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Sadeghi B, Witkamp M, Schefberger D, Arbman A, Ringdén O. Immunomodulation by placenta-derived decidua stromal cells. Role of histocompatibility, accessory cells and freeze-thawing. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:68-75. [PMID: 36333233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human placenta-derived decidua stromal cells (DSCs) are newly introduced stromal cells that have successfully been used in several clinical trials for the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases. Despite published data about DSCs, deeper exploration of mechanisms of action and crosstalk with other immune cells need to be explored. METHODS In mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), the splenocytes from Balb/c or B6 mice were stimulated using mitogen (concanavalin A), allogeneic (B6 or Balb/c splenocytes) or xenogeneic activation with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS When 10% of the mouse bone marrow-derived-MSC, being autologous, allogeneic or haploidentical (from F1), was added, >95% inhibition was seen. Using human (h)-DSCs, the inhibitory capacity was a median 68% as a xenogeneic immunomodulatory cell when used in mitogen and allogeneic setting in mice MLC. However, when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used as stimulator for mouse splenocyte (xenogeneic MLC), hDSC showed a median inhibition of 88%. We explored the presence and function of monocytes in the immunomodulatory function of stromal cells. CD14+ monocyte cells reduced the immunosuppressive effect by hDSC. hDSCs did not show any inhibitory effect on natural killer cell activation and proliferation by interleukin-2. In contrast DSCs increased natural killer proliferation by a median of 58%. Fresh or frozen-thawed hDSCs had similar inhibitory effects on human T-cell proliferation (both allo-stimulation and mitogen stimulation) in vitro. Cell viability at room temperature during 24 h was similar using fresh or freeze-thawed DSCs. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, histocompatibility and CD14+ monocyte cells had an impact on hDSC immunomodulation but frozen-thawed or freshly prepared cells did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sadeghi
- Translational Cell Therapy Research (TCR), Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Myrèse Witkamp
- Translational Cell Therapy Research (TCR), Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dominik Schefberger
- Translational Cell Therapy Research (TCR), Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Arbman
- Translational Cell Therapy Research (TCR), Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Olle Ringdén
- Translational Cell Therapy Research (TCR), Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Rift Valley Fever Virus Propagates in Human Villous Trophoblast Cell Lines and Induces Cytokine mRNA Responses Known to Provoke Miscarriage. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112265. [PMID: 34835071 PMCID: PMC8625252 DOI: 10.3390/v13112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a prioritised disease that has been listed by the World Health Organization for urgent research and development of counteraction. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) can cause a cytopathogenic effect in the infected cell and induce hyperimmune responses that contribute to pathogenesis. In livestock, the consequences of RVFV infection vary from mild symptoms to abortion. In humans, 1–3% of patients with RVFV infection develop severe disease, manifested as, for example, haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or blindness. RVFV infection has also been associated with miscarriage in humans. During pregnancy, there should be a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators to create a protective environment for the placenta and foetus. Many viruses are capable of penetrating that protective environment and infecting the foetal–maternal unit, possibly via the trophoblasts in the placenta, with potentially severe consequences. Whether it is the viral infection per se, the immune response, or both that contribute to the pathogenesis of miscarriage remains unknown. To investigate how RVFV could contribute to pathogenesis during pregnancy, we infected two human trophoblast cell lines, A3 and Jar, representing normal and transformed human villous trophoblasts, respectively. They were infected with two RVFV variants (wild-type RVFV and RVFV with a deleted NSs protein), and the infection kinetics and 15 different cytokines were analysed. The trophoblast cell lines were infected by both RVFV variants and infection caused upregulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for interferon (IFN) types I–III and inflammatory cytokines, combined with cell line-specific mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interleukin (IL)-10. When comparing the two RVFV variants, we found that infection with RVFV lacking NSs function caused a hyper-IFN response and inflammatory response, while the wild-type RVFV suppressed the IFN I and inflammatory response. The induction of certain cytokines by RVFV infection could potentially lead to teratogenic effects that disrupt foetal and placental developmental pathways, leading to birth defects and other pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage.
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Mincheva-Nilsson L. Immunosuppressive Protein Signatures Carried by Syncytiotrophoblast-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Human Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717884. [PMID: 34381459 PMCID: PMC8350734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The syncytiotrophoblast (STB) of human placenta constitutively and throughout pregnancy produces and secretes exosomes - nanometer-sized membrane-bound extracellular vesicles from the endosomal compartment that convey cell-cell contact 'by proxy' transporting information between donor and recipient cells locally and at a distance. Released in the maternal blood, STB-derived exosomes build an exosomal gradient around the feto-placental unit acting as a shield that protects the fetus from maternal immune attack. They carry signal molecules and ligands that comprise distinct immunosuppressive protein signatures which interfere with maternal immune mechanisms, potentially dangerous for the ongoing pregnancy. We discuss three immunosuppressive signatures carried by STB exosomes and their role in three important immune mechanisms 1) NKG2D receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, 2) apoptosis of activated immune cells and 3) PD-1-mediated immunosuppression and priming of T regulatory cells. A schematic presentation is given on how these immunosuppressive protein signatures, delivered by STB exosomes, modulate the maternal immune system and contribute to the development of maternal-fetal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Section of Infection and Immunology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Lessons from the Embryo: an Unrejected Transplant and a Benign Tumor. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:850-861. [PMID: 33225425 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is regarded the 'miracle of life', yet numerous aspects of this process are not fully understood. As the embryo grows in the mother's womb, immune components, stem cells and microenvironmental cues cooperate among others to promote embryonic development. Evidently, these key players are frequently associated with transplantation failure and tumor growth. While the fields of transplantation and cancer biology do not overlap, both can be viewed from the perspective of an embryo. As an 'unrejected transplant' and a 'benign tumor', lessons from embryonic development may reveal features of transplants and tumors that have been overlooked. Therefore, eavesdropping at these natural complex events during pregnancy may inspire more durable approaches to arrest transplant rejection or cancer progression.
