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Katz SE, Banerjee R. Use of Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture: Implications for Pediatrics: Technical Report. Pediatrics 2024; 154:e2024068467. [PMID: 39308322 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2024-068467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Antimicrobial-resistant infections are on the rise and are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Infants and children are affected by transmission of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic pathogens through the food supply, direct contact with animals, environmental pathways, and contact with infected or colonized humans. Although the judicious use of antimicrobial agents is necessary for maintaining the health and welfare of humans and animals, it must be recognized that all use of antimicrobial agents exerts selective pressure that increases the risk of development of resistance. This report describes historical and recent use of antibiotics in animal agriculture, reviews the mechanisms of how such use contributes to development of resistance and can adversely affect child health, and discusses US initiatives to curb unnecessary use of antimicrobial agents in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Katz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ritu Banerjee
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Alves JS, de Moura Souza R, Lima Moreira JPD, Gonzalez AGM. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw cow's milk from healthy, clinical and subclinical mastitis udders. Prev Vet Med 2024; 227:106205. [PMID: 38678816 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cattle and can be manifested in clinical and subclinical forms. The overuse of antimicrobials in the treatment and prevention of mastitis favours antimicrobial resistance and milk can be a potential route of dissemination. This study aimed to evaluate the biological quality of bulk tank milk (BTM) and the microbiological quality and signs of mastitis of freshly milked raw milk. In addition, to evaluate antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from freshly milked raw milk. None of the farms were within the official Brazilian biological quality limits for BTM. Freshly milked raw milk with signs of clinical (CMM), subclinical (SCMM) and no signs (MFM) of mastitis were detected in 6.67%, 27.62% and 65.71% samples, respectively. Most samples of freshly milked raw milk showed acceptable microbiological quality, when evaluating the indicators total coliforms (78.10%), Escherichia coli (88.57%) and Staphylococcus aureus (100%). Klebsiella oxytoca and S. aureus were the most prevalent microorganisms in SCMM and MFM samples. Antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in 65.12% and 13.95% of Enterobacteriaceae and 84.31% and 5.88% of Staphylococcus spp., respectively, isolated from both SCMM and MFM samples. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporin (3GCR) (6.98%) and carbapenems (CRE) (6.98%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (4.88%) were observed. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can spread resistance genes to previously susceptible bacteria. This is a problem that affects animal, human and environmental health and should be evaluated within the one-health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Souza Alves
- Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bromatology, Hygiene and Food Microbiology Laboratory, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Rossiane de Moura Souza
- Agricultural Research Company of the State of Rio de Janeiro (PESAGRO-RIO), State Centre for Research in Animal Health, Biotechnology Laboratory, 24120-191, Brazil
| | - Jessica Pronestino de Lima Moreira
- Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bromatology, Hygiene and Food Microbiology Laboratory, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Alice Gonçalves Martins Gonzalez
- Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bromatology, Hygiene and Food Microbiology Laboratory, 24241-000, Brazil.
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Tadesse T, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Akalu A, Eguale T. Antibiogram of Escherichia coli Isolated from Dairy Cattle and in-Contact Humans in Selected Areas of Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:117-127. [PMID: 38617107 PMCID: PMC11016264 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s456247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public and animal health. Escherichia coli is considered an indicator organism for monitoring AMR among gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae in humans and animals. The current study aims to assess the antibiogram profile of E. coli isolated from dairy cattle and in-contact humans in central Ethiopia and to identify risk factors associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 58 farms were recruited from selected districts of central Ethiopia. E. coli was isolated using standard bacteriological techniques. A total of 200 representative isolates (140 from cattle and 60 from humans in contact) were randomly selected and tested for susceptibility to a panel of 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay. Results The highest rate of resistance was observed for sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim (58.6%, 82/140) and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (70.0%, 42/60) among E. coli isolates from cattle and hmans, respectively. In contrast, resistance rates in isolates from in contact humans with the cattle were 30%, 33.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (p=0.02), streptomycin (p=0.03), and sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim (p=0.007) was significantly high in E. coli isolated from cattle on commercial dairy farms than in those isolated from cattle on smallholder farms. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the rate of resistance between E. coli isolated from in contact humans with smallholder and commercial dairy farms. Antimicrobial use for treatment purpose (p=0.04) and non-compliance with the drug withdrawal period (p=0.03) were significantly associated with the farm-level occurrence of MDR. Conclusion A high rate of resistance was detected in E. coli isolated from the feces of dairy cattle and in-contact humans. This necessitates an effective intervention through a one-health approach and further molecular studies are required to establish source attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekalign Tadesse
- Department of Veterinary Science, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aberaw Akalu
- Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University, Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Nohrborg S, Nguyen-Thi T, Xuan HN, Lindahl J, Boqvist S, Järhult JD, Magnusson U. Understanding Vietnamese chicken farmers' knowledge and practices related to antimicrobial resistance using an item response theory approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1319933. [PMID: 38645642 PMCID: PMC11027563 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1319933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to animal and human health, as well as food security and nutrition. Development of AMR is accelerated by over- and misuse of antimicrobials as seen in many livestock systems, including poultry production. In Vietnam, high AMR levels have been reported previously within poultry production, a sector which is dominated by small-scale farming, even though it is intensifying. This study focuses on understanding small- and medium-scale chicken farmers' knowledge and practices related to AMR by applying an item response theory (IRT) approach, which has several advantages over simpler statistical methods. Methods Farmers representing 305 farms in Thai Nguyen province were interviewed from November 2021 to January 2022, using a structured questionnaire. Results generated with IRT were used in regression models to find associations between farm characteristics, and knowledge and practice levels. Results Descriptive results showed that almost all farmers could buy veterinary drugs without prescription in the local community, that only one third of the farmers received veterinary professional advice or services, and that the majority of farmers gave antibiotics as a disease preventive measure. Regression analysis showed that multiple farm characteristics were significantly associated to farmers' knowledge and practice scores. Conclusion The study highlights the complexity when tailoring interventions to move towards more medically rational antibiotic use at farms in a setting with high access to over-the-counter veterinary drugs and low access to veterinary services, since many on-farm factors relevant for the specific context need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nohrborg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thinh Nguyen-Thi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Nguyen Xuan
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kerek Á, Török B, Laczkó L, Somogyi Z, Kardos G, Bányai K, Kaszab E, Bali K, Jerzsele Á. In Vitro Microevolution and Co-Selection Assessment of Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime Impact on Escherichia coli Resistance Development. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:247. [PMID: 38534682 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a prominent issue in both veterinary and public health in the 21st century. The extensive use of amoxicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, and consequent resistance development are particularly alarming in food-producing animals, with a focus on the swine and poultry sectors. Another beta-lactam, cefotaxime, is widely utilized in human medicine, where the escalating resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins is a major concern. The aim of this study was to simulate the development of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, focusing on amoxicillin and cefotaxime. The investigation of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics was performed at 1×, 10×, 100×, and 1000× concentrations using the modified microbial evolution and growth arena (MEGA-plate) method. Our results indicate that amoxicillin significantly increased the MIC values of several tested antibiotics, except for oxytetracycline and florfenicol. In the case of cefotaxime, this increase was observed in all classes. A total of 44 antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in all samples. Chromosomal point mutations, particularly concerning cefotaxime, revealed numerous complex mutations, deletions, insertions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were not experienced in the case of amoxicillin. The findings suggest that, regarding amoxicillin, the point mutation of the acrB gene could explain the observed MIC value increases due to the heightened activity of the acrAB-tolC efflux pump system. However, under the influence of cefotaxime, more intricate processes occurred, including complex amino acid substitutions in the ampC gene promoter region, increased enzyme production induced by amino acid substitutions and SNPs, as well as mutations in the acrR and robA repressor genes that heightened the activity of the acrAB-tolC efflux pump system. These changes may contribute to the significant MIC increases observed for all tested antibiotics. The results underscore the importance of understanding cross-resistance development between individual drugs when choosing clinical alternative drugs. The point mutations in the mdtB and emrR genes may also contribute to the increased activity of the mdtABC-tolC and emrAB-tolC pump systems against all tested antibiotics. The exceptionally high mutation rate induced by cephalosporins justifies further investigations to clarify the exact mechanism behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Török
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Laczkó
- One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UD Conservation Biology Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kardos
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Sóstói út 2-4, H-4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Rizal S, Nurhapsari I, Fauziah I, Masrukhin M, Jatmiko YD. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from local and broiler chickens at Cibinong market, West Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:179-184. [PMID: 38406353 PMCID: PMC10884567 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.179-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming a public health concern. Foodborne pathogens are infectious agents that can be transmitted from animals to humans through food and can become resistant due to misuse and overuse of antibiotics, especially in poultry. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from local and broiler chickens at the Cibinong market, West Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods A total of 60 cloacal swab samples from 30 local and broiler chickens sold at the Cibinong market in West Java were obtained by random sampling. From these samples, 39 E. coli isolates were obtained after being cultured on eosin methylene blue agar and molecularly identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six antibiotic disks were used for the antibiotic sensitivity test against E. coli isolates cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. PCR was performed to detect ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M). Results A total of 76.47% (39/51) cloacal swab samples were positive for E. coli. All E. coli isolates were sensitive to imipenem (100%), and 38 isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin (FOX) (97.4%). On average, the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (69.2%) and ceftriaxone (CRO) (89.7%). E. coli isolates were occasionally resistant to enrofloxacin (25.64%), followed by gentamicin (20.51%), CRO (10.25%), AMC (7.69%), and FOX (2.56%). The prevalence of E. coli AMR was 10.25% (4/39). All four multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) were confirmed to have the ESBL gene based on PCR. Conclusion The prevalence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli is still found, proving that there is still inappropriate use of antibiotics and a need for strict supervision of their use, especially around Cibinong market, West Java.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syaiful Rizal
