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Volatier T, Cursiefen C, Notara M. Current Advances in Corneal Stromal Stem Cell Biology and Therapeutic Applications. Cells 2024; 13:163. [PMID: 38247854 PMCID: PMC10814767 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs) are of particular interest in regenerative ophthalmology, offering a new therapeutic target for corneal injuries and diseases. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CSSCs, exploring their anatomy, functions, and role in maintaining corneal integrity. Molecular markers, wound healing mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. Global corneal blindness, especially in more resource-limited regions, underscores the need for innovative solutions. Challenges posed by corneal defects, emphasizing the urgent need for advanced therapeutic interventions, are discussed. The review places a spotlight on exosome therapy as a potential therapy. CSSC-derived exosomes exhibit significant potential for modulating inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and addressing corneal transparency. Additionally, the rejuvenation potential of CSSCs through epigenetic reprogramming adds to the evolving regenerative landscape. The imperative for clinical trials and human studies to seamlessly integrate these strategies into practice is emphasized. This points towards a future where CSSC-based therapies, particularly leveraging exosomes, play a central role in diversifying ophthalmic regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volatier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Zhang N, Shu L, Liu Z, Shi A, Zhao L, Huang S, Sheng G, Yan Z, Song Y, Huang F, Tang Y, Zhang Z. The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1336685. [PMID: 38269274 PMCID: PMC10805838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1336685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that originates from the biliary system. With restricted treatment options at hand, the challenging aspect of early CCA diagnosis leads to a bleak prognosis. Besides the intrinsic characteristics of tumor cells, the generation and progression of CCA are profoundly influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which engages in intricate interactions with cholangiocarcinoma cells. Of notable significance is the role of extracellular vesicles as key carriers in enabling communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research examining the interplay between extracellular vesicles and the tumor microenvironment in the context of CCA. Specifically, we will emphasize the significant contributions of extracellular vesicles in molding the CCA microenvironment and explore their potential applications in the diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and therapeutic strategies for this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhuang Shu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Anda Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoli Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangdi Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongchang Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Characteristics as Biomarkers of Resectability and Radicality of Surgical Resection in Pancreatic Cancer-A Prospective Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030605. [PMID: 36765562 PMCID: PMC9913838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to possible diagnostic misjudgment of tumor resectability, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) might be exposed to non-radical resection or unnecessary laparotomy. With small extracellular vesicles (sEV) obtained by liquid biopsy, we aimed to evaluate their potential as biomarkers of tumor resectability, radicality of resection and overall survival (OS). Our prospective study included 83 PDAC patients undergoing surgery with curative intent followed-up longitudinally. sEV were isolated from plasma, and their concentration and size were determined. Fifty patients underwent PDAC resection, and thirty-three had no resection. Preoperatively, patients undergoing resection had higher sEV concentrations than those without resection (p = 0.023). Resection was predicted at the cutoff value of 1.88 × 109/mL for preoperative sEV concentration (p = 0.023) and the cutoff value of 194.8 nm for preoperative mean diameter (p = 0.057). Furthermore, patients with R0 resection demonstrated higher preoperative plasma sEV concentrations than patients with R1/R2 resection (p = 0.014). If sEV concentration was above 1.88 × 109/mL or if the mean diameter was below 194.8 nm, patients had significantly longer OS (p = 0.018 and p = 0.030, respectively). Our proof-of-principle study identified preoperative sEV characteristics as putative biomarkers of feasibility and radicality of PDAC resection that also enable discrimination of patients with worse OS. Liquid biopsy with sEV could aid in PDAC patient stratification and treatment optimization in the future.
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Rackles E, Lopez PH, Falcon-Perez JM. Extracellular vesicles as source for the identification of minimally invasive molecular signatures in glioblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:148-159. [PMID: 36375777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a source of cancer biomarkers is an emerging field since low-invasive biomarkers are highly demanded. EVs constitute a heterogeneous population of small membrane-contained vesicles that are present in most of body fluids. They are released by all cell types, including cancer cells and their cargo consists of nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites and varies depending on the biological-pathological state of the secretory cell. Therefore, EVs are considered as a potential source of reliable biomarkers for cancer. EV biomarkers in liquid biopsy can be a valuable tool to complement current medical technologies for cancer diagnosis, as their sampling is minimally invasive and can be repeated over time to monitor disease progression. In this review, we highlight the advances in EV biomarker research for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring. We especially focus on EV derived biomarkers for glioblastoma. The diagnosis and monitoring of glioblastoma still relies on imaging techniques, which are not sufficient to reflect the highly heterogenous and invasive nature of glioblastoma. Therefore, we discuss how the use of EV biomarkers could overcome the challenges faced in diagnosis and monitoring of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rackles
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
| | - Patricia Hernández Lopez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain; Metabolomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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Liu C, Li Y, Han G. Advances of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Released Extracellular Vesicles in Periodontal Bone Remodeling. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:935-950. [PMID: 36315196 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles that include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies; they interact with target cell surface receptors and transport contents, including mRNA, proteins, and enzymes into the cytoplasm of target cells to function. The biological fingerprints of EVs practically mirror those of the parental cells they originated from. In the bone remodeling microenvironment, EVs could act on osteoblasts to regulate the bone formation, promote osteoclast differentiation, and regulate bone resorption. Therefore, there have been many attempts wherein EVs were used to achieve targeted therapy in bone-related diseases. Periodontitis, a common bacterial infectious disease, could cause severe alveolar bone resorption, resulting in tooth loss, whereas research on periodontal bone regeneration is also an urgent question. Therefore, EVs-related studies are important for periodontal bone remodeling. