg/L of recombinant protein was purified from cultures and subsequently tested against a panel of sera from sleeping sickness patients from controls, i.e. persons without sleeping sickness living in HAT endemic countries. The evaluation on sera from 172 T.b. gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients and from 119 controls showed very high diagnostic potential of the two recombinant VSG and the rISG65 fragments with areas under the curve between 0.97 and 0.98 compared to 0.98 and 0.99 with native VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5 (statistically not different). Evaluation on sera from 78 T.b. rhodesiense HAT patients and from 100 controls showed an acceptable diagnostic potential of rISG65 with an area under the curve of 0.83. These results indicate that a combination of these recombinant antigens has the potential to be used in next generation rapid serodiagnostic tests. In addition, the L. tarentolae expression system enables simple, cheap and efficient production of recombinant kinetoplatid proteins for use in diagnostic, vaccine and drug discovery research that does not rely on animal use to generate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Rooney
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BR); (CMS)
| | - Turid Piening
- Medecins sans Frontieres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stijn Rogé
- Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - C. Mark Smales
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BR); (CMS)
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