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Bayci AWL, Baker DA, Somerset AE, Turkoglu O, Hothem Z, Callahan RE, Mandal R, Han B, Bjorndahl T, Wishart D, Bahado-Singh R, Graham SF, Keidan R. Metabolomic identification of diagnostic serum-based biomarkers for advanced stage melanoma. Metabolomics 2018; 14:105. [PMID: 30830422 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma is a highly aggressive malignancy and is currently one of the fastest growing cancers worldwide. While early stage (I and II) disease is highly curable with excellent prognosis, mortality rates rise dramatically after distant spread. We sought to identify differences in the metabolome of melanoma patients to further elucidate the pathophysiology of melanoma and identify potential biomarkers to aid in earlier detection of recurrence. METHODS Using 1H NMR and DI-LC-MS/MS, we profiled serum samples from 26 patients with stage III (nodal metastasis) or stage IV (distant metastasis) melanoma and compared their biochemical profiles with 46 age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS We accurately quantified 181 metabolites in serum using a combination of 1H NMR and DI-LC-MS/MS. We observed significant separation between cases and controls in the PLS-DA scores plot (permutation test p-value = 0.002). Using the concentrations of PC-aa-C40:3, DL-carnitine, octanoyl-L-carnitine, ethanol, and methylmalonyl-L-carnitine we developed a diagnostic algorithm with an AUC (95% CI) = 0.822 (0.665-0.979) with sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 56%, respectively. Furthermore, we identified arginine, proline, tryptophan, glutamine, glutamate, glutathione and ornithine metabolism to be significantly perturbed due to disease (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Targeted metabolomic analysis demonstrated significant differences in metabolic profiles of advanced stage (III and IV) melanoma patients as compared to controls. These differences may represent a potential avenue for the development of multi-marker serum-based assays for earlier detection of recurrences, allow for newer, more effective targeted therapy when tumor burden is less, and further elucidate the pathophysiologic changes that occur in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W L Bayci
- Department of General Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - D A Baker
- Department of General Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Health, 3601 W. 13 Mile Rd., Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA.
| | - A E Somerset
- Department of General Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - O Turkoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Z Hothem
- Department of General Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - R E Callahan
- Department of General Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - R Mandal
- Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Han
- Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - T Bjorndahl
- Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D Wishart
- Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R Bahado-Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - S F Graham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - R Keidan
- Department of General Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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Scalp Melanoma Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in a Tertiary Health Center. Case Rep Oncol Med 2015; 2015:605906. [PMID: 26664783 PMCID: PMC4664796 DOI: 10.1155/2015/605906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive malignant skin neoplasms worldwide with more than 20% of world melanoma seen in black Africa and Asia. Late presentation due to ignorance, poverty, and lack of adequate health facility in Nigeria is always the norms. We present this case report because of precision in diagnosis, using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to reemphasize that the technique is cheap, cost effective, and quick that can reduce the burden of incisional biopsy before definitive surgery and improve early detection of the disease especially in developing countries.