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mesenchymal stem cell-EVs involved in periodontal bone remodeling and explore the functional gene expression through a comparative analysis of transcriptomic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Desjardins P, Berthiaume R, Couture C, Le-Bel G, Roy V, Gros-Louis F, Moulin VJ, Proulx S, Chemtob S, Germain L, Guérin SL. Impact of Exosomes Released by Different Corneal Cell Types on the Wound Healing Properties of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12201. [PMID: 36293057 PMCID: PMC9602716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal wound healing involves communication between the different cell types that constitute the three cellular layers of the cornea (epithelium, stroma and endothelium), a process ensured in part by a category of extracellular vesicles called exosomes. In the present study, we isolated exosomes released by primary cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs), corneal fibroblasts (hCFs) and corneal endothelial cells (hCEnCs) and determined whether they have wound healing characteristics of their own and to which point they modify the genetic and proteomic pattern of these cell types. Exosomes released by all three cell types significantly accelerated wound closure of scratch-wounded hCECs in vitro compared to controls (without exosomes). Profiling of activated kinases revealed that exosomes from human corneal cells caused the activation of signal transduction mediators that belong to the HSP27, STAT, β-catenin, GSK-3β and p38 pathways. Most of all, data from gene profiling analyses indicated that exosomes, irrespective of their cellular origin, alter a restricted subset of genes that are completely different between each targeted cell type (hCECs, hCFS, hCEnCs). Analysis of the genes specifically differentially regulated for a given cell-type in the microarray data using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed that the mean gene expression profile of hCECs cultured in the presence of exosomes would likely promote cell proliferation and migration whereas it would reduce differentiation when compared to control cells. Collectively, our findings represent a conceptual advance in understanding the mechanisms of corneal wound repair that may ultimately open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve closure of corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Desjardins
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rébecca Berthiaume
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Camille Couture
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Le-Bel
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincent Roy
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Véronique J. Moulin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Proulx
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Sedej I, Štalekar M, Tušek Žnidarič M, Goričar K, Kojc N, Kogovšek P, Dolžan V, Arnol M, Lenassi M. Extracellular vesicle-bound DNA in urine is indicative of kidney allograft injury. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12268. [PMID: 36149031 PMCID: PMC9503341 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle‐bound DNA (evDNA) is an understudied extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo, particularly in cancer‐unrelated research. Although evDNA has been detected in urine, little is known about its characteristics, localization, and biomarker potential for kidney pathologies. To address this, we enriched EVs from urine of well‐characterized kidney transplant recipients undergoing allograft biopsy, characterized their evDNA and its association to allograft injury. The SEC‐based method enriched pure EVs from urine of kidney transplant recipients, regardless of the allograft injury. Urinary evDNA represented up to 29.2 ± 8% (mean ± SD) of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) and correlated with cfDNA in several characteristics but was less fragmented (P < 0.001). Importantly, using DNase treatment and immunogold labelling TEM, we demonstrated that evDNA was bound to the surface of urinary EVs. Normalised evDNA yield (P = 0.042) and evDNA copy number (P = 0.027) significantly differed between patients with normal histology, rejection injury and non‐rejection injury, the later groups having significantly larger uEVs (mean diameter, P = 0.045) and more DNA bound per uEV. ddDNA is detectable in uEV samples of kidney allograft recipients, but its quantity is highly variable. In a proof‐of‐principle study, several evDNA characteristics correlated with clinical and histological parameters (P = 0.040), supporting that the potential of evDNA as a biomarker for kidney allograft injury should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Sedej
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Štalekar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nika Kojc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Kogovšek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Arnol
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles enriched serum associated with future ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24024. [PMID: 34912031 PMCID: PMC8674262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying new biomarkers beyond the established risk factors that make it possible to predict and prevent ischemic stroke has great significance. Extracellular vesicles are powerful cell‒cell messengers, containing disease-specific biomolecules, which makes them powerful diagnostic candidates. Therefore, this study aimed to identify proteins derived from extracellular vesicles enriched serum related to future ischemic stroke events, using a proteomic method. Of Japanese subjects who voluntarily participated in health checkups at our institute a number of times, 10 subjects (6 males and 4 females, age: 64.2 ± 3.9 years) who developed symptomatic ischemic stroke (7.3 ± 4.4 years’ follow-up) and 10 age‒sex matched controls without brain lesions (6.7 ± 2.8 years’ follow-up) were investigated. Extracellular vesicles enriched fractions were derived from serum collected at the baseline visit. Differentially expressed proteins were evaluated using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute protein quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis. Of the 29 proteins identified, alpha-2-macroglobulin, complement C1q subcomponent subunit B, complement C1r subcomponent, and histidine-rich glycoprotein were significantly upregulated (2.21-, 2.15-, 2.24-, and 2.16-fold, respectively) in subjects with future ischemic stroke, as compared with controls. Our study supports the concept of serum-derived extracellular vesicles enriched fractions as biomarkers for new-onset stroke. These proteins may be useful for prediction or for targeted therapy.
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10
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Exosomes, extracellular vesicles and the eye. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108892. [PMID: 34896308 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles which accommodate a cargo of bioactive biomolecules that generally includes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and related conjugates depicting the cellular environment and are known to mediate a wide array of biological functions, like cellular communication, cellular differentiation, immunomodulation, neovascularization, and cellular waste management. The exponential implication of exosomes in the pathological development and progression of various disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer has offered a tremendous opportunity for exploring their role in ocular conditions. Ocular diseases such as age-related macular disease, glaucoma, infectious endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, autoimmune uveitis etc face various challenges in their early diagnosis and treatments due to contributing factors such as delay in the onset of symptoms, microbial identification, difficulty in obtaining samples for biopsy or being diagnosed as masquerade syndromes. Studies have reported unique exosomal cargos that are involved in successful delivery of miRNA or proteins to recipient cells to express desired expression or exploited as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Furthermore, engineered exosomes can be used for targeted delivery of therapeutics and exosomes being natural nanoparticles found in all types of cells, host may not elicit an immune response against it. With the rapid advancement of opting personalized therapeutics, extending exosomal research to sight-threatening ocular infections can possibly advance the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review briefs about the current knowledge of exosomes in visual systems, advancements in exosomal and ophthalmic research, participation of exosomes in the pathogenesis of common ocular diseases, the challenges for exosomal therapies along with the future of this promising domain of research for diseases that fatally threaten billions of people worldwide.