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, Research Organization for Life Science and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia, Soekarno Science and Techno Park, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Intan Nurhapsari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ima Fauziah
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, Research Organization for Life Science and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia, Soekarno Science and Techno Park, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Masrukhin Masrukhin
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Research Organization for Life Science and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia, Soekarno Science and Techno Park, Jl. Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yoga Dwi Jatmiko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
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Morgan AL, Woolhouse ME, Wagenaar JA, van Bunnik BA. Modelling the effects of antibiotic usage in livestock on human salmonellosis. One Health 2023; 17:100639. [PMID: 38024252 PMCID: PMC10665166 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic usage in livestock has been suggested as a driver of antimicrobial resistance in human and livestock populations. This has contributed to the implementation of stewardship programs to curtail usage of antibiotics in livestock. However, the consequences of antibiotic curtailment in livestock on human health are poorly understood. There is the potential for increases in the carriage of pathogens such as Salmonella spp. in livestock, and subsequent increases in human foodborne disease. We use a mathematical model fitted to four case studies, ampicillin and tetracycline usage in fattening pig and broiler poultry populations, to explore the impact of curtailing antibiotic usage in livestock on salmonellosis in humans. Increases in the daily incidence of salmonellosis and a decrease in the proportion of resistant salmonellosis were identified following curtailment of antibiotic usage in livestock. The extent of these increases in human foodborne disease ranged from negligible, to controllable through interventions to target the farm-to-fork pathway. This study provides a motivating example of one plausible scenario following curtailment of antibiotic usage in livestock and suggests that a focus on ensuring good farm-to-fork hygiene and livestock biosecurity is sufficient to mitigate the negative human health consequences of antibiotic stewardship in livestock populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L.K. Morgan
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark E.J. Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Gao H, Jiang F, Zhang J, Chi X, Song P, Li B, Cai Z, Zhang T. Effects of ex situ conservation on diversity and function of the gut microbiota of the Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang). Integr Zool 2023; 18:1089-1104. [PMID: 37231976 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ conservation is the main method for the protection of endangered wildlife. To explore the effect of ex situ conservation on the gut microbiota of the kiang (Equus kiang), metagenomic sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the composition and function of the gut microbiota of the kiang. The results showed that ex situ conservation not only protected wildlife, but also affected the composition and function of gut microbiota, as well as the health of animals. In the zoo, the ratio of the relative abundance of Firmicutes to that of Bacteroidetes (F/B) is higher, clusters of potentially pathogenic bacteria (such as Catonella, Catonella, and Mycoplasma) are more numerous, the abundance of resistance genes is higher, and the abundance of metabolic functions is increased. The dynamic changes of the gut microbiota also played an important role in the nutritional absorption, energy metabolism, and environmental adaptation of the kiang. Improving the rearing environment and increasing food diversity play important roles for increasing the diversity of gut microbiota, reducing the spread of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and reducing diseases. In the wild, especially in winter and in food-deficient areas, food supplementation can enhance the gut microbial homeostasis of wild animals and reduce the impact of crises. In depth studies of the gut microbial function of wildlife have important implications for improving ex situ conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwen Chi
- Department of Student Affairs, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
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Vilaró A, Novell E, Enrique-Tarancon V, Baliellas J, Migura-García L, Fraile L. The Susceptibility Trends of Respiratory and Enteric Porcine Pathogens to Last-Resource Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1575. [PMID: 37998776 PMCID: PMC10668718 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility of last-resource antimicrobials for veterinary pathogens is urgently needed from a one-health perspective. The objective of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility trends of Spanish porcine bacteria to quinolones, cephalosporins, and polymyxins. Isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, and Escherichia coli were isolated from sick pigs from 2019 to 2022. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) following an internationally accepted methodology. The MIC categorization was based on distributing the range of MIC values in four categories, with category one being the most susceptible (lowest MIC value) and category four the least susceptible (highest MIC value). Moreover, clinical susceptibility (susceptible/non-susceptible) was also determined according to the CLSI and EUCAST clinical breakpoints. A logistic and multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the susceptibility data for dichotomized and categorized MIC data, respectively, for any pair of antimicrobial/microorganism. In general terms, the antimicrobial susceptibility of pig bacteria to these antimicrobials remained stable or increased in the last four years in Spain. In the case of A. pleuropneumoniae and quinolones, a significant temporal trend was observed where isolates from 2020 had significantly increased odds of being more susceptible than isolates from 2019. In the case of E. coli and polymyxins, a significant temporal trend was observed where isolates from 2020 and 2021 had significantly increased odds of being more susceptible than isolates from 2019 and 2020, respectively. Finally, significant odds of being less susceptible were only observed for cephalosporins and E. coli for 2020 versus 2019, stagnating for the rest of study period. These results provide sound data on critically important antimicrobials in swine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilaró
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Elena Novell
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Jordi Baliellas
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Lourdes Migura-García
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departament de Ciència Animal, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Vilaró A, Novell E, Enrique-Tarancon V, Baliellas J, Fraile L. Susceptibility trends of swine respiratory pathogens from 2019 to 2022 to antimicrobials commonly used in Spain. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 37858281 PMCID: PMC10588200 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health challenges in humans and animals. Antibiotic susceptibility determination is used to select the most suitable drug to treat animals according to its success probability following the European legislation in force for these drugs. We have studied the antibiotic susceptibility pattern (ASP) of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) isolates, collected during the period 2019-2022 in Spain. ASP was measured by determining minimum inhibitory concentration using standardized laboratory methods and its temporal trend was determined by logistic regression analysis of non-susceptible/susceptible isolates using clinical breakpoints. RESULTS It was not observed any significant temporal trends for susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to ceftiofur, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tulathromycin and tildipirosin during the study period (p > 0.05). Contrarily, a significant temporal trend (p < 0.05) was observed for quinolones (enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin), tetracyclines (doxycycline and oxyteracycline), amoxicillin, tiamulin and tilmicosin. On the other hand, it was not observed any significant temporal trends for susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida to quinolones (enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin), amoxicillin, ceftiofur, florfenicol and macrolides (tildipirosin, tulathromycin and tilmicosin) during the study period (p > 0.05). Contrarily, a significant temporal trend (p < 0.05) was observed for tetracyclines (oxyteracycline), tiamulin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. CONCLUSIONS In general terms, pig pathogens (APP and PM) involved in respiratory diseases analysed herein appeared to remain susceptible or tended to increase susceptibility to antimicrobials over the study period (2019-2022), but our data clearly showed a different pattern in the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibility for each combination of drug and microorganism. Our results highlight that the evolution of antimicrobial susceptibility must be studied in a case-by-case situation where generalization for drug families and bacteria is not possible even for bacteria located in the same ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida - Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain.
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11
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Roskam JL, Oude Lansink AGJM, Saatkamp HW. The Economic Value of Antimicrobial Use in Livestock Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1537. [PMID: 37887238 PMCID: PMC10603833 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Antimicrobial agents have played an important role in improving the productivity of worldwide livestock production by reducing the impact of livestock diseases. However, a major drawback of antimicrobial use is the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in food-producing animals. To reduce the use of antimicrobials, it is important to know the economic value of the use of antimicrobials and factors that determine that economic value. (2) Results: A theoretical framework was developed to assess the economic value of antimicrobial use. Three situations were distinguished: firstly, a baseline model for a farm with a conventional production system; secondly, an extension of the baseline model that includes the impact of production system improvements; and thirdly, an extension of the baseline model that includes the impacts of risk and risk attitude. This framework shows that the economic value of antimicrobial use is negatively affected by the price of productive inputs and damage-abatement inputs, and positively affected by the output price, the input-output combination, the damage abatement effect, risk aversion and variance in profit. (3) Conclusions: The theoretical framework presented in this study shows that there are several factors that (can) affect the economic value of antimicrobial use. The knowledge about the effect of these factors can be utilized to affect the economic value of antimicrobials and, consequently, affect antimicrobial use.
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12
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Daneshmand A, Sharma NK, Kheravii SK, Hall L, Wu SB. Buffered formic acid and a monoglyceride blend improve performance and modulate gut bacteria and immunity gene expression in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102978. [PMID: 37598553 PMCID: PMC10458320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the removal of antibiotics from animal feed, alternatives have been sought to control necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers. The current study investigated the effects of buffered formic acid (Amasil NA) and monoglycerides of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (Balangut LS P) on the performance and gut health of broilers challenged with NE. A total of 816 as-hatched 1-d-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 8 replicates. Treatments were: T1) nonchallenged control; T2) NE challenged control; T3) Amasil NA (challenge plus Amasil NA, 0.3% throughout all phases); T4) Balangut LS P (challenge plus Balangut LS P, 0.5%, 0.3%, and 0.2% in the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively; T5) Combined (challenge plus combination of T3 and T4); T6) Antibiotic (challenge plus Zn bacitracin, 0.05 % throughout all phases). Birds were orally gavaged with live Eimeria vaccine species (d 9) and with Clostridium perfringens (d 14 and 15). On d 16, birds were sampled to evaluate gut permeability, microbiota, and mRNA abundance in the jejunum. The data were analyzed in JMP software using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test to separate means, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally-distributed parameters. Results showed that Balangut LS P decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to nonchallenged ones at the end of the study. Balangut LS P reduced (P < 0.05) the level of cecal Bacteriods compared to nonchallenged group, whereas Amasil NA shifted the levels of ileal Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus towards nonchallenged control (P > 0.05). NE challenge upregulated (P < 0.001) the expression of IL-21R, zeta chain of T cell receptor (ZAP70), and dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) compared to nonchallenged birds, whereas Balangut LS P showed an intermediate (P > 0.05) expression pattern of these genes towards nonchallenged and antibiotic groups. In conclusion, combination of Balangut LS P and Amasil NA has the potential to be used as an additive to improve the performance and gut health of broiler chickens, especially under challenging conditions such as NE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daneshmand
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Leon Hall
- BASF Australia Ltd, 12/28 Freshwater Place, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia.