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Linette GP, Carlson JA, Slominski A, Mihm MC, Ross JS. Biomarkers in melanoma: Stage III and IV disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:65-74. [PMID: 15723593 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis associated with Stage III melanoma is variable (17-65% 5-year survival) and primarily influenced by the number of lymph nodes involved, the presence of ulceration in a primary lesion, and the tumor burden present in each lymph node. In patients with metastatic (Stage IV) melanoma, the prognosis remains dismal (6-18% 5-year survival) and is influenced primarily by the sites (and extent) of metastatic involvement. Serum lactate dehydrogenase is the only prognostic biomarker useful in metastatic melanoma and it has been incorporated into the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor, node, metastasis staging system. In this review, the known prognostic factors in Stage III and IV melanoma are reviewed. Selected investigational therapies and associated biomarkers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P Linette
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Campus Box 8056, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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4
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Morais M, Paulo A, Gano L, Santos I, Correia JD. Target-specific Tc(CO)3-complexes for in vivo imaging. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Morais M, Raposinho PD, Oliveira MC, Correia JDG, Santos I. Evaluation of novel 99mTc(I)-labeled homobivalent α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs for melanocortin-1 receptor targeting. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:491-505. [PMID: 22286955 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to apply the multivalency concept to melanoma imaging, we have assessed the in vivo melanocortin type 1 receptor (MC1R)-targeting properties of (99m)Tc(I)-labeled homobivalent peptide conjugates which contain copies of the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analog [Ac-Nle(4), Asp(5), D-Phe(7), Lys(11)]α-MSH4-11 separated by linkers of different length (L(2) nine atoms and L(3) 14 atoms). The MC1R-binding affinity of L(2) and L(3) is significantly higher than that of the monovalent conjugate L(1). Metallation of these conjugates yielded the complexes fac-[M(CO)(3)(k(3)-L)](+) (M is (99m)Tc/Re; 1/1a, L is L(1); 2/2a, L is L(2); 3/3a, L is L(3)), with IC(50) values in the subnanomolar and nanomolar range. The MC1R-mediated internalization of 2 and 3 is higher than that of 1 in B16F1 melanoma cells. Biodistribution studies in melanoma-bearing mice have shown low nonspecific accumulation with a tumor uptake that correlates with IC(50) values. However, no correlation between tumor uptake and valency was found. Nevertheless, 2 displayed the highest tumor retention, and the best tumor to nontarget organ ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Morais
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
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6
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Morais M, Raposinho PD, Oliveira MC, Pantoja-Uceda D, Jiménez MA, Santos I, Correia JDG. NMR Structural Analysis of MC1R-Targeted Rhenium(I) Metallopeptides and Biological Evaluation of 99mTc(I) Congeners. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300502n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Morais
- Unidade de Ciências Quı́micas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Paula D. Raposinho
- Unidade de Ciências Quı́micas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Oliveira
- Unidade de Ciências Quı́micas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - David Pantoja-Uceda
- Instituto de Quı́mica Fı́sica Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Jiménez
- Instituto de Quı́mica Fı́sica Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Santos
- Unidade de Ciências Quı́micas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - João D. G. Correia
- Unidade de Ciências Quı́micas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
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Linos K, Slominski A, Ross JS, Carlson JA. Melanoma update: diagnostic and prognostic factors that can effectively shape and personalize management. Biomark Med 2011; 5:333-60. [PMID: 21657842 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine light microscopy remains a powerful tool to diagnose, stage and prognose melanoma. Although it is very economical and efficient, it requires a significant level of expertise and, in difficult cases the final diagnosis is affected by subjective interpretation. Fortunately, new insights into the genomic aberrations characteristic of melanoma, coupled with ancillary studies, are further refining evaluation and management allowing for more confident diagnosis, more accurate staging and the selection of targeted therapy. In this article, we review the standard of care and new updates including four probe FISH, the 2009 American Joint Commission on Cancer staging of melanoma and mutant testing of melanoma, which will be crucial for targeted therapy of metastatic melanoma.