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Holcar M, Kandušer M, Lenassi M. Blood Nanoparticles - Influence on Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Characterization. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:773844. [PMID: 34867406 PMCID: PMC8635996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.773844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is a rich source of disease biomarkers, which include extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nanometer-to micrometer-sized spherical particles that are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer and are secreted by most cell types. EVs reflect the physiological cell of origin in terms of their molecular composition and biophysical characteristics, and they accumulate in blood even when released from remote organs or tissues, while protecting their cargo from degradation. The molecular components (e.g., proteins, miRNAs) and biophysical characteristics (e.g., size, concentration) of blood EVs have been studied as biomarkers of cancers and neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. However, most biomarker studies do not address the problem of contaminants in EV isolates from blood plasma, and how these might affect downstream EV analysis. Indeed, nonphysiological EVs, protein aggregates, lipoproteins and viruses share many molecular and/or biophysical characteristics with EVs, and can therefore co-isolate with EVs from blood plasma. Consequently, isolation and downstream analysis of EVs from blood plasma remain a unique challenge, with important impacts on the outcomes of biomarker studies. To help improve rigor, reproducibility, and reliability of EV biomarker studies, we describe here the major contaminants of EV isolates from blood plasma, and we report on how different EV isolation methods affect their levels, and how contaminants that remain can affect the interpretation of downstream EV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Holcar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Kandušer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Goričar K, Holcar M, Mavec N, Kovač V, Lenassi M, Dolžan V. Extracellular Vesicle Enriched miR-625-3p Is Associated with Survival of Malignant Mesothelioma Patients. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11101014. [PMID: 34683154 PMCID: PMC8538530 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is characterized by poor prognosis and short survival. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released from cells into various body fluids, and their molecular composition reflects the characteristics of the origin cell. Blood EVs or their miRNA cargo might serve as new minimally invasive biomarkers that would enable earlier detection of MM or treatment outcome prediction. Our aim was to evaluate miRNAs enriched in serum EVs as potential prognostic biomarkers in MM patients in a pilot longitudinal study. EVs were isolated from serum samples obtained before and after treatment using ultracentrifugation on 20% sucrose cushion. Serum EV-enriched miR-103-3p, miR-126-3p and miR-625-3p were quantified using qPCR. After treatment, expression of miR-625-3p and miR-126-3p significantly increased in MM patients with poor treatment outcome (p = 0.012 and p = 0.036, respectively). A relative increase in miR-625-3p expression after treatment for more than 3.2% was associated with shorter progression-free survival (7.5 vs. 19.4 months, HR = 3.92, 95% CI = 1.20-12.80, p = 0.024) and overall survival (12.5 vs. 49.1 months, HR = 5.45, 95% CI = 1.06-28.11, p = 0.043) of MM patients. Bioinformatic analysis showed enrichment of 33 miR-625-3p targets in eight biological pathways. Serum EV-enriched miR-625-3p could therefore serve as a prognostic biomarker in MM and could contribute to a more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Goričar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.H.); (N.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Marija Holcar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.H.); (N.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Nina Mavec
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.H.); (N.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Viljem Kovač
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.H.); (N.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.H.); (N.M.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-543-76
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13
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Tiwari A, Singh A, Verma S, Stephenson S, Bhowmick T, Sangwan VS. Mini Review: Current Trends and Understanding of Exosome Therapeutic Potential in Corneal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:684712. [PMID: 34489693 PMCID: PMC8417240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.684712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most cell types. They are nanosized EVs ranging from 30 to 150 nm. The membrane-enclosed bodies originate by the process of endocytosis and mainly comprise DNA, RNA, protein, and lipids. Exosomes not only act as cell-to-cell communication signaling mediators but also have the potential to act as biomarkers for clinical application and as a promising carrier for drug delivery. Unfortunately, the purification methods for exosomes remain an obstacle. While most of the exosome researches are mainly focused on cancer, there are limited studies highlighting the importance of exosomes in ocular biology, specifically cornea-associated pathologies. Here, we summarize a brief description of exosome biogenesis, roles of exosomes and exosome-based therapies in corneal pathologies, and exosome bioengineering for tissue-specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Tiwari
- Department of Cornea and Uveitis, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aastha Singh
- Department of Cornea and Uveitis, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Verma
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College (University of Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Sarah Stephenson
- Pandorum Technologies Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bangalore, India.,Department of Surgery/Division of Transplant Surgery, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- Pandorum Technologies Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bangalore, India
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Lim KM, Dayem AA, Choi Y, Lee Y, An J, Gil M, Lee S, Kwak HJ, Vellingirl B, Shin HJ, Cho SG. High Therapeutic and Esthetic Properties of Extracellular Vesicles Produced from the Stem Cells and Their Spheroids Cultured from Ocular Surgery-Derived Waste Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081292. [PMID: 34439540 PMCID: PMC8389225 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are paracrine factors that mediate stem cell therapeutics. We aimed at evaluating the possible therapeutic and esthetic applications of EVs prepared from the waste human facial tissue-derived orbicularis oculi muscle stem cells (OOM-SCs). OOM-SCs were isolated from the ocular tissues (from elders and youngsters) after upper eyelid blepharoplasty or epiblepharon surgeries. EVs were prepared from the OOM-SCs (OOM-SC-EVs) and their three-dimensional spheroids. OOM-SCs showed a spindle-like morphology with trilineage differentiation capacity, positive expression of CD105, CD 90, and CD73, and negative expression of CD45 and CD34, and their stem cell properties were compared with other adult mesenchymal stem cells. OOM-SC-EVs showed a high inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells by blocking tyrosinase activity. OOM-SC-EVs treatment led to a significant attenuation of senescence-associated changes, a decrease in reactive oxygen species generation, and an upregulation of antioxidant genes. We demonstrated the regeneration activity of OOM-SC-EVs in in vitro wound healing of normal human dermal fibroblasts and upregulation of anti-wrinkle-related genes and confirmed the therapeutic potential of OOM-SC-EVs in the healing of the in vivo wound model. Our study provides promising therapeutic and esthetic applications of OOM-SC-EVs, which can be obtained from the ocular surgery-derived waste human facial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Lim
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Yujin Choi
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Jongyub An
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Minchan Gil
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Soobin Lee
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hee Jeong Kwak
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Balachandar Vellingirl
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046, India;
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.S.); (S.-G.C.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.M.L.); (A.A.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.A.); (M.G.); (S.L.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.J.S.); (S.-G.C.)