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13
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Seo KW, Do KH, Jung CM, Lee SW, Lee YJ, Lim SK, Lee WK. Comparative genetic characterisation of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from integrated and conventional pig farm in Korea. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 34:74-82. [PMID: 37394034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pig-farming systems consist of integrated or conventional farms, and many antimicrobials are used to treat bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to compare characteristics of third-generation cephalosporin resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/pAmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli between integrated and conventional farms. METHODS Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli was collected from integrated and conventional pig farms from 2021 to 2022. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were performed for the detection of β-lactamase-encoding genes, molecular analysis, and identification of genetic relationships. To determine the transferability of β-lactamase genes, conjugation assays were conducted. RESULTS Antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in conventional farms than in integrated farms; ESBL- and pAmpC-lactamase-producing E. coli rates were higher in conventional farms (9.8%) than in integrated farms (3.4%). Fifty-two (6.5%) isolates produced ESBL/pAmpC β-lactamase genes. Isolates from integrated farms harboured CTX-15 (3 isolates), CTX-55 (9 isolates), CTX-229 (1 isolate), or CMY-2 (1 isolate) genes; isolates from conventional farms harboured CTX-1 (1 isolate), CTX-14 (6 isolates), CTX-15 (2 isolates), CTX-27 (3 isolates), CTX-55 (14 isolates), CTX-229 (1 isolate), and CMY-2 (11 isolates) genes. Of the 52 ESBL/pAmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates, class 1 integrons with 11 different gene cassette arrangements were detected in 39 (75.0%) isolates, and class 2 integrons were detected in 3 isolates. The most common sequence type in both integrated and conventional farms was ST5229, followed by ST101, and then ST10. CONCLUSION Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant patterns and molecular characteristics differed between integrated and conventional farms. Our findings suggest that continuous monitoring of third-generation cephalosporin resistance on pig farms is necessary to prevent the dissemination of resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyo Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang Min Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; Onnuri Animals Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seong Won Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Korea Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; GutBiomeTech, Cheongju, Korea.
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14
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Cousins M, Parmley EJ, Greer AL, Neiterman E, Lambraki IA, Graells T, Léger A, Henriksson PJG, Troell M, Wernli D, Søgaard Jørgensen P, Carson CA, Majowicz SE. Is scientific evidence enough? Using expert opinion to fill gaps in data in antimicrobial resistance research. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290464. [PMID: 37616319 PMCID: PMC10449168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a global problem with large health and economic consequences. Current gaps in quantitative data are a major limitation for creating models intended to simulate the drivers of AMR. As an intermediate step, expert knowledge and opinion could be utilized to fill gaps in knowledge for areas of the system where quantitative data does not yet exist or are hard to quantify. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify quantifiable data about the current state of the factors that drive AMR and the strengths and directions of relationships between the factors from statements made by a group of experts from the One Health system that drives AMR development and transmission in a European context. METHODS This study builds upon previous work that developed a causal loop diagram of AMR using input from two workshops conducted in 2019 in Sweden with experts within the European food system context. A secondary analysis of the workshop transcripts was conducted to identify semi-quantitative data to parameterize drivers in a model of AMR. MAIN FINDINGS Participants spoke about AMR by combining their personal experiences with professional expertise within their fields. The analysis of participants' statements provided semi-quantitative data that can help inform a future of AMR emergence and transmission based on a causal loop diagram of AMR in a Swedish One Health system context. CONCLUSION Using transcripts of a workshop including participants with diverse expertise across the system that drives AMR, we gained invaluable insight into the past, current, and potential future states of the major drivers of AMR, particularly where quantitative data are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Neiterman
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene A. Lambraki
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anaïs Léger
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik J. G. Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolee A. Carson
- Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Majowicz
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Ibrahim N, Boyen F, Mohsin MAS, Ringenier M, Berge AC, Chantziaras I, Fournié G, Pfeiffer D, Dewulf J. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Its Correlation with Antimicrobial Use on Commercial Poultry Farms in Bangladesh. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1361. [PMID: 37760658 PMCID: PMC10525429 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, posing risks to human and animal health. This research quantified antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in E. coli isolates from poultry fecal and environmental samples in Bangladesh and explored their association with antimicrobial use (AMU). We screened 725 fecal and 250 environmental samples from 94 conventional broilers and 51 Sonali farms for E. coli presence using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. AMU data were collected at flock levels, expressed as treatment incidence (TI), while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 14 antibiotics were determined on five fecal E. coli isolates per farm and on all environmental isolates. MIC results were interpreted using human clinical breakpoints and EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs). Acquired resistance against commonly used antimicrobial agents such as ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and ampicillin, was extremely high and predominantly clinically relevant. There was a moderate correlation between fecal and environmental antibiotic resistance index (ARI), but there was no significant correlation between AMU and AMR, suggesting that the observed AMR prevalence is unrelated to current AMU in poultry, but may be due to high historical AMU. A high level of multidrug resistance, including against critically important antimicrobials, was found in both farm types. Therefore, an AMR/AMU surveillance program is urgently needed in the poultry production sector of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelima Ibrahim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Md. Abu Shoieb Mohsin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh;
| | - Moniek Ringenier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anna Catharina Berge
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 63122 Saint Genes Champanelle, France
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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16
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Fredriksen S, de Warle S, van Baarlen P, Boekhorst J, Wells JM. Resistome expansion in disease-associated human gut microbiomes. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:166. [PMID: 37507809 PMCID: PMC10386251 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resistome, the collection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a microbiome, is increasingly recognised as relevant to the development of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance. Many metagenomic studies have reported resistome differences between groups, often in connection with disease and/or antibiotic treatment. However, the consistency of resistome associations with antibiotic- and non-antibiotic-treated diseases has not been established. In this study, we re-analysed human gut microbiome data from 26 case-control studies to assess the link between disease and the resistome. RESULTS The human gut resistome is highly variable between individuals both within and between studies, but may also vary significantly between case and control groups even in the absence of large taxonomic differences. We found that for diseases commonly treated with antibiotics, namely cystic fibrosis and diarrhoea, patient microbiomes had significantly elevated ARG abundances compared to controls. Disease-associated resistome expansion was found even when ARG abundance was high in controls, suggesting ongoing and additive ARG acquisition in disease-associated strains. We also found a trend for increased ARG abundance in cases from some studies on diseases that are not treated with antibiotics, such as colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Diseases commonly treated with antibiotics are associated with expanded gut resistomes, suggesting that historical exposure to antibiotics has exerted considerable selective pressure for ARG acquisition in disease-associated strains. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen Fredriksen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stef de Warle
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Baarlen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Gulwako MS, Mokoele JM, Ngoshe YB, Naidoo V. Evaluation of the proper use of medication available over the counter by subsistence and emerging farmers in Mbombela Municipality, South Africa. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:83. [PMID: 37422641 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
South Africa has two types of animal farming systems, being the commercial industry and subsistence farming in more rural areas, with commercial farmers having more access to veterinary services. To cater for the absence of sufficient veterinary service, the country allows farmers to access certain over the counter medications (stock remedies), as a way to assist them to farm sustainably and profitably. However, with any drug use, their true benefits are only realized following correct use. The aim of this study was to describe and assess the adequacy of the current use of veterinary drugs by rural-based farmers. A scheduled structured questionnaire with close-ended questions and direct observation was employed. The most important finding was the absence of proper training in the area, with 82.9% not receiving any training related to livestock production or use/handling of stock remedies, highlighting the urgent need for proper training. Of interest, a large proportion of the farmers (57.5%) left the care of their animals to herders. Concerns were also noted in the application of withholding periods, transport of medication, disposal of medication, calculation of drug doses, correct route of administration and carcass disposal with no difference in response between farmers receiving training and those who didn't. These finding not only indicates the importance of farmer training, but shows that for such training to be effective, information should not only cover farming activities but must include primary animal health care and an understanding of information contained in package leaflets. It would also be important to ensure that herdsmen are also included in such training initiatives as they are the primary careers of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gulwako
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - J M Mokoele
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Y B Ngoshe
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - V Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.
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18
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Silva A, Silva V, Pereira JE, Maltez L, Igrejas G, Valentão P, Falco V, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages of Escherichia coli from Food-Producing Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1061. [PMID: 37370379 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are one of the most important pathogenic bacteria readily found in the livestock and widely studied as an indicator that carries drug-resistant genes between humans, animals, and the environment. The use of antimicrobials in the food chain, particularly in food-producing animals, is recognized as a significant contributor to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and resistance genes can be transferred from the farm through the food-chain. The objective of this review is to highlight the background of the antimicrobials use in food-producing animals, more specifically, to study clonal lineages and the resistance profiles observed in E. coli, as well as in extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli, in a set of food-production animals with greater relevance in food consumption, such as pigs, poultry, cattle, fish farming and rabbits. Regarding the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli among farm animals, high-to-moderate prevalence was observed, and the highest resistance rates to tetracycline and ampicillin was detected in different farms in all geographic regions. Worldwide pandemic clones and high-risk zoonotic E. coli clones have been identified in most food-producing animals, and some of these clones are already disseminated in different niches, such as the environment and humans. A better understanding of the epidemiology of E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli in livestock is urgently needed. Animal production is one of the major causes of the antibiotic resistance problem worldwide and a One Health approach is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Maltez
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Virgílio Falco
- Chemistry Research Centre (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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19
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Aricò MO, Valletta E, Caselli D. Appropriate Use of Antibiotic and Principles of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:740. [PMID: 37189989 PMCID: PMC10137055 DOI: 10.3390/children10040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics account for over 10% of the overall drug expense of the National Health System in Italy in 2021. Their use in children is of particular interest on one side, because acute infections are very common in children, while they build their immunologic library of competence; on the other side, although many acute infections are expected and turn out to be of viral origin, caregivers will often ask the family doctor or primary care attending to reassure them by prescribing antibiotic treatment, although it may often be unnecessary. The inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in children may likely be a source not only of undue economic burden for the public health system but also of increasing development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Based on those issues, the inappropriate use of antibiotics in children should be avoided to reduce the risks of unnecessary toxicity, increase in health costs, lifelong effects, and selection of resistant organisms causing undue deaths. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) describes a coherent set of actions that ensure an optimal use of antimicrobials to improve patient outcomes while limiting the risk of adverse events including AMR. The aim of this paper is to spread some concept of good use of antibiotics for pediatricians or every other physician involved in the choice to prescribe, or not, antibiotics in children. Several actions could be of help in this process, including the following: (1) identify patients with high probability of bacterial infection; (2) collect samples for culture study before starting antibiotic treatment if invasive bacterial infection is suspected; (3) select the appropriate antibiotic molecule based on local resistance and narrow spectrum for the suspected pathogen(s); avoid multi-antibiotic association; prescribe correct dosage; (4) choose the best route of administration (oral vs. parenteral) and the best schedule of administration for every prescription (i.e., multiple administration for beta lactam); (5) schedule clinical and laboratory re-evaluation with the aim to consider therapeutic de-escalation; (6) stop antibiotic administration as soon as possible, avoiding the application of "antibiotic course".