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Carlson JA, Ross JS, Slominski AJ. New techniques in dermatopathology that help to diagnose and prognosticate melanoma. Clin Dermatol 2009; 27:75-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Fian R, Grasser E, Treiber F, Schmidt R, Niederl P, Rosker C. The Contribution of TRPV4-Mediated Calcium Signaling to Calcium Homeostasis in Endothelial Cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 27:113-24. [PMID: 17613724 DOI: 10.1080/10799890701402446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of cation transport systems are involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in endothelial cells. The focus of the present study is to determine the contribution of nonselective cation channels from the TRP (transient receptor potential) family to cellular calcium homeostasis of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC). One member of the TRPV (vanniloid) subfamily, TRPV4, has previously been shown to be involved in cation transport induced by a large variety of stimulations including osmolarity, temperature, mechanical stress, and phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate the existence of several TRP proteins, including TRPV4, in PAEC using RT-PCR. To test whether this channel is functional, we performed FURA-2 calcium measurements and whole-cell patch-clamp experiments. We observed the induction of large calcium signals following mechanical stress, altered extracellular temperature, and the selective TRPV4 activator 4-alpha -PDD. These effects were diminished in the presence of the TRPV4 inhibitor miconazole, suggesting the involvement of this channel in mediating endothelial calcium signals. The large amounts of transported calcium and the short signaling ways suggest a potentially important role of this channel in many physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz, Austria
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10
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Carlson JA, Linette GP, Aplin A, Ng B, Slominski A. Melanocyte receptors: clinical implications and therapeutic relevance. Dermatol Clin 2007; 25:541-57, viii-ix. [PMID: 17903613 PMCID: PMC2732336 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation or the inhibition of melanocyte-specific receptors offers novel means of augmenting normal melanocyte function, skin color, and photoprotection, or treating melanocytic disorders, namely at this time, metastatic melanoma. Melanocyte-specific receptors include melanocortin-1 (MCR1) and melatonin receptors. Other receptors that play an important role in melanoma progression are G-protein couple receptors such as Frizzled 5 and receptor tyrosine kinases such as c-Kit and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor. These receptors activate two crucial cell-signaling pathways, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT, integral to melanoma cell survival, and can serve as targets for therapy of disseminated melanoma. Activation of death receptors is another pathway that can be exploited with targeted therapeutics to control advanced melanoma. This article reviews the current understanding of melanocyte receptors, their agonists and inhibitors, and their potential to treat the melanocytic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Carlson
- Division of Dermatopathology and Dermatology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College MC-81, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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11
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Hirschl S, Schanab O, Seppele H, Waltenberger A, Humer J, Wolff K, Pehamberger H, Muster T. Sequence variability of retroviral particles derived from human melanoma cells. Virus Res 2007; 123:211-5. [PMID: 17005285 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that melanoma cells produce viral particles that contain sequences which are homologous to human endogenous retroviruses. In this study particles derived from different melanoma cell lines and from melanoma cells of a lymph node metastasis were characterized. We determined the density and the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of viral particles. Furthermore, we analyzed the sequence variability of multiple clones of each particle preparation. The particles were found to package sequences, which vary for each of the analyzed cell lines. Moreover, even particles derived from the same cell line contain heterologous sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hirschl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
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Anna B, Blazej Z, Jacqueline G, Andrew CJ, Jeffrey R, Andrzej S. Mechanism of UV-related carcinogenesis and its contribution to nevi/melanoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF DERMATOLOGY 2007; 2:451-469. [PMID: 18846265 PMCID: PMC2564815 DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2.4.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma consists 4-5 % of all skin cancers, but it contributes to 71-80 % of skin cancers deaths. UV light affects cell and tissue homeostasis due to its damaging effects on DNA integrity and modification of expression of a plethora of genes. DNA repair systems protect cells from UV-induced lesions. Several animal models of melanoma have been developed (Xiphophorus, Opossum Monodelphis domestica, mouse models and human skin engrafts into other animals). This review discusses possible links between UV and genes significantly related to melanoma but does not discuss melanoma genetics. These include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes related to melanocyte-keratinocyte and melanocyte-matrix interaction, growth factors and their receptors, CRH, ACTH, α-MSH, glucocorticoids, ID1, NF-kappaB and vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brozyna Anna
- Department of Medical Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland, Tel: (4856)611-4776, Fax: (4856)611-4772, E-mail:
| | - Zbytek Blazej
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, Tel: (901)448-6300, Fax: (901)448-6979, E-mail:
| | - Granese Jacqueline
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, Tel: (901)448-6300, Fax: (901)448-6979, E-mail:
| | - Carlson J. Andrew
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, Tel: (518)262-8099, Fax: (518)262-8092, E-mail:
| | - Ross Jeffrey
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, Tel: (518)262-5461 fax: (518)262-8092, E-mail:
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Carlson JA, Ross JS, Slominski A, Linette G, Mysliborski J, Hill J, Mihm M. Molecular diagnostics in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 52:743-75; quiz 775-8. [PMID: 15858465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular pathology is rapidly evolving, featuring continuous technologic improvements that offer novel clinical opportunities for the recognition of disease predisposition, for identifying sub-clinical disease, for more accurate diagnosis, for selecting efficacious and non-toxic therapy, and for monitoring of disease outcome. Currently, the identification and prognosis of primary cutaneous melanoma is based on histologic factors (tumor depth and ulceration) and clinical factors (number of lymph node and/or distant metastases). However, metastasis can occur in patients with thin melanomas, and sentinel lymph node biopsy does not identify all patients at risk for distant metastasis. New markers exist that correlate with melanoma progression, which may aid in melanoma identification, prognostication, and detection of minimal residual disease/early recurrence. Moreover, not many therapeutic options exist for melanoma as no regimen prolongs survival. Emerging data with investigational therapies suggest that certain markers might play a crucial role in identifying patients who will respond to therapy or show utility in the monitoring the response to therapy. Herein, molecular diagnostics that can potentially benefit the individual melanoma patient will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Carlson
- Division of Dermatopathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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Rosenberg CA, Khandekar J, Greenland P, Rodabough RJ, McTiernan A. Cutaneous melanoma in postmenopausal women after nonmelanoma skin carcinoma: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Cancer 2006; 106:654-63. [PMID: 16365851 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated risk for cutaneous melanoma has been reported in individuals with nonmelanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC), but to the authors' knowledge, this association has not been prospectively studied in a large, multigeographic population of postmenopausal women. METHODS The association between NMSC and the incidence of cutaneous melanoma was assessed in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study involving 67,030 non-Hispanic white postmenopausal women ages 50-79 years and who were free of prior other cancers at baseline. Cancer history, demographics, and previous and current risk exposures were determined by questionnaires at baseline and follow-up. Participants' reports of incident cutaneous melanoma collected annually were confirmed by physician review of medical records. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess the relation of prior NMSC with incident cutaneous melanoma. RESULTS In age-adjusted analysis, women with a history of NMSC but no other malignancy (n = 5552) were found to be 2.41 times more likely to develop cutaneous melanoma over a mean 6.5 years compared with women who had no history of NMSC (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.82-3.20). In a multivariate analysis, women with a history of NMSC and no other cancer history at baseline were 1.70 times more likely to develop cutaneous melanoma compared with women without NMSC (95% CI, 1.18-2.44). CONCLUSION The results of the current study provide evidence and further defines the magnitude of increased risk for cutaneous melanoma in postmenopausal non-Hispanic white women with a history of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA.
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Humer J, Waltenberger A, Grassauer A, Kurz M, Valencak J, Rapberger R, Hahn S, Löwer R, Wolff K, Bergmann M, Muster T, Mayer B, Pehamberger H. Identification of a Melanoma Marker Derived from Melanoma-Associated Endogenous Retroviruses. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1658-63. [PMID: 16452225 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously described the expression of melanoma-associated endogenous retrovirus (MERV) proteins and viral particles in human melanomas and metastases. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a humoral immune response to MERV proteins occurs in melanoma. Candidate B-cell epitopes on MERV proteins were predicted using bioinformatic screening. The reactivity of MERV peptides corresponding to the predicted epitopes with antibodies prevalent in sera of melanoma patients was analyzed. An immunodominant peptide located in the env protein of MERV was identified. Subsequent analyzes using 81 samples from stage I to stage IV melanoma patients and 95 sera from healthy subjects revealed statistically significant differences in seroprevalence of antibodies in melanoma sera samples when compared with reference samples from healthy subjects. The prevalence of anti-MERV antibodies in melanoma patient sera was confirmed by immunofluorescence on env-transfected cells. These data indicate the potential of this candidate peptide as target for diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Humer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Green Hills Biotechnology GmbH, Gersthoferstrasse 29-31, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Warrino DE, DeGennaro LJ, Hanson M, Swindells S, Pirruccello SJ, Ryan WL. Stabilization of white blood cells and immunologic markers for extended analysis using flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2005; 305:107-19. [PMID: 16214501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whole blood samples drawn from 25 healthy donors and 20 HIV-infected donors into K3EDTA and Cyto-Chex BCT blood collection tubes for CD4, CD8, and CD3 cell counts (HIV Panel). Samples collected in Cyto-Chex BCT were stored at room temperature and tested by 4-color flow cytometry at 6 h, 3 days, and 7 days after isolation for CD4, CD8, and CD3 absolute cell counts/microl and compared with samples collected in K3EDTA tubes and tested at 6 h. Regardless of donor type, the samples collected in Cyto-Chex BCT and tested on day 7 yielded results that were statistically indistinguishable (with correlation coefficients of 0.96 or greater) from samples collected in K3EDTA tubes and tested at 6 h. We conclude that whole blood samples collected in Cyto-Chex BCT are stabilized for their marker phenotype for at least 7 days after phlebotomy.