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15
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Kameli N, Dragojlovic-Kerkache A, Savelkoul P, Stassen FR. Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings, Challenges, and Future Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060411. [PMID: 34072600 PMCID: PMC8226527 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have gained the interest of many experts in fields such as microbiology and immunology, and research in this field has exponentially increased. These nano-sized particles have provided researchers with a number of interesting findings, making their application in human health and disease very promising. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PDEVs can exhibit a multitude of effects, suggesting that these vesicles may have many potential future applications, including therapeutics and nano-delivery of compounds. While the preliminary results are promising, there are still some challenges to face, such as a lack of protocol standardization, as well as knowledge gaps that need to be filled. This review aims to discuss various aspects of PDEV knowledge, including their preliminary findings, challenges, and future uses, giving insight into the complexity of conducting research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Kameli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anya Dragojlovic-Kerkache
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R. Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Gonzalez E, Azkargorta M, Garcia-Vallicrosa C, Prieto-Elordui J, Elortza F, Blanco-Sampascual S, Falcon-Perez JM. Could protein content of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles be useful to detect Cirrhosis in Alcoholic Liver Disease? Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1864-1877. [PMID: 34131392 PMCID: PMC8193259 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse has a high impact on the mortality and morbidity related to a great number of diseases and is responsible for the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). It remains challenging to detect and evaluate its severity, which is crucial for prognosis. In this work, we studied if urinary EVs (uEVs) could serve in diagnose and evaluate cirrhosis in ALD. To this purpose, uEVs characterization by cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and Western blotting (WB) was performed in a cohort of 21 controls and 21 cirrhotic patients. Then, proteomics of uEVs was carried out in a second cohort of 6 controls and 8 patients in order to identify new putative biomarkers for cirrhosis in ALD. Interestingly, uEVs concentration, size and protein composition were altered in cirrhotic patients. From a total of 1304 proteins identified in uEVs, 90 of them were found to be altered in cirrhotic patients. The results suggest that uEVs could be considered as a tool and a supplier of new biomarkers for cirrhosis in ALD, whose application would be especially relevant in chronic patients. Yet, further research is necessary to obtain more relevant result in clinical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Gonzalez
- Exosomes Laboratory. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Clara Garcia-Vallicrosa
- Exosomes Laboratory. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
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Goričar K, Dolžan V, Lenassi M. Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Tool Facilitating Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in Oncology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671298. [PMID: 33995103 PMCID: PMC8120271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers that can guide cancer therapy based on patients' individual cancer molecular signature can enable a more effective treatment with fewer adverse events. Data on actionable somatic mutations and germline genetic variants, studied by personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics, can be obtained from tumor tissue or blood samples. As tissue biopsy cannot reflect the heterogeneity of the tumor or its temporal changes, liquid biopsy is a promising alternative approach. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential source of biomarkers in liquid biopsy. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membrane bound particles, which are released from all cells and accumulate into body fluids. They contain various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (miRNA, mRNA, and DNA) and metabolites. In cancer, EV biomolecular composition and concentration are changed. Tumor EVs can promote the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, and contribute to transfer of oncogenic potential or drug resistance during chemotherapy. This makes them a promising source of minimally invasive biomarkers. A limited number of clinical studies investigated EVs to monitor cancer progression, tumor evolution or drug resistance and several putative EV-bound protein and RNA biomarkers were identified. This review is focused on EVs as novel biomarker source for personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics in oncology. As several pharmacogenes and genes associated with targeted therapy, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy were already detected in EVs, they might be used for fine-tuning personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Characteristics Correlate with Tumor Differentiation and Predict Overall Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Undergoing Surgery with Curative Intent. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020077. [PMID: 33525618 PMCID: PMC7910876 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Better preoperative characterization of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) would aid in treatment optimization. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are promising, largely unexplored biomarkers in PDAC. This study aimed to evaluate if plasma EV characteristics are associated with PDAC clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS). The prospective cohort included 34 PDAC patients undergoing surgery with curative intent. Patient data and plasma samples were collected preoperatively, intraoperatively and one month postoperatively. Small plasma EV (sEV) concentration and size were determined by nanoparticle-tracking analysis. A Mann-Whitney test, Spearman's rho and Cox regression were used in statistical analysis. Preoperatively, patients with poorly differentiated tumors had significantly larger plasma sEVs when compared to patients with well/moderately differentiated tumors (mean diameter 176.9 vs. 149.2 nm, p = 0.021), the sEV size even enabling discrimination of the two groups (AUC = 0.742, 95% CI = 0.560-0.923). Plasma sEV characteristics were also a predictor of OS in multivariable analysis. Patients with a more than 33.8% increase in sEV concentration after one month had 7.2 months shorter median OS (p = 0.002), while patients with a more than 28.0% decrease in sEV size had 9.2 months shorter median OS (p = 0.045). Plasma sEV concentration and size correlate with tumor differentiation and may predict OS in PDAC patients. In the future, plasma sEV characteristics could contribute to improved patient stratification for optimized treatment.
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García-Silva S, Gallardo M, Peinado H. DNA-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsy: Tiny Players With Big Potential? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:622579. [PMID: 33575258 PMCID: PMC7872099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gallardo
- H12O - CNIO Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Research Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Sun Y, Tao Q, Wu X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wang L. The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:756581. [PMID: 34764939 PMCID: PMC8576340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.756581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic methods for early detection results in patients losing the best treatment opportunity. Oral hypoglycemics and exogenous insulin replenishment are currently the most common therapeutic strategies, which only yield temporary glycemic control rather than curing the disease and its complications. Exosomes are nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules reflecting individual physiological status, regulating metabolism, and repairing damaged tissues. They function as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Considering that exosomes are bioactive molecules, can be obtained from body fluid, and have cell-type specificity, in this review, we highlight the multifold effects of exosomes in the pathology and therapy of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Qing Tao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Agudiez M, Martinez PJ, Martin-Lorenzo M, Heredero A, Santiago-Hernandez A, Molero D, Garcia-Segura JM, Aldamiz-Echevarria G, Alvarez-Llamas G. Analysis of urinary exosomal metabolites identifies cardiovascular risk signatures with added value to urine analysis. BMC Biol 2020; 18:192. [PMID: 33317539 PMCID: PMC7737341 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical atherosclerosis may result in fatal cardiovascular (CV) events, but the underlying mechanisms and molecular players leading to disease are not entirely understood. Thus, novel approaches capable of identifying the factors involved in pathological progression and providing a better understanding of the subjacent mechanisms are needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to have numerous biological functions, and their metabolome has recently generated interest as a source of novel biomarkers. The metabolic content of the exosomes has been so far unexplored in cardiovascular disease (CVD), and here, we developed an analytical strategy aimed at probing urinary