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie O. Aricò
- U.O. Pediatria, Ospedale G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forlì, Italy; (M.O.A.); (E.V.)
| | - Enrico Valletta
- U.O. Pediatria, Ospedale G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forlì, Italy; (M.O.A.); (E.V.)
| | - Désirée Caselli
- U.O.C. Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy
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Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance among Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Table Eggs Produced by Laying Hens from the Cage and Non-Cage Housing Systems in Western Australia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030588. [PMID: 36978454 PMCID: PMC10044583 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health concern in recent decades. Although several investigations evaluated AMR in commensal and pathogenic bacteria from different foods of animal origin in Australia, there is a lack of studies that compared AMR in commensal E. coli isolated from retail table eggs obtained from different laying hen housing systems. This study aimed to determine AMR and differences in AMR patterns among E. coli isolates recovered from retail table eggs sourced from caged and non-caged housing systems in Western Australia. Commensal E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution method. Clustering analyses and logistic regression models were applied to identify patterns and differences in AMR. Overall, there were moderate to high frequencies of resistance to the antimicrobials of lower importance used in Australian human medicine (tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole) in the isolates sourced from the eggs of two production systems. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to all critically important antimicrobials except the very low level of resistance to ciprofloxacin. E. coli isolates from eggs of non-caged systems had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline (OR = 5.76, p < 0.001) and ampicillin (OR = 3.42, p ≤ 0.01) compared to the isolates from eggs of caged systems. Moreover, the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant was significantly higher in table eggs from non-caged systems than isolates from caged systems’ eggs. Considering the conservative approach in using antimicrobials in the Australian layer flocks, our findings highlight the potential role of the environment or human-related factors in the dissemination and emergence of AMR in commensal E. coli, particularly in retail table eggs of non-cage system origin. Further comprehensive epidemiological studies are required to better understand the role of different egg production systems in the emergence and dissemination of AMR in commensal E. coli.
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Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci from the Dairy Value Chain in Two Indian States. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020344. [PMID: 36839616 PMCID: PMC9965176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk and milk products may contain pathogens, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and antibiotic residues that could harm consumers. We analyzed 282 gram-positive isolates from milk samples from dairy farmers and vendors in Haryana and Assam, India, to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci using microbiological tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and genotyping by PCR. The prevalence of genotypic methicillin resistance in isolates from raw milk samples was 5% [95% confidence interval, CI (3-8)], with 7% [CI (3-10)] in Haryana, in contrast to 2% [CI (0.2-6)] in Assam. The prevalence was the same in isolates from milk samples collected from farmers [5% (n = 6), CI (2-11)] and vendors [5% (n = 7), CI (2-10)]. Methicillin resistance was also observed in 15% of the isolates from pasteurized milk [(n = 3), CI (3-38)]. Two staphylococci harboring a novel mecC gene were identified for the first time in Indian dairy products. The only SCCmec type identified was Type V. The staphylococci with the mecA (n = 11) gene in raw milk were commonly resistant to oxacillin [92%, CI (59-100)] and cefoxitin [74%, CI (39-94)], while the isolates with mecC (n = 2) were resistant to oxacillin (100%) only. All the staphylococci with the mecA (n = 3) gene in pasteurized milk were resistant to both oxacillin and cefoxitin. Our results provided evidence that methicillin-resistant staphylococci occur in dairy products in India with potential public health implications. The state with more intensive dairy systems (Haryana) had higher levels of methicillin-resistant bacteria in milk.
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Mawardi M, Indrawati A, Wibawan IWT, Lusiastuti AM. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and antimicrobial resistance gene detection of extracellular enzyme bacteria isolated from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for probiotic candidates. Vet World 2023; 16:264-271. [PMID: 37042005 PMCID: PMC10082709 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.264-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that can increase mortality and morbidity rates and adversely affect health. Therefore, AMR control must be carried out in various sectors, including the fisheries sector, using probiotics. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics, including bacteria used for probiotics. This study aimed to isolate bacteria as potential producers of extracellular enzymes, phenotypic characterization, and antibiotic-resistant gene patterns.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 459 bacterial isolates were isolated from the stomach of tilapia in Indonesia. Tilapia was obtained from Sukabumi, Ciamis, Serang, Banjarnegara, Jayapura, Sorong, Manokwari Selatan, Takalar, Lampung, Batam, and Mandiangin. Enzymatic bacteria were identified. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by agar disk diffusion, and genotypic detection of encoding genes was performed using a molecular method.
Results: This study obtained 137 isolates (29.84%) that can produce extracellular enzymes. The highest number of E-sensitive isolates was found, including 130 isolates (94.89%). Six isolates (6/137) can produce four enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulose, and lipase), and they were sensitive to antibiotics. A total of 99 isolates can produce extracellular enzymes, and they were sensitive to antibiotics. Such isolates serve as a consortium of probiotic candidates. The isolates that are resistant to oxytetracycline (OT), erythromycin (E), tetracycline (TE), and enrofloxacin (ENR) included 15 isolates (10.95%), seven isolates (5.11%), three isolates (2.19%), and one isolate (0.73%), respectively. In addition, four isolates (2.92%) were detected as multidrug-resistant. The tet(A) gene obtained the highest result of detection of resistance genes in isolates that were intermediate and resistant to TE and OT. Isolates that serve as ENR intermediates have a high qnr(S) resistance gene.
Conclusion: The data in this study provide the latest update that bacteria can serve as a consortium of potential probiotics with antibiotic-resistant genes for the treatment of fish. Bacteria that are intermediate to antibiotics may contain resistance genes. The results of this study will improve the policy of probiotic standards in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Mawardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (SVMBS), IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; Main Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Selabintana No. 37, Selabatu, Kec, Cikole, Kota Sukabumi, Jawa Barat 43114, Indonesia
| | - Agustin Indrawati
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (SVMBS), IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - I. Wayan Teguh Wibawan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (SVMBS), IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Angela Mariana Lusiastuti
- Research Center for Veterinary Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency, RE Martadinata 30 Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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Bar-Dagan H, Gover O, Cohen NA, Vetvicka V, Rozenboim I, Schwartz B. Beta-glucans induce cellular immune training and changes in intestinal morphology in poultry. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1092812. [PMID: 36699331 PMCID: PMC9868956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1092812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Beta-glucans are known as biological response modifiers due to their ability to activate the immune system. This research aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of feeding beta-glucans from various sources on the immune status and intestinal morphology of chickens. Methods To this end we used in vitro and in vivo set-ups. In the in vitro set-up the chicken macrophage cell line HD-11 was used to measure the response of the chicken immune cells to beta-glucans extracted from algae and mushrooms on immune-related gene expression and associated activities. Additionally, we conducted two in vivo experiments using either beta-glucans extracted from yeast or mix of yeast and mushrooms beta-glucans as part of the chicks feed in order to test their effects on the chick intestinal morphology. Results In the in vitro set-up exposure of HD-11 cells to a concentration of 1 mg/ml of algae and mushroom beta-glucans resulted in significantly higher expression of 6 genes (TNFα, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, and iNOS2) compared to control. The release of nitrite oxide (NO) to the medium after exposure of HD-11 cells to mushrooms or algae beta-glucans was significantly increased compared to control. Additionally, significantly increased phagocytosis activity was found after exposure of the cells to algae and mushroom beta-glucans. In the in vivo set-up we observed that the length of the villi and the number of goblet cells in the ileum and the jejunum in the beta-glucan fed chicks were significantly augmented compared to control, when the chicks were fed with either yeast or yeast and mushroom beta-glucans mix. Discussion In conclusion, dietary supplementation of poultry with beta-glucan exerts significant and positive effects on immune activity and the intestinal morphology in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Bar-Dagan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofer Gover
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalie Avital Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Israel Rozenboim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Muleme J, Kankya C, Munyeme M, Musoke D, Ssempebwa JC, Isunju JB, Wambi R, Balugaba BE, Sekulima T, Mugambe RK, Cadmus S, Kajumbula HM. Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiograms of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface Using a One Health Approach Among Households in Wakiso District, Uganda. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2203-2216. [PMID: 37081947 PMCID: PMC10112474 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s398951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria such as Escherichia coli has increasingly become recognized beyond hospital settings. Resistance to other types of antibiotics limits treatment options while the existence of such bacteria among humans, animals, and the environment is suggestive of potential zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to establish the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) from human, animal, and environmental isolates obtained among farming households within Wakiso district using a One Health approach. Methods A total of 100 ESBL-EC isolates from humans 35/100 (35%), animals 56/100 (56%), and the environment 9/100 (9%) were tested for susceptibility to 11 antibiotics. This was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data were analyzed in STATA ver. 16 and graphs were drawn in Microsoft excel ver. 10. Results Most of the ESBL-EC isolates (98%) were resistant to more than two antibiotics. ESBL-EC isolates were most susceptible to meropenem (MEM) (88.0%), and imipenem (82.0%) followed by gentamicin (72%). ESBL-EC isolates from humans were most susceptible to meropenem (MEM) followed by imipenem (IPM)> gentamicin (CN)> ciprofloxacin (CIP). Animal samples were more susceptible to MEM, IPM, and CN but were highly resistant to cefotaxime (CTX)> cefepime (FEP)>other antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was mostly reported among households keeping goats under intensive husbandry practices. Seven percent of the isolates exhibited carbapenem resistance while 22% showed aminoglycoside resistance. Similar resistance patterns among humans, animals, and environmental samples were also reported. Conclusion Our study provides baseline information on non-hospital-based MDR caused by ESBL-EC using a One Health approach. ESBL-EC isolates were prevalent among apparently healthy community members, animals, and their environment. It is important to conduct more One Health approach studies to generate evidence on the drivers, resistance patterns, and transmission of ESBL-producing organisms at the human-animal-environmental interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Muleme