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Li Q, Murphy M, Ross J, Sheehan C, Carlson JA. Skp2 and p27kip1 expression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma: an inverse relationship. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 31:633-42. [PMID: 15491322 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-phase kinase associated protein-2 (Skp2) ubiquitin ligase p45(SKP2) is important in the degradation of p27kip1 (a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor) and progression through the G1-S cell-cycle checkpoint. Low levels of p27 and high levels of Skp2 are related to poor prognosis in some cancers. METHODS Clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical expression of Skp2 and p27kip1 were investigated in 198 melanocytic proliferations: 21 melanocytic nevi, 23 melanoma in situ, 119 primary melanoma, and 35 metastatic melanoma samples. Comparative and survival analyses were performed. RESULTS Progressive and significant increases and decreases in the nuclear expression of Skp2 and p27kip1, respectively, was identified moving from melanocytic nevi (0.05 +/- 0.2/85 +/- 15) to melanoma in situ (3 +/- 2/45 +/- 20) to primary cutaneous melanoma (12 +/- 9/30 +/- 25) to metastatic melanoma (25 +/- 15/15 +/- 20) (p < or = 0.006). Expression of these proteins also significantly correlated with increasing American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) T (tumor) classification and AJCC stage (p < or = 0.01). Moreover, the level of these two proteins exhibited a significant inverse relationship (r = -0.4, p = 0.0001). Skp2 cytoplasmic labeling index of >20% predicted worse 10-year overall survival (38% vs. 86%, p = 0.04) in primary melanoma. Neither p27 nor Skp2 nuclear expression impacted significantly on prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Gain of Skp2 and loss of p27kip1 protein expression are implicated in melanoma progression where the level of p27kip1 may be regulated by targeted proteolysis via Skp2. Cytoplasmic expression of Skp2 defines a subset of aggressive melanomas and could represent another pathway of deregulation of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA
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18
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Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:1155-228. [PMID: 15383650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1350] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Dept. of Pathology, Suite 599, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Andersen K, Nesland JM, Holm R, Flørenes VA, Fodstad Ø, Maelandsmo GM. Expression of S100A4 combined with reduced E-cadherin expression predicts patient outcome in malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:990-7. [PMID: 15133476 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of S100A4 and E-cadherin in a panel of primary and metastatic malignant melanoma, and to correlate the expression level to clinicopathological parameters. The expression of S100A4 was examined by immunohistochemistry in 99 superficial spreading and 60 nodular primary melanomas, while the expression of E-cadherin was analyzed in 92 superficial spreading and 52 nodular lesions from the same panel. The expression levels of S100A4 and E-cadherin in the biopsies were inversely correlated, with S100A4 being expressed at the highest frequency in the nodular and E-cadherin in the superficial spreading lesions, respectively. When analyzing the melanoma subgroups separately, it was revealed that expression of S100A4 had a more significant impact on patient outcome in early superficial spreading melanomas than in the nodular subtype, while E-cadherin expression did not predict patient outcome in any of the subgroups. When examining all the patients, both markers give clinical information as predictors for disease-free survival, but when combining the expression of the two markers, a stronger significant correlation between high E-cadherin expressing/S100A4 negative biopsies and increased disease-free survival (P=0.002) was revealed, demonstrating the importance of examining the expression of more than one factor involved in the metastatic cascade when predicting patient outcome. We have also evaluated the relationship between the expression of these two antigens and cell cycle and signal transduction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Andersen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, University of Oslo, Montebello, Norway
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