exosomal metabolite content and its association to CV risk. RESULTS Direct analysis of the exosomes without metabolite extraction was evaluated by high-resolution magic angle spinning (1H HR-MAS). Other two methodologies for the analysis of exosomal metabolites by 1H NMR were set up, based on methanol or organic solvents sequential extraction. The three methods were compared in terms of the number of detected signals and signal to noise ratio (S/N). The methanol method was applied to identify altered metabolites in the urinary exosomes of subjects with programmed coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG) versus a control group. Target mass spectrometry (MS) was also performed for differential analysis. The clinical performance of exosomal metabolites of interest in CVD was investigated, and the added value of the exosomes compared to urine analysis was evaluated. Based on S/N ratio, simplicity, reproducibility, and quality of the spectrum, the methanol method was chosen for the study in CVD. A cardiometabolic signature composed by 4-aminohippuric acid, N-1-methylnicotinamide, and citric acid was identified in urinary exosomes. Directly in urine, 4-aminohippuric acid and citric acid do not show variation between groups and changes in N-1-methylnicotinamide are less pronounced, proving the added value of exosomes. CONCLUSIONS We set up a novel methodology to analyze metabolic alterations in urinary exosomes and identified a cardiometabolic signature in these microvesicles. This study constitutes the first evidence of a role for the exosomal metabolism in CVD and demonstrates the possibility to evaluate the urinary exosomal metabolic content by NMR and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Agudiez
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula J Martinez
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angeles Heredero
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Manuel Garcia-Segura
- CAI-RMN, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Alvarez-Llamas
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain. .,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Suri R, Neupane YR, Jain GK, Kohli K. Recent theranostic paradigms for the management of Age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105489. [PMID: 32717428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases of eye like Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), that affects the central portion of the retina (macula), is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide especially in the elderly population. It is classified mainly as wet and dry form. With expanding knowledge about the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, various treatment strategies are being employed to halt the course of the disease progression. Hitherto, there is no ideal therapy which can cure the disease completely, and targeting the posterior segment of the eye is yet another challenge. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advances in the management and treatment stratagems (therapies, delivery systems and diagnostic tools) pertaining to AMD viz. molecular targeting, stem cell therapy, nanotechnology and exosomes with special reference to newer technologies like artificial intelligence and 3D printing. Furthermore, the role of diet and nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of the disease has also been highlighted. The alarming increase in the said disorder around the globe demands exhaustive research and investigations in the treatment zone. This review thus additionally directs the attention towards the challenges and future perspectives of different treatment approaches for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshal Suri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 117559, Singapore
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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23
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Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma Present Specific RNA Profiles in Serum and Urine Extracellular Vesicles Mirroring the Tumor Expression: Novel Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030721. [PMID: 32183400 PMCID: PMC7140677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a group of heterogeneous biliary cancers with dismal prognosis. The etiologies of most CCAs are unknown, but primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor. Non-invasive diagnosis of CCA is challenging and accurate biomarkers are lacking. We aimed to characterize the transcriptomic profile of serum and urine extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with CCA, PSC, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy individuals. Serum and urine EVs were isolated by serial ultracentrifugations and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoblotting. EVs transcriptome was determined by Illumina gene expression array [messenger RNAs (mRNA) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)]. Differential RNA profiles were found in serum and urine EVs from patients with CCA compared to control groups (disease and healthy), showing high diagnostic capacity. The comparison of the mRNA profiles of serum or urine EVs from patients with CCA with the transcriptome of tumor tissues from two cohorts of patients, CCA cells in vitro, and CCA cells-derived EVs, identified 105 and 39 commonly-altered transcripts, respectively. Gene ontology analysis indicated that most commonly-altered mRNAs participate in carcinogenic steps. Overall, patients with CCA present specific RNA profiles in EVs mirroring the tumor, and constituting novel promising liquid biopsy biomarkers.
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24
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Li N, Zhao L, Wei Y, Ea VL, Nian H, Wei R. Recent advances of exosomes in immune-mediated eye diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 31470892 PMCID: PMC6716826 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm, are shed by almost all cell types. Bearing proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNAs, exosomes have emerged as vital biological mediators in cell-to-cell communication, affecting a plethora of physiological and pathological processes. Particularly, mounting evidence indicates that immunologically active exosomes can regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Herein, we review recent advances in the research of exosomes in several immune-mediated eye diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome (SS) dry eye, corneal allograft rejection, autoimmune uveitis, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Additionally, we discuss the potential of exosomes as novel biomarkers and drug delivery vesicles for the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No.251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No.251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No.251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Vicki L Ea
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No.251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No.251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No.251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Kosaka N, Kogure A, Yamamoto T, Urabe F, Usuba W, Prieto-Vila M, Ochiya T. Exploiting the message from cancer: the diagnostic value of extracellular vesicles for clinical applications. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 30872565 PMCID: PMC6418231 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is indispensable for the resolution of current medical issues, such as the cost of developing new drugs and predicting responses of patients to drugs. In this sense, not only the technology for liquid biopsy but also the target biomolecules for biomarkers need to be identified. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain various proteins, including membrane-bound proteins, and RNAs, including mRNA and long/short noncoding RNAs, have emerged as ideal targets for liquid biopsy. These complex biomolecules are covered by a lipid bilayer, which can protect them from degradation. In this review, we review current topics regarding EVs as cancer biomarkers and introduce technologies used for these recently emerged biomolecules. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small packets of proteins and RNAs secreted by cells and carried in the bloodstream, are promising diagnostic markers for cancer. Developing new markers that can be collected non-invasively can dramatically improve detection and treatment of cancer. EVs secreted by cells, including tumor cells, send messages to distant cells. EVs collected from blood samples can potentially be excellent disease markers. Takahiro Ochiya and Nobuyoshi Kosaka at Tokyo Medical University in Japan and co-workers have reviewed available EV technology. They report that tumors reliably secrete diagnostic EVs, revealing the origin and state of the tumor. Some EVs can even be used to predict whether a cancer might spread to another tissue. With improvement of methods for isolation and standardization, EVs could provide sensitive markers for early diagnosis of many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Department of Translational Research for Extracellular Vesicles, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kogure
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Urabe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Usuba
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Prieto-Vila