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
- Correspondence: James Muleme, Email
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David Musoke
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John C Ssempebwa
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Bosco Isunju
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rogers Wambi
- Department of Biosecurity Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bonny Enock Balugaba
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tahalu Sekulima
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Veterinary Microbiology Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard K Mugambe
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Center for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Henry M Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Abdel-Rahman MAA, Hamed EA, Abdelaty MF, Sorour HK, Badr H, Hassan WM, Shalaby AG, Mohamed AAE, Soliman MA, Roshdy H. Distribution pattern of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from colibacillosis cases in broiler farms of Egypt. Vet World 2023; 16:1-11. [PMID: 36855348 PMCID: PMC9967716 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Multidrug resistance (MDR) of Escherichia coli has become an increasing concern in poultry farming worldwide. However, E. coli can accumulate resistance genes through gene transfer. The most problematic resistance mechanism in E. coli is the acquisition of genes encoding broad-spectrum β-lactamases, known as extended-spectrum β-lactamases, that confer resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (conferring resistance to quinolones) and mcr-1 genes (conferring resistance to colistin) also contribute to antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility and to detect β-lactamase and colistin resistance genes of E. coli isolated from broiler farms in Egypt. Materials and Methods Samples from 938 broiler farms were bacteriologically examined for E. coli isolation. The antimicrobial resistance profile was evaluated using disk diffusion, and several resistance genes were investigated through polymerase chain reaction amplification. Results Escherichia coli was isolated and identified from 675/938 farms (72%) from the pooled internal organs (liver, heart, lung, spleen, and yolk) of broilers. Escherichia coli isolates from the most recent 3 years (2018-2020) were serotyped into 13 serotypes; the most prevalent serotype was O125 (n = 8). The highest phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles during this period were against ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Escherichia coli was sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics. Twenty-eight selected isolates from the most recent 3 years (2018-2020) were found to have MDR, where the prevalence of the antibiotic resistance genes ctx, tem, and shv was 46% and that of mcr-1 was 64%. Integrons were found in 93% of the isolates. Conclusion The study showed a high prevalence of E. coli infection in broiler farms associated with MDR, which has a high public health significance because of its zoonotic relevance. These results strengthen the application of continuous surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. A. Abdel-Rahman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Engy A. Hamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - May F. Abdelaty
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hend K. Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba Badr
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Azhar G. Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd-Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Soliman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba Roshdy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P. O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
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Al-Eitan L, Sendyani S, Alnimri M. Applications of the One Health concept: Current Status in the Middle East. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Spray-dried porcine plasma enhances feed efficiency, intestinal integrity, and immune response of broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102431. [PMID: 36610106 PMCID: PMC9829710 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-emergence of enteric diseases in the postantibiotic era has imposed severe loss to the poultry industry leading to the urgent need for appropriate additives to maintain gut health. Recently, more attention has been paid to animal plasma due to its high concentrations of active components such as albumins and globulins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) supplementation during the starter phase (d 0-10) on growth performance, intestine health, and immune response of broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 720 day-old male broiler parental line chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to a 2 (NE challenge: no, yes) × 2 (SDP: 0, 2%) factorial arrangement with 12 replications of 15 chicks each. To induce NE, birds were inoculated with live Eimeria vaccine on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14. The body weight of birds and feed consumption were measured per pen on d 8, 10, 24, and 29 to calculate performance parameters. On d 16, three birds per pen were sampled to analyse the intestinal lesion score, gut permeability, villi morphology, relative weight of organs, and immune response. Results showed that SDP improved (P < 0.001) FCR in the pre-challenge phase (d 0-8). The results indicated that supplementing SDP lowered (P < 0.01) FCR at the end of the experiment (d 29). Dietary SDP decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of FITC-d in serum samples of challenged broilers, although it did not affect the intestinal morphology and lesion score. Birds fed with SDP had a higher (P < 0.05) relative weight of bursa (g/kg live body weight) compared to non-supplemented birds. Supplementing SDP reduced the concentration of interleukin-6 (P < 0.05) and α-1 acid glycoprotein (P = 0.051) in serum samples of broilers. In conclusion, supplementation of SDP in the starter phase enhanced feed efficiency and gut integrity in NE challenged broilers, possibly through manipulating the immune response, while further studies targeting intestinal microflora and key genes are required to explore the mode of action.
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Bi H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xue B, Li C, Wang S, Yang X, Li C, Qiu Z, Wang J, Shen Z. IVT cell-free biosensors for tetracycline and macrolide detection based on allosteric transcription factors (aTFs). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4545-4554. [PMID: 36314439 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the issue of food safety has received a lot of attention. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prescribes the antibiotic's maximum residue limit (MRL) in food production. The standard detection methods of antibiotics are liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with complex operations and precision instruments. In this study, allosteric transcription factor (aTF)-based in vitro transcription (IVT) cell-free biosensors were developed for tetracyclines and macrolides with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Characterization of binding and dissociation processes between aTF and DNA was carried out by BIAcore assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). BIAcore was innovatively used to directly observe the real-time process of binding and dissociation of aTF with DNA. The biosensors produce more fluorescence RNA when target antibiotics are added to the three-way junction dimeric Broccoli (3WJdB). Four tetracyclines and two macrolides were quantified in the 0.5-15 μM range, while erythromycin and clarithromycin were detected over a range of 0.1-15 μM. NASBA, commonly used for viral detection, was used to amplify 3WJdB RNA generated by IVT, which greatly increased the LOD for tetracyclines and macrolides to 0.01 μM. The use of biosensors in milk samples demonstrated their on-site detection performance. Overall, our proposed biosensors are simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive, with the potential for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixiu Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Abstract
Antibiotics have long been used for the prevention and treatment of common diseases and for prophylactic purposes in dairy animals. However, in recent decades it has become a matter of concern due to the widespread belief that there has been an abuse or misuse of these drugs in animals and that this misuse has led to the presence of residues in derived foods, such as milk and dairy products. Therefore, this review aims to compile the scientific literature published to date on the presence of antibiotic residues in these products worldwide. The focus is on the reasons that lead to their presence in food, on the potential problems caused by residues in the characteristics of dairy products and in their manufacturing process, on the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and on the effects that both residues and resistant bacteria can cause on human and environmental health.
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The Role of Methyl-(Z)-11-tetradecenoate Acid from the Bacterial Membrane Lipid Composition in Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6028045. [PMID: 35734346 PMCID: PMC9209004 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6028045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The bacterial membrane plays a critical role in the survival of bacteria and the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides in protecting the host. The lipid constituents of the bacterial membrane are not evenly distributed, and they could be affected by clustering anionic lipids with cationic peptides with multiple positive charges. That could be harmful to bacteria because it prevents lipids from interacting with other molecular components of the cell membrane, disrupts existing natural domains, or creates phase boundary defects between the clustered lipids and the bulk of the membrane. This preliminary quantitative study is aimed at assembling a correlation between antibiotic resistance and bacterial lipid composition in E. coli, based on the function and arrangement of the bilipid coating of the bacterial cell, intimately associated with the path of antimicrobials through membranes. Methods Fifteen multiresistant E. coli samples are collected from swine with enterocolitis tested for resistance levels using the disc diffusimetric method (Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion). Pathogen identification completed using the API 20E multitest system revealed the E. coli presence in 11 samples. In these samples, bacterial membrane detection of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) operating a 240 MS Ion Trap (Varian) GC/MS (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was performed, using the MIDI Sherlock recognition software model. Results Interpreting the descriptive statistical method, the correlation matrix, and regression curves and after ANOVA analysis, we ascertained that the studied E. coli population statistically confirmed different degrees of resistance in most of the samples analyzed in this test. Conclusions In one case, the methyl-(Z)-11-tetradecenoate acid was observed to have a relationship with the susceptibility evaluation by using the disc diffusimetric method, which has revealed the lowest rate of antimicrobial resistance, so it has importance in further resistance evaluation studies.
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Plasmid and chromosomal copies of bla CMY-2 mediate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli from food animals in China. Vet Microbiol 2022; 271:109493. [PMID: 35728389 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food animals is the major determinant for the propagation of resistant bacteria in the animal reservoir. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) -resistant and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from food animals in Southern China. In total, 744 3GC-resistant and 40 blaCMY-2-positive E. coli strains were recovered from 1656 food animal fecal samples across five rearing regions. The blaCMY-2 genes were located on IncC, IncFIB or IncI1 type plasmids in 12 E. coli isolates. In the other 22 isolates, S1-PFGE and hybridization analyses revealed that the blaCMY-2 gene was chromosomally located and demonstrated a high prevalence of the chromosomally encoded blaCMY-2 gene in E. coli. Plasmid stability and growth curve experiments demonstrated that IncI1, IncC and IncFIB plasmids can exist stably in the host bacteria and with a low growth burden and may be the reason these plasmids can be widely disseminated in breeding environments. Whole genome sequencing indicated that ISEcp1 and IS1294 played important roles in blaCMY-2 transfer to both plasmids and the chromosome. Our study confirmed that blaCMY-2 mediated resistance of food animal-derived E. coli to 3GC and highlights the urgent need for appropriate monitoring programmes.