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Vinnars MT, Björk E, Nagaev I, Ottander U, Bremme K, Holmlund U, Sverremark-Ekström E, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Enhanced Th1 and inflammatory mRNA responses upregulate NK cell cytotoxicity and NKG2D ligand expression in human pre-eclamptic placenta and target it for NK cell attack. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12969. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Vinnars
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Emma Björk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Ivan Nagaev
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ottander
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Katarina Bremme
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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von Linsingen R, Bicalho MDG, de Carvalho NS. Baby born too soon: an overview and the impact beyond the infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:1238-1242. [PMID: 27380453 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1209653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous preterm delivery, prematurity, and low birth weight due to prematurity account for a great part of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Inflammation may cause preterm labor, with the involvement of different mediators that produce diverse aspects of the inflammatory response. Although bacteria are considered to be the main trigger for intrauterine infection/inflammation, immunological factors also appear to be involved. Recently, molecular genetic studies have helped us better understand the underlying pathophysiologic processes. During mammalian pregnancy, maternal-fetal tolerance involves a number of immunosuppressive factors produced by placenta. Recently, placenta-derived exosomes have emerged as new immune regulators in the maternal immune tolerance. This review focuses on the specific immune parameters that become altered during human pregnancy, the identity and function of some immune modulators that have been best characterized to date, as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the pregnancy-associated mechanisms that downregulate proinflammatory immunity to a level sufficient to prevent the triggering of premature common pathway of labor and damage to developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate von Linsingen
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics - Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- b Department of Genetics , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil , and.,c Departamento de Genética , Laboratory de Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Centro Politécnico, Setor de Ciências Biológicas , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Newton Sérgio de Carvalho
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics - Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
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Mincheva-Nilsson L, Baranov V. Placenta-Derived Exosomes and Syncytiotrophoblast Microparticles and their Role in Human Reproduction: Immune Modulation for Pregnancy Success. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:440-57. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Vladimir Baranov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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Mincheva-Nilsson L. Placental exosome-mediated immune protection of the fetus: feeling groovy in a cloud of exosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eog.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ringdén O, Erkers T, Nava S, Uzunel M, Iwarsson E, Conrad R, Westgren M, Mattsson J, Kaipe H. Fetal membrane cells for treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. Stem Cells 2014; 31:592-601. [PMID: 23307526 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The placenta protects the fetus from the mother's immune system. We have previously found that fetal membrane cells (FMCs) isolated from term placenta prevent alloreactivity in vitro. FMCs share many features with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which we previously introduced to treat severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here, we tested FMCs for treatment of steroid-refractory acute GVHD. After two passages in culture, approximately 10(9) FMCs were obtained from one single placenta, although not all cells from passage 0 and passage 1 were used for expansion. The FMCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD49d but were negative for hematopoietic, endothelial, and epithelial markers. Microsatellite polymorphism analysis showed that FMCs were of maternal origin. All FMCs used showed normal karyotype. Nine patients who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and who had developed steroid-refractory grade III-IV acute GVHD were given 0.9-2.8 × 10(6) FMCs per kg at 15 infusions. Median age was 57 years. There was no toxicity from infusion of FMCs in eight patients. One patient had seizures after infusion. Two of eight evaluable patients had a complete response and four had a partial response, giving an overall response rate of 75%. Two patients showed no response at all. Three patients are alive from 6 to 21 months after HSCT. One patient is well and two have chronic GVHD. Thus, FMCs may be successfully used for immune modulation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Ringdén
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhang HG, Grizzle WE. Exosomes: a novel pathway of local and distant intercellular communication that facilitates the growth and metastasis of neoplastic lesions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:28-41. [PMID: 24269592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal and diseased cells release bilayered membrane-bound nanovesicles into interstitial spaces and into bodily fluids. A subgroup of such microvesicles is called exosomes and is described in blood as 30 to 100 nm in diameter and as spherical to cup-shaped nanoparticles with specific surface molecular characteristics (eg, expression of the tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD63). Extracellular microvesicles provide local signals (eg, autocrine and paracrine) and distant endocrine signals to cells via the transfer of their contents, which include signal proteins