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Rosso L, Zanella A, Righi I, Barilani M, Lazzari L, Scotti E, Gori F, Mendogni P. Lung transplantation, ex-vivo reconditioning and regeneration: state of the art and perspectives. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S2423-S2430. [PMID: 30123580 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the only therapeutic option for end-stage pulmonary failure. Nevertheless, the shortage of donor pool available for transplantation does not allow to satisfy the requests, thus the mortality on the waiting list remains high. One of the tools to overcome the donor pool shortage is the use of ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) to preserve, evaluate and recondition selected lung grafts not otherwise suitable for transplantation. EVLP is nowadays a clinical reality and have several destinations of use. After a narrative review of the literature and looking at our experience we can assume that one of the chances to improve the outcome of lung transplantation and to overcome the donor pool shortage could be the tissue regeneration of the graft during EVLP and the immunomodulation of the recipient. Both these strategies are performed using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The results of the models of lung perfusion with MSC-based cell therapy open the way to a new innovative approach that further increases the potential for using of the lung perfusion platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rosso
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanella
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Righi
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Unit of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Unit of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scotti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Mendogni
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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27
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Gonzalez-Calero L, Martínez PJ, Martin-Lorenzo M, Baldan-Martin M, Ruiz-Hurtado G, de la Cuesta F, Calvo E, Segura J, Lopez JA, Vázquez J, Barderas MG, Ruilope LM, Vivanco F, Alvarez-Llamas G. Urinary exosomes reveal protein signatures in hypertensive patients with albuminuria. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44217-44231. [PMID: 28562335 PMCID: PMC5546475 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria is an indicator of cardiovascular risk and renal damage in hypertensive individuals. Chronic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) suppression facilitates blood pressure control and prevents development of new-onset-albuminuria. A significant number of patients, however, develop albuminuria despite chronic RAS blockade, and the physiopathological mechanisms are underexplored. Urinary exosomes reflect pathological changes taking place in the kidney. The objective of this work was to examine exosomal protein alterations in hypertensive patients with albuminuria in the presence of chronic RAS suppression, to find novel clues underlying its development. Patients were followed-up for three years and were classified as: a) patients with persistent normoalbuminuria; b) patients developing de novo albuminuria; and c) patients with maintained albuminuria. Exosomal protein alterations between groups were identified by isobaric tag quantitation (iTRAQ). Confirmation was approached by target analysis (SRM). In total, 487 proteins were identified with high confidence. Specifically, 48 proteins showed an altered pattern in response to hypertension and/or albuminuria. Out of them, 21 proteins interact together in three main functional clusters: glycosaminoglycan degradation, coagulation and complement system, and oxidative stress. The identified proteins constitute potential targets for drug development and may help to define therapeutic strategies to evade albuminuria progression in hypertensive patients chronically treated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula J Martínez
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigación Imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Cuesta
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Julian Segura
- Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigación Imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Vázquez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria G Barderas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Hypertension Unit, Instituto de Investigación Imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Vivanco
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, REDinREN, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Williams C, Royo F, Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Pazos R, Boons GJ, Reichardt NC, Falcon-Perez JM. Glycosylation of extracellular vesicles: current knowledge, tools and clinical perspectives. J Extracell Vesicles 2018. [PMID: 29535851 PMCID: PMC5844028 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1442985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now acknowledged that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important effectors in a vast number of biological processes through intercellular transfer of biomolecules. Increasing research efforts in the EV field have yielded an appreciation for the potential role of glycans in EV function. Indeed, recent reports show that the presence of glycoconjugates is involved in EV biogenesis, in cellular recognition and in the efficient uptake of EVs by recipient cells. It is clear that a full understanding of EV biology will require researchers to focus also on EV glycosylation through glycomics approaches. This review outlines the major glycomics techniques that have been applied to EVs in the context of the recent findings. Beyond understanding the mechanisms by which EVs mediate their physiological functions, glycosylation also provides opportunities by which to engineer EVs for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Studies characterising the glycan composition of EVs have highlighted glycome changes in various disease states, thus indicating potential for EV glycans as diagnostic markers. Meanwhile, glycans have been targeted as molecular handles for affinity-based isolation in both research and clinical contexts. An overview of current strategies to exploit EV glycosylation and a discussion of the implications of recent findings for the burgeoning EV industry follows the below review of glycomics and its application to EV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Williams
- Exosomes Laboratory. CIC bioGUNE, CIBER, Bizkaia, Spain.,Glycotechnology Laboratory, CIC BiomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory. CIC bioGUNE, CIBER, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola
- Exosomes Laboratory. CIC bioGUNE, CIBER, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Pazos
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, CIC BiomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory. CIC bioGUNE, CIBER, Bizkaia, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
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29
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Mleczko J, Ortega FJ, Falcon‐Perez JM, Wabitsch M, Fernandez‐Real JM, Mora S. Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Adipocytes and Obese Subjects Reduce Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:1700917. [PMID: 29292863 PMCID: PMC5887919 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We investigate the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from in vitro adipocyte cell models and from obese subjects on glucose transport and insulin responsiveness. METHODS AND RESULTS EVs are isolated from the culture supernatant of adipocytes cultured under normoxia, hypoxia (1% oxygen), or exposed to macrophage conditioned media (15% v/v). EVs are isolated from the plasma of lean individuals and subjects with obesity. Cultured adipocytes are incubated with EVs and activation of insulin signalling cascades and insulin-stimulated glucose transport are measured. EVs released from hypoxic adipocytes impair insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake and reduce insulin mediated phosphorylation of AKT. Insulin-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2) is not affected. EVs from individuals with obesity decrease insulin stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake in adipocytes (p = 0.0159). CONCLUSION EVs released by stressed adipocytes impair insulin action in neighboring adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mleczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- CIC bioGUNECIBERehdDerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Francisco J. Ortega
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Dept Diabetes Endocrinology and NutritionInstitut Investigacio Biomedica Girona (IdibGI)GironaSpain
- CIBER Obesidad (CIBERObn)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | | | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity of UlmGermany
| | - Jose Manuel Fernandez‐Real
- Dept Diabetes Endocrinology and NutritionInstitut Investigacio Biomedica Girona (IdibGI)GironaSpain
- CIBER Obesidad (CIBERObn)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Silvia Mora
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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30