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Hayes JF. Fighting Back against Antimicrobial Resistance with Comprehensive Policy and Education: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050644. [PMID: 35625288 PMCID: PMC9137785 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a significant threat. A comprehensive plan is required to combat antimicrobial resistance. There have been national and international efforts to address this global health problem, but much work remains. Enhanced funding and regulations to support antimicrobial stewardship policy and program development, reforms to incentivize drug development to treat resistant pathogens, and efforts to strengthen One Health programs are areas for collaboration and innovation. Finally, implementation of educational interventions for trainees encompassing these key areas along with training on policy and leadership development is critical to enable sustainability of these efforts to fight back against antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Banner University Medical Center-Tucson and South, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Genomic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium from humans and food sources accurately predicts phenotypic multi-drug resistance. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Hickman RA, Agarwal V, Sjöström K, Emanuelson U, Fall N, Sternberg-Lewerin S, Järhult JD. Dissemination of Resistant Escherichia coli Among Wild Birds, Rodents, Flies, and Calves on Dairy Farms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:838339. [PMID: 35432261 PMCID: PMC9010975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.838339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Hickman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rachel A. Hickman,
| | - Viktoria Agarwal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Sjöström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Fall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rachel A. Hickman,
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Tomaś N, Myszka K, Wolko Ł. Black pepper and tarragon essential oils suppress the lipolytic potential and the type II secretion system of P. psychrophila KM02. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5487. [PMID: 35361821 PMCID: PMC8971419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing consumer demand for raw, nonprocessed, safe, and long shelf-life fish and seafood products, research concerning the application of natural antimicrobials as alternatives to preservatives is of great interest. The aim of the following paper was to evaluate the effect of essential oils (EOs) from black pepper (BPEO) and tarragon (TEO), and their bioactive compounds: limonene (LIM), β-caryophyllene (CAR), methyl eugenol (ME), and β-phellandrene (PHE) on the lipolytic activity and type II secretion system (T2SS) of Pseudomonas psychrophila KM02 (KM02) fish isolates grown in vitro and in fish model conditions. Spectrophotometric analysis with the p-NPP reagent showed inhibition of lipolysis from 11 to 46%. These results were confirmed by RT-qPCR, as the expression levels of lipA, lipB, and genes encoding T2SS were also considerably decreased. The supplementation of marinade with BPEO and TEO contributed to KM02 growth inhibition during vacuum packaging of salmon fillets relative to control samples. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provided insight into the spoilage potential of KM02, proving its importance as a spoilage microorganism whose metabolic activity should be inhibited to maintain the quality and safety of fresh fish in the food market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tomaś
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-637, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Kamila Myszka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wolko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
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Factors influencing antimicrobial resistance in the European food system and potential leverage points for intervention: A participatory, One Health study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263914. [PMID: 35192666 PMCID: PMC8863257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis that evolves from a complex system of factors. Understanding what factors interact is key to finding solutions. Our objective was to identify the factors influencing AMR in the European food system and places to intervene. Materials and methods We conducted two workshops involving participants with diverse perspectives to identify the factors influencing AMR and leverage points (places) to target interventions. Transcripts were open coded for factors and connections, then transcribed into Vensim 8.0.4 to develop a causal loop diagram (CLD) and compute the number of feedback loops. Thematic analysis followed to describe AMR dynamics in Europe’s food system and places for intervention. The CLD and themes were confirmed via participant feedback. Results Seventeen participants representing human, animal and agricultural sectors identified 91 CLD factors and 331 connections. Seven themes (e.g., social and economic conditions) describing AMR dynamics in Europe’s food system, five ‘overarching factors’ that impact the entire CLD system (e.g., leadership) and fourteen places for intervention (e.g., consumer demand) emerged from workshop discussions. Most leverage points fell on highly networked feedback loops suggesting that intervening at these places may create unpredictable consequences. Conclusions Our study produced a CLD of factors influencing AMR in Europe’s food system that implicates sectors across the One Health spectrum. The high connectivity between the CLD factors described by participants and our finding that factors are connected with many feedback mechanisms underscores the complexity of the AMR problem and the challenge with finding long-term solutions. Identifying factors and feedbacks helped identify relevant leverage points in the system. Some actions, such as government’s setting AMU standards may be easier to implement. These actions in turn can support multi-pronged actions that can help redefine the vision, values and goals of the system to sustainably tackle AMR.
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de Mesquita Souza Saraiva M, Lim K, do Monte DFM, Givisiez PEN, Alves LBR, de Freitas Neto OC, Kariuki S, Júnior AB, de Oliveira CJB, Gebreyes WA. Antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain: a One Health perspective applied to the poultry industry. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:465-486. [PMID: 34775576 PMCID: PMC8590523 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major global public health crisis. The food animal industry will face escalating challenges to increase productivity while minimizing AMR, since the global demand for animal protein has been continuously increasing and food animals play a key role in the global food supply, particularly broiler chickens. As chicken products are sources of low-cost, high-quality protein, poultry production is an important economic driver for livelihood and survival in developed and developing regions. The globalization of the food supply, markedly in the poultry industry, is aligned to the globalization of the whole modern society, with an unprecedented exchange of goods and services, and transit of human populations among regions and countries. Considering the increasing threat posed by AMR, human civilization is faced with a complex, multifaceted problem compromising its future. Actions to mitigate antimicrobial resistance are needed in all sectors of the society at the human, animal, and environmental levels. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain, using the poultry sector as a model. We cover critical aspects of the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the poultry industry and their implications to public health in a global perspective. Finally, we provide current insights using the multidisciplinary One Health approach to mitigate AMR at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro de Mesquita Souza Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelvin Lim
- Veterinary Health Management Branch, National Parks Board, 6 Perahu Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Farias Marinho do Monte
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angelo Berchieri Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Samy AA, Mansour AS, Khalaf DD, Khairy EA. Development of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in some Egyptian veterinary farms. Vet World 2022; 15:488-495. [PMID: 35400950 PMCID: PMC8980374 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.488-495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Food of animal origin is considered a major source of foodborne diseases. In this context, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli pose a serious hazard to public health due to the consumption of food contaminated with antibiotics that are used for the treatment of various bacterial infections in farm animals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the excessive use of antibiotics on the development of MDR E. coli strains in Egyptian poultry, dairy, and meat farms.
Materials and Methods: A total of 1225 samples were randomly collected from poultry, dairy, and meat products intended for human consumption in different governorates. E. coli were isolated from the collected samples and subjected to biochemical identification and antibiotic sensitivity tests with antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. Then, amoxicillin (AML)- and oxytetracycline (OT)-resistant E. coli isolates were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction test to detect the blaTEM and tetA genes, respectively.
Results: E. coli were isolated from 132 out of 350, 148 out of 350, 177 out of 350, and 35 out of 175 poultry, milk, meat, and human samples, respectively. Most of the isolates expressed multidrug resistance, and resistance genes (blaTEM and tetA) were detected in all the tested AML- and OT-resistant E. coli isolates.
Conclusion: Foods of animal origin may represent a source of MDR E. coli, which can be a major threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Samy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S. Mansour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa D. Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Khairy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Nohrborg S, Dione MM, Winfred AC, Okello L, Wieland B, Magnusson U. Geographic and Socioeconomic Influence on Knowledge and Practices Related to Antimicrobial Resistance among Smallholder Pig Farmers in Uganda. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:251. [PMID: 35203853 PMCID: PMC8868422 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antibiotic use (ABU) in the livestock sector needs to be reduced. In low- and middle-income countries, regulations have shown to be less successful in reducing ABU. Here, a bottom-up approach can complement legal frameworks, which requires an understanding of the drivers for ABU. In this study, we investigated the influence of geographic and socioeconomic settings on determinants for ABU among pig farmers in Uganda. The data were collected through a questionnaire in two districts, Lira and Mukono, and comparative statistical analyses were performed. Farmers in Lira had less access to animal health services, applied disease prevention measures less and used antibiotics more. In Mukono, it was more common to consult a veterinarian in response to disease, while in Lira it was more common to consult an animal health worker. There was no difference in how many farmers followed treatment instructions from a veterinarian, but it was more common in Lira to follow instructions from pharmacies. The findings support the need for locally tailored AMR-reducing interventions to complement regulations. To accomplish this tailoring, systematic collection of knowledge of farm structures, farm practices and access to animal health services and veterinary drugs is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nohrborg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Michel Mainack Dione
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Ouakam, Dakar BP 24265, Senegal;
| | | | | | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Vibrio Derived from Farm-Raised Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and Asian Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1970) on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020136. [PMID: 35203739 PMCID: PMC8868497 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in intensive fish farming, which in turn increases the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the aquatic environment. The current study investigates the prevalence and determines the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio in farmed fishes on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Over a period of 12 months, 32 aquaculture farms from the Malaysian states of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, and Perak were sampled. Both E. coli and Salmonella were highly resistant to erythromycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, while Vibrio was highly resistant to ampicillin and streptomycin. Resistance to the antibiotics listed as the highest priority and critically important for human therapy, such as colistin in E. coli (18.1%) and Salmonella (20%) in fish, is a growing public health concern. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) levels of E. coli and Salmonella in tilapia were 46.5% and 77.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the MDR levels of E. coli, Salmonella, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. cholerae in Asian seabass were 34%, 100%, 21.6%, 8.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Our findings provide much-needed information on AMR in aquaculture settings that can be used to tailor better strategies for the use of antibiotics in aquaculture production at the local and regional levels.
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Soumeh EA, Cedeno ADRC, Niknafs S, Bromfield J, Hoffman LC. The Efficiency of Probiotics Administrated via Different Routes and Doses in Enhancing Production Performance, Meat Quality, Gut Morphology, and Microbial Profile of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123607. [PMID: 34944382 PMCID: PMC8697876 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in the animal production industry around the world for decades, with the consequence of a high potential of antibiotic-resistant bacteria transfer to humans. Efficiently raising broiler chickens in an antibiotic-free production system is a challenge, and identifying an effective nutritional alternative to support growth performance, gut health, and functionality without administrating AGPs is of essence. Several antimicrobial alternative options that are commercially available include herbal essential oils, exogenous enzymes, organic acids, plant secondary metabolites, probiotics, and prebiotics. Probiotics in animal feed is projected to attain a massive global growth, reaching USD 6.24 billion by 2026. This study tested the efficiency of probiotics when supplemented via different administration routes (feed or water) and doses, or in combination with prebiotics, on growth performance, meat quality, gut morphology, and microbial profile of broiler chickens. The outcomes revealed that probiotics enhance production performance, and compared to AGPs, do not reduce the beta-diversity of the gut microbial community. Water-soluble probiotics seemed to be more effective in improving growth performance. Abstract To study the efficiency of Bacillus spp. probiotics administered via different routes and doses, a 6-week grow-out trial was conducted using a total of 378 day-old mixed-sex ROSS308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized block design. Six experimental diets included probiotics added at two different inclusion rates into the feed (250 g/ton; PRO250, or 500 g/ton; PRO500), or in the drinking water (25 g/L; PRO-WS), or as a feed synbiotic (250 g probiotic + 250 g/ton prebiotic; SYN), compared to a negative (NC; without additives) and positive control (PC; with antibiotics) diets. The PRO-WS enhanced feed intake (p < 0.05) and tended to improve average daily gain and final body weight (p = 0.14). Broiler gut morphology in the duodenum including the villus height (p = 0.04), villus width (p = 0.05) and crypt depth (p = 0.02) were improved by PRO500. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes. Streptococcaceae, Lachnoospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipe-lotrichaceae were the top five most abundant families. Antibiotic inclusion in PC reduced microbial beta-diversity and increased similarity compared to probiotic inclusion (p = 0.05). Probiotic inclusion reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis, which is a commonly isolated pathogen and is considered as a marker for antimicrobial resistance. Overall, probiotic supplementation via feed or water may potentially improve the production performance of the broiler chickens, and water-soluble probiotics are potentially more effective. Probiotics, especially when added to water, suggest a promising feed additive to support gut microbial maturation and diversity, and may reduce resistant bacteria in broiler chickens. However, it is suggested that the best route for the administration of probiotics be further examined under commercial conditions to find the most effective and practical application method that yields the most consistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A. Soumeh
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (A.D.R.C.C.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-5460-1308
| | - Astrid Del Rocio Coba Cedeno
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (A.D.R.C.C.); (J.B.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.N.); (L.C.H.)
| | - Shahram Niknafs
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.N.); (L.C.H.)
| | - Jacoba Bromfield
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (A.D.R.C.C.); (J.B.)
- Bioproton Pty Ltd., Acacia Ridge, Brisbane, QLD 4110, Australia
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.N.); (L.C.H.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7906, South Africa
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Saatchi A, Reid JN, Povitz M, Shariff SZ, Silverman M, Morris AM, Reyes RC, Patrick DM, Marra F. Appropriateness of Outpatient Antibiotic Use in Seniors across Two Canadian Provinces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121484. [PMID: 34943696 PMCID: PMC8698544 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed medications in Canada, with over 90% of antibiotics prescribed in outpatient settings. Seniors prescribed antimicrobials are particularly vulnerable to adverse drug events and antimicrobial resistance. The extent of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in outpatient Canadian medical practice, and the potential long-term trends in this practice, are unknown. This study is the first in Canada to examine prescribing quality across two large-scale provincial healthcare systems to compare both quantity and quality of outpatient antibiotic use in seniors. Population-based analyses using administrative health databases were conducted in British Columbia (BC) and Ontario (ON), and all outpatient, oral antimicrobials dispensed to seniors (≥65 years) from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2018 were identified. Antimicrobials were linked to an indication using a 3-tiered hierarchy. Tier 1 indications, which always require antibiotics, were given priority, followed by Tier 2 indications that sometimes require antibiotics, then Tier 3, which never require antibiotics. Prescription rates were calculated per 1000 population, and trends were examined overall, by drug class, and by patient demographics. Prescribing remained steady in both provinces, with 11,166,401 prescriptions dispensed overall in BC, and 27,656,014 overall in ON. BC prescribed at slightly elevated rates (range: 790 to 930 per 1000 residents), in comparison to ON (range: 745 to 785 per 1000 residents), throughout the study period. For both provinces, a Tier 3 diagnosis was the most common reason for antibiotic use, accounting for 50% of all indication-associated antibiotic prescribing. Although Tier 3 indications remained the most prescribed-for diagnoses throughout the study period, a declining trend over time is encouraging, with much room for improvement remaining. Elevated prescribing to seniors continues across Canadian outpatient settings, and prescribing quality is of high concern, with 50% of all antimicrobials prescribed inappropriately for common infections that do not require antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Jennifer N. Reid
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (J.N.R.); (S.Z.S.)
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada;
| | - Marcus Povitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Salimah Z. Shariff
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (J.N.R.); (S.Z.S.)
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada;
| | - Michael Silverman
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Morris
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | | | - David M. Patrick
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada;
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fawziah Marra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-7898
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Foodborne Pathogens Isolated from Dairy Cattle and Poultry Manure Amended Farms in Northeastern Ohio, the United States. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121450. [PMID: 34943663 PMCID: PMC8698512 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens significantly impact public health globally. Excessive antimicrobial use plays a significant role in the development of the public health crisis of antibiotic resistance. Here, we determined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli O157, Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and Campylobacter isolated between 2016 and 2020 from small scale agricultural settings that were amended with dairy cattle or poultry manure in Northeastern Ohio. The total prevalence of the foodborne pathogens was 19.3%: Campylobacter 8%, Listeria monocytogenes 7.9%, Escherichia coli O157 1.8%, and Salmonella 1.5%. The prevalence was significantly higher in dairy cattle (87.7%) compared to poultry (12.2%) manure amended farms. Furthermore, the prevalence was higher in manure samples (84%) compared to soil samples (15.9%; p < 0.05). Multiple drug resistance was observed in 73%, 77%, 100%, and 57.3% of E. coli O157, Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and Campylobacter isolates recovered, respectively. The most frequently observed resistance genes were mphA, aadA, and aphA1 in E. coli O157; blaTEM, tet(B), and strA in Salmonella; penA, ampC, lde, ermB, tet(O), and aadB in L. monocytogenes and blaOXA-61, tet(O), and aadE in Campylobacter. Our results highlight the critical need to address the dissemination of foodborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance in agricultural settings.
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Aslam B, Khurshid M, Arshad MI, Muzammil S, Rasool M, Yasmeen N, Shah T, Chaudhry TH, Rasool MH, Shahid A, Xueshan X, Baloch Z. Antibiotic Resistance: One Health One World Outlook. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:771510. [PMID: 34900756 PMCID: PMC8656695 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it is now regarded as a critical One Health issue. One Health's interconnected domains contribute to the emergence, evolution, and spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms on a local and global scale, which is a significant risk factor for global health. The persistence and spread of resistant microbial species, and the association of determinants at the human-animal-environment interface can alter microbial genomes, resulting in resistant superbugs in various niches. ABR is motivated by a well-established link between three domains: human, animal, and environmental health. As a result, addressing ABR through the One Health approach makes sense. Several countries have implemented national action plans based on the One Health approach to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes, following the Tripartite's Commitment Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The ABR has been identified as a global health concern, and efforts are being made to mitigate this global health threat. To summarize, global interdisciplinary and unified approaches based on One Health principles are required to limit the ABR dissemination cycle, raise awareness and education about antibiotic use, and promote policy, advocacy, and antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Saima Muzammil
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Rasool
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Yasmeen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tamoor Hamid Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Public Health Laboratories Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aqsa Shahid
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xia Xueshan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Validation of Selective Agars for Detection and Quantification of Escherichia coli Strains Resistant to Critically Important Antimicrobials. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0066421. [PMID: 34756091 PMCID: PMC8579925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00664-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is likely to improve if surveillance can be performed on an epidemiological scale. An approach based on agars with incorporated antimicrobials has enormous potential to achieve this. However, there is a need to identify the combinations of selective agars and key antimicrobials yielding the most accurate counts of susceptible and resistant organisms. A series of experiments involving 1,202 plates identified the best candidate combinations from six commercially available agars and five antimicrobials, using 18 Escherichia coli strains as either pure cultures or inocula-spiked feces. The effects of various design factors on colony counts were analyzed in generalized linear models. Without antimicrobials, Brilliance E. coli and CHROMagar ECC agars yielded 28.9% and 23.5% more colonies, respectively, than MacConkey agar. The order of superiority of agars remained unchanged when fecal samples with or without spiking of resistant E. coli strains were inoculated onto agars with or without specific antimicrobials. When antimicrobials were incorporated at various concentrations, it was revealed that ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were suitable for incorporation into Brilliance and CHROMagar agars at all defined concentrations. Gentamicin was suitable for incorporation only at 8 and 16 μg/ml, while ceftiofur was suitable only at 1 μg/ml. CHROMagar extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) agar supported growth of a wider diversity of extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant E. coli strains. The findings demonstrate the potential for agars with incorporated antimicrobials to be combined with laboratory-based robotics to deliver AMR surveillance on a vast scale with greater sensitivity of detection and strategic relevance. IMPORTANCE Established models of surveillance for AMR in livestock typically have a low sampling intensity, which creates a tremendous barrier to understanding the variation of resistance among animal and food enterprises. However, developments in laboratory robotics now make it possible to rapidly and affordably process large volumes of samples. Combined with modern selective agars incorporating antimicrobials, this forms the basis of a novel surveillance process for identifying resistant bacteria by chromogenic reactions, including accurately detecting and quantifying the presence of bacteria even when they are present at low concentrations. Because Escherichia coli is a widely preferred indicator bacterium for AMR surveillance, this study identifies the optimal selective agar for quantifying resistant E. coli strains by assessing the growth performance on agars with antimicrobials. The findings are the first step toward exploiting laboratory robotics in an up-scaled approach to AMR surveillance in livestock, with wider adaptations in food, clinical microbiology, and public health.
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Potential Influence of Regulation of the Food Value Chain on Prevalence and Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance: the Case of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0094521. [PMID: 34550759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00945-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the potential impact of the level of regulation on the prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial agent resistance in bacteria isolated from fish. The study sites included two large lakes and both semiregulated and unregulated fish value chains. A total of 328 bacterial isolates belonging to 11 genera were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. The bacterial species were tested against 12 different antibiotics (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime, and kanamycin). Data analysis was done to assess the heterogeneity in proportion of resistant bacterial species within and between the two value chains using a random-effects model proposed by DerSimonian and Laird (Control Clin Trials 7:177-188, 1986). Statistical heterogeneity within and between groups was estimated using the Cochran chi-square test and the Cochrane I2 index. The overall proportion of bacterial species resistant to antimicrobial agents in semiregulated and unregulated value chains ranged from 0.00 to 0.88 and 0.09 to 0.95, respectively. Shigella spp. had the highest proportion of bacteria that were resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents used. The bacterial species were highly resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, and the highest multidrug resistance capacity was observed in Shigella spp. (18.3%, n = 328), Vibrio spp. (18.3%), and Listeria monocytogenes (12.2%). We observed strong heterogeneity within and between the two value chains regarding proportion of resistant bacterial species. Sun-dried fish in both value chains had significantly high proportions of resistant bacterial species. Comparing the two value chains, the unregulated value chain had a significantly higher proportion of bacterial species that were resistant. In order to mitigate the risk of transmitting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to consumers along the fish value chain, good manufacturing practices coupled with identification and management of possible sources of contamination are recommended for fish and potentially other foods distributed along the less regulated value chains. IMPORTANCE In order to mitigate the risk of transmitting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to consumers along the fish value chain, good manufacturing practices coupled with identification and management of possible sources of contamination are recommended for fish and potentially other foods distributed along the less regulated value chains.
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Buscaroli E, Braschi I, Cirillo C, Fargue-Lelièvre A, Modarelli GC, Pennisi G, Righini I, Specht K, Orsini F. Reviewing chemical and biological risks in urban agriculture: A comprehensive framework for a food safety assessment of city region food systems. Food Control 2021; 126:108085. [PMID: 34345121 PMCID: PMC8080888 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention to urban agriculture (UA) has recently grown among practitioners, scientists, and the public, resulting in several initiatives worldwide. Despite the positive perception of modern UA and locally grown, fresh produce, the potential food safety risks connected to these practices may be underestimated, leading to regulatory gaps. Thus, there is a need for assessment tools to evaluate the food safety risks connected to specific UA initiatives, to assist practitioners in self-evaluation and control, and to provide policy makers and scholars a means to pursue and assess food safety in city regions, avoiding either a lack or an excess of regulation that could ultimately hinder the sector. To address this aim, this paper reviews the most recent and relevant literature on UA food safety assessments. Food safety indicators were identified first. Then, a food safety assessment framework for UA initiatives was developed. The framework uses business surveys and food analyses (if available) as a data source for calculating a food safety index for single UA businesses and the whole UA landscape of a given city region. The proposed framework was designed to allow its integration into the CRFS (City Region Food System) toolkit developed by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), RUAF foundation (Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security) and Wilfrid Laurier University. Connection of several biological and chemical food safety risks to UA techniques. Identifiable food safety risk factors for diverse UA practices. Framework for the assessment of food safety levels of UA initiatives. Development of a risk-based assessment that can be integrated into the FAO CRFS framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Buscaroli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Braschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - G C Modarelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - G Pennisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Righini
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Specht
- ILS- Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Orsini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Vijay S, Sharma M, Misri J, Shome BR, Veeraraghavan B, Ray P, Ohri VC, Walia K. An integrated surveillance network for antimicrobial resistance, India. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:562-571. [PMID: 34354311 PMCID: PMC8319865 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.284406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the preparedness of veterinary laboratories in India to participate in an integrated antimicrobial resistance surveillance network and to address gaps in provision identified. METHODS The Indian Council of Medical Research and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research collaborated: (i) to select eight nationally representative veterinary microbiology laboratories whose capacity for participating in an integrated antimicrobial resistance surveillance network would be assessed using a standardized tool; (ii) to identify gaps in provision from the assessment findings; and (iii) to develop a plan, and take the necessary steps to address these gaps in consultation with participating organizations. FINDINGS The main gaps in provision identified were: (i) a lack of dedicated funding for antimicrobial resistance surveillance; (ii) the absence of standard guidelines for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; (iii) a shortage of reference strains for testing and quality assurance; and (iv) the absence of mechanisms for sharing data. We addressed these gaps by creating a veterinary standard operating procedure for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, by carrying out a validation exercise to identify problems with implementing the procedure and by conducting capacity-building workshops for veterinary laboratories. CONCLUSION Antimicrobial resistance surveillance networks depend on the availability of accurate, quality-controlled testing. The challenges identified in creating an integrated surveillance network for India can be overcome by developing a comprehensive plan for improving laboratory capacity in human, veterinary and environmental sectors that is supported by the necessary funds. The study's findings may provide guidance for other low- and middle-income countries planning to develop a similar network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Vijay
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - BR Shome
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Pathogen Diversity Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research–National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - VC Ohri
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kamini Walia
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Sirichokchatchawan W, Apiwatsiri P, Pupa P, Saenkankam I, Khine NO, Lekagul A, Lugsomya K, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Critical Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants From Contaminated Pork Products to Humans in South-East Asia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689015. [PMID: 34385984 PMCID: PMC8353453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical challenge worldwide as it impacts public health, especially via contamination in the food chain and in healthcare-associated infections. In relation to farming, the systems used, waste management on farms, and the production line process are all determinants reflecting the risk of AMR emergence and rate of contamination of foodstuffs. This review focuses on South East Asia (SEA), which contains diverse regions covering 11 countries, each having different levels of development, customs, laws, and regulations. Routinely, here as elsewhere antimicrobials are still used for three indications: therapy, prevention, and growth promotion, and these are the fundamental drivers of AMR development and persistence. The accuracy of detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) depends on the laboratory standards applicable in the various institutes and countries, and this affects the consistency of regional data. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the standard proxy species used for indicating AMR-associated nosocomial infections and healthcare-associated infections. Pig feces and wastewater have been suspected as one of the hotspots for spread and circulation of ARB and ARG. As part of AMR surveillance in a One Health approach, clonal typing is used to identify bacterial clonal transmission from the production process to consumers and patients - although to date there have been few published definitive studies about this in SEA. Various alternatives to antibiotics are available to reduce antibiotic use on farms. Certain of these alternatives together with improved disease prevention methods are essential tools to reduce antimicrobial usage in swine farms and to support global policy. This review highlights evidence for potential transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans, and awareness and understanding of AMR through a description of the occurrence of AMR in pig farm food chains under SEA management systems. The latter includes a description of standard pig farming practices, detection of AMR and clonal analysis of bacteria, and AMR in the food chain and associated environments. Finally, the possibility of using alternatives to antibiotics and improving policies for future strategies in combating AMR in a SEA context are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandee Sirichokchatchawan
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imporn Saenkankam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nwai Oo Khine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Lekagul
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - David J. Hampson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hogeveen H, Klaas IC, Dalen G, Honig H, Zecconi A, Kelton DF, Mainar MS. Novel ways to use sensor data to improve mastitis management. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11317-11332. [PMID: 34304877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current sensor systems are used to detect cows with clinical mastitis. Although, the systems perform well enough to not negatively affect the adoption of automatic milking systems, the performance is far from perfect. An important advantage of sensor systems is the availability of multiple measurements per day. By clearly defining the need for detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) from the farmers' management perspective, detection and management of SCM and CM may be improved. Sensor systems may also be used for other aspects of mastitis management. In this paper we have defined 4 mastitis situations that could be managed with the support of sensor systems. Because of differences in the associated management and the epidemiology of these specific mastitis situations, the required demands for performance of the sensor systems do differ. The 4 defined mastitis situations with the requirements of performance are the following: (1) Cows with severe CM needing immediate attention. Sensor systems should have a very high sensitivity (>95% and preferably close to 100%) and specificity (>99%) within a narrow time window (maximum 12 h) to ensure that close to all cows with true cases of severe CM are detected quickly. Although never studied, it is expected that because of the effects of severe CM, such a high detection performance is feasible. (2) Cows with mastitis that do not need immediate attention. Although these cows have a risk of progressing into severe CM or chronic mastitis, they should get the chance to cure spontaneously under close monitoring. Sensor alerts should have a reasonable sensitivity (>80%) and a high specificity (>99.5%). The time window may be around 7 d. (3) Cows needing attention at drying off. For selective dry cow treatment, the absence or presence of an intramammary infection at dry-off needs to be known. To avoid both false-positive and false-negative alerts, sensitivity and specificity can be equally high (>95%). (4) Herd-level udder health. By combining sensor readings from all cows in the herd, novel herd-level key performance indicators can be developed to monitor udder health status and development over time and raise alerts at significant deviances from predefined thresholds; sensitivity should be reasonably high, >80%, and because of the costs for further analysis of false-positive alerts, the specificity should be >99%. The development and validation of sensor-based algorithms specifically for these 4 mastitis situations will encourage situation-specific farmer interventions and operational udder health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Hogeveen
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilka C Klaas
- DeLaval International AB, Gustaf De Lavals väg 15, 147 21 Tumba, Sweden
| | | | - Hen Honig
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Leziyyon, Israel
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - David F Kelton
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maria Sánchez Mainar
- International Dairy Federation, 70/B Boulevard Auguste Reyers, 1030 Brussels, Belgium
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