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Arbelaiz A, Azkargorta M, Krawczyk M, Santos-Laso A, Lapitz A, Perugorria MJ, Erice O, Gonzalez E, Jimenez-Agüero R, Lacasta A, Ibarra C, Sanchez-Campos A, Jimeno JP, Lammert F, Milkiewicz P, Marzioni M, Macias RIR, Marin JJG, Patel T, Gores GJ, Martinez I, Elortza F, Falcon-Perez JM, Bujanda L, Banales JM. Serum extracellular vesicles contain protein biomarkers for primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2017; 66:1125-1143. [PMID: 28555885 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) includes a heterogeneous group of biliary cancers with poor prognosis. Several conditions, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are risk factors. Noninvasive differential diagnosis between intrahepatic CCA and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sometimes difficult. Accurate noninvasive biomarkers for PSC, CCA, and HCC are not available. In the search for novel biomarkers, serum extracellular vesicles (EV) were isolated from CCA (n = 43), PSC (n = 30), or HCC (n = 29) patients and healthy individuals (control, n = 32); and their protein content was characterized. By using nanoparticle tracking analysis, serum EV concentration was found to be higher in HCC than in all the other groups. Round morphology (by transmission electron microscopy), size (∼180 nm diameter by nanoparticle tracking analysis), and markers (clusters of differentiation 9, 63, and 81 by immunoblot) indicated that most serum EV were exosomes. Proteome profiles (by mass spectrometry) revealed multiple differentially expressed proteins among groups. Several of these proteins showed high diagnostic values with maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.878 for CCA versus control, 0.905 for CCA stage I-II versus control, 0.789 for PSC versus control, 0.806 for noncirhottic PSC versus control, 0.796 for CCA versus PSC, 0.956 for CCA stage I-II versus PSC, 0.904 for HCC versus control, and 0.894 for intrahepatic CCA versus HCC. Proteomic analysis of EV derived from CCA human cells in vitro revealed higher abundance of oncogenic proteins compared to EV released by normal human cholangiocytes. Orthotopic implant of CCA human cells in the liver of immunodeficient mice resulted in the release to serum of EV containing some similar human oncogenic proteins. CONCLUSION Proteomic signatures found in serum EV of CCA, PSC, and HCC patients show potential usefulness as diagnostic tools. (Hepatology 2017;66:1125-1143).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Arbelaiz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Lapitz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Raul Jimenez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adelaida Lacasta
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Félix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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31
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Panteleev MA, Abaeva AA, Balandina AN, Belyaev AV, Nechipurenko DY, Obydennyi SI, Sveshnikova AN, Shibeko AM, Ataullakhanov FI. Extracellular vesicles of blood plasma: content, origin, and properties. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747817030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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A method for extracting and characterizing RNA from urine: For downstream PCR and RNAseq analysis. Anal Biochem 2017; 536:8-15. [PMID: 28803886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Readily accessible samples such as urine or blood are seemingly ideal for differentiating and stratifying patients; however, it has proven a daunting task to identify reliable biomarkers in such samples. Noncoding RNA holds great promise as a source of biomarkers distinguishing physiologic wellbeing or illness. Current methods to isolate and characterize RNA molecules in urine are limited. In this proof of concept study, we present a method to extract and identify small noncoding RNAs in urine. Initially, quantitative reverse transcription PCR was applied to confirm the presence of microRNAs in total RNA extracted from urine. Once the presence of micro RNA in urine was confirmed, we developed a method to scale up RNA extraction to provide adequate amounts of RNA for next generation sequence analysis. The method described in this study is applicable to detecting a broad range of small noncoding RNAs in urine; thus, they have wide applicability for health and disease analyses.
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Conway de Macario E, Logozzi M, Fais S, Campanella C. Exosomal HSP60: a potentially useful biomarker for diagnosis, assessing prognosis, and monitoring response to treatment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:815-822. [PMID: 28718351 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1356230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-to-cell communication is imperative for life and it is mediated by sending and receiving information via the secretion and subsequent receptor-mediated detection of biological molecules. Exosomes (EXs) secreted from cells to the extracellular environment play an important role in intercellular communication in normal and pathological conditions. Areas covered: New evidence indicates that tumor cells-derived EXs contribute to cancer progression through the modulation of tumor microenvironment. The exosomal heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is very likely a key player in intercellular cross-talk, particularly during the progress of diseases, such as cancer. Many studies have focused on the extracellular roles played by HSP60 that pertain to cancer development and immune system stimulation. Our experimental data in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that HSP60 occurs on the surface of EXs secreted by tumour cells. Expert commentary: Exosomal HSP60 has great potential for clinical applications, as a 'liquid biopsy', including its use as biomarker for diagnostics, assessing prognosis, and monitoring disease progression and response to treatment, particularly in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- a Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- a Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland at Baltimore; and IMET , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland at Baltimore; and IMET , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- d Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy.,d Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- a Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Bowes Rickman C, Stamer WD. Roles of exosomes in the normal and diseased eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:158-177. [PMID: 28465248 PMCID: PMC5537591 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by cells in a controlled fashion and mediate a plethora of extra- and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes include cell-cell communication, immune modulation, extracellular matrix turnover, stem cell division/differentiation, neovascularization and cellular waste removal. While much is known about their role in cancer, exosome function in the many specialized tissues of the eye is just beginning to undergo rigorous study. Here we review current knowledge of exosome function in the visual system in the context of larger bodies of data from other fields, in both health and disease. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the exosome field including use of exosomes as a therapeutic vehicle, exosomes as a source of biomarkers for disease, plus current standards for isolation and validation of exosome populations. Finally, we use this foundational information about exosomes in the eye as a platform to identify areas of opportunity for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Hepatocyte-secreted extracellular vesicles modify blood metabolome and endothelial function by an arginase-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42798. [PMID: 28211494 PMCID: PMC5314384 DOI: 10.1038/srep42798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with signaling molecules and enzymes into the bloodstream. Although the importance of EVs in the intercellular communication is already recognized, the metabolic impact of the enzymes carried by these vesicles is still unclear. We evaluated the global effect of the enzymatic activities of EVs by performing untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum samples after their exposure to EVs. This approach revealed a significant change in the abundance of 94 serum metabolic signals. Our study shows that these vesicles modify the concentration of metabolites of different chemical nature including metabolites related to arginine metabolism, which regulates vascular function. To assess the functional relevance of this finding, we examined the levels of arginase-1 protein and its activity in the hepatic EVs carrying the exosomal markers CD81 and CD63. Remarkably, the arginase activity was also detected in EVs isolated from the serum in vivo, and this vesicular activity significantly increased under liver-damaging conditions. Finally, we demonstrated that EVs secreted by hepatocytes inhibited the acetylcholine-induced relaxation in isolated pulmonary arteries, via an arginase-dependent mechanism. In summary, our study demonstrates that the hepatocyte-released EVs are metabolically active, affecting a number of serum metabolites involved in oxidative stress metabolism and the endothelial function.
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Royo F, Palomo L, Mleczko J, Gonzalez E, Alonso C, Martínez I, Pérez-Cormenzana M, Castro A, Falcon-Perez JM. Metabolically active extracellular vesicles released from hepatocytes under drug-induced liver-damaging conditions modify serum metabolome and might affect different pathophysiological processes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 98:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Despite considerable research efforts, the finding of reliable tumor biomarkers remains challenging and unresolved. In recent years a novel diagnostic biomedical tool with high potential has been identified in extracellular nanovesicles or exosomes. They are released by the majority of the cells and contain detailed molecular information on the cell of origin including tumor hallmarks. Exosomes can be isolated from easy accessible body fluids, and most importantly, they can at once provide with several biomarkers, with different levels of specificity. Recent clinical evidence shows that the levels of exosomes released into body fluids may by themselves represent a predictive/diagnostic of tumors, discriminating cancer patients from healthy subjects. The aim of this review is to highlight these latest challenging findings to provide novel and groundbreaking ideas for successful tumor early diagnosis and follow-up.
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Tataruch-Weinert D, Musante L, Kretz O, Holthofer H. Urinary extracellular vesicles for RNA extraction: optimization of a protocol devoid of prokaryote contamination. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:30281. [PMID: 27345058 PMCID: PMC4921785 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.30281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) represent an ideal platform for biomarker discovery. They carry different types of RNA species, and reported profile discrepancies related to the presence/absence of 18s and 28s rRNA remain controversial. Moreover, sufficient urinary RNA yields and respective quality RNA profiles are still to be fully established. Methods UEVs were enriched by hydrostatic filtration dialysis, and RNA content was extracted using 7 different commercially available techniques. RNA quantity was assessed using spectrophotometry and fluorometry, whilst RNA quality was determined by capillary electrophoresis. Results The presence of prokaryotic transcriptome was stressed when cellular RNA, as a control, was spiked into the UEVs samples before RNA extraction. The presence of bacteria in hydrostatic filtration dialysis above 1,000 kDa molecular weight cut-off and in crude urine was confirmed with growth media plates. The efficiency in removing urinary bacteria was evaluated by differential centrifugation, filtration (0.22 µm filters) and chemical pretreatment (water purification tablet). For volumes of urine >200 ml, the chemical treatment provides ease of handling without affecting vesicle integrity, protein and RNA profiles. This protocol was selected to enrich RNA with 7 methods, and its respective quality and quantity were assessed. The results were given as follows: (a) Fluorometry gave more repeatability and reproducibility than spectrophotometry to assess the RNA yields, (b) UEVs were enriched with small RNA, (c) Ribosomal RNA peaks were not observed for any RNA extraction method used and (d) RNA yield was higher for column-based method designed for urinary exosome, whilst the highest relative microRNA presence was obtained using TRIzol method. Conclusion Our results show that the presence of bacteria can lead to misidentification in the electrophoresis peaks. Fluorometry is more reliable than spectrophotometry. RNA isolation method must be selected in conjunction with appropriate UEV collection procedure. We also suggested that a minimum 250 ml of urine should be processed to gather enough RNA for robust quantification, qualification and downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Musante
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Huber Lab - Clinical Research Center, Renal Division-Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Huber Lab - Clinical Research Center, Renal Division-Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany;
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Erb U, Zöller M. Progress and potential of exosome analysis for early pancreatic cancer detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:757-67. [PMID: 27206554 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1187563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is the most deadly malignancy, due to late diagnosis prohibiting surgery. Thus, strong efforts are taken improving early diagnosis via biomarkers recovered in the serum of PaCa patients. AREAS COVERED One promising option are PaCa-derived exosomes in patients' sera. Exosomes, small vesicles delivered by live cells and recovered in all body fluids, are a powerful diagnostic tool due to relative stability and composition covering the whole range of cancer-related biomarkers including proteins, metabolites, DNA, DNA modifications, coding and noncoding RNA. We discuss the mechanisms accounting for the condensed packaging of biomarkers, refer to studies using PaCa serum-exosomes for diagnosis. Based on an extensive literature search, we outline questions that answers may help establishing a serum-exosome-based screening for early PaCa detection. Expert commentary: Improved proteomic and genomic characterization and progress in the biogenesis of exosomes will allow for optimized and unified screening panels for PaCa diagnosis via TEX in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Erb
- a Department of Tumor Cell Biology , University Hospital of Surgery , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- a Department of Tumor Cell Biology , University Hospital of Surgery , Heidelberg , Germany
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Chen Z, Kim J. Urinary proteomics and metabolomics studies to monitor bladder health and urological diseases. BMC Urol 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 27000794 PMCID: PMC4802825 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assays of molecular biomarkers in urine are non-invasive compared to other body fluids and can be easily repeated. Based on the hypothesis that the secreted markers from the diseased organs may locally release into the body fluid in the vicinity of the injury, urine-based assays have been considered beneficial to monitoring bladder health and urological diseases. The urine proteome is much less complex than the serum and tissues, but nevertheless can contain biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. The urine metabolome has a much higher number and concentration of low-molecular metabolites than the serum or tissues, with a far lower lipid concentration, yet informs directly about dietary and microbial metabolism. Discussion We here discuss the use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and metabolomics for urine biomarker assays, specifically with respect to the underlying mechanisms that trigger the pathological condition. Conclusion Molecular biomarker profiles, based on proteomics and metabolomics studies, reliably distinguish patients from healthy controls, stratify sub-populations with respect to treatment options, and predict therapeutic response of patients with urological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Chen
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Royo F, Zuñiga-Garcia P, Sanchez-Mosquera P, Egia A, Perez A, Loizaga A, Arceo R, Lacasa I, Rabade A, Arrieta E, Bilbao R, Unda M, Carracedo A, Falcon-Perez JM. Different EV enrichment methods suitable for clinical settings yield different subpopulations of urinary extracellular vesicles from human samples. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29497. [PMID: 26895490 PMCID: PMC4759834 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine sample analysis is irreplaceable as a non-invasive method for disease diagnosis and follow-up. However, in urine samples, non-degraded protein and RNA may be only found in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs). In recent years, various methods of uEV enrichment using low volumes of urine and unsophisticated equipment have been developed, with variable success. We compared the results of the differential ultracentrifugation procedure with 4 of these methods. The methods tested were a lectin-based purification, Exoquick (System Biosciences), Total Exosome Isolation from Invitrogen and an in-house modified procedure employing the Exosomal RNA Kit from Norgen Biotek Corp. The analysis of selected gene transcripts and protein markers of extracellular vesicles (EVs) revealed that each method isolates a different mixture of uEV protein markers. In our conditions, the extraction with Norgen's reagent achieved the best performance in terms of gene transcript and protein detection and reproducibility. By using this method, we were able to detect alterations of EVs protein markers in urine samples from prostate cancer adenoma patients. Taken together, our results show that the isolation of uEVs is feasible from small volumes of urine and avoiding ultracentrifugation, making easier the analysis in a clinical facility. However, caution should be taken in the selection of the enrichment method since they have a differential affinity for protein uEVs markers and by extension for different subpopulation of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Royo
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ainara Egia
- Basque Biobank, Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Amparo Perez
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Loizaga
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Raquel Arceo
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Isabel Lacasa
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainara Rabade
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Arrieta
- Basque Biobank, Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Roberto Bilbao
- Basque Biobank, Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Miguel Unda
- Department of Urology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain;
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Yokoi A, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Towards the realization of clinical extracellular vesicle diagnostics: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1555-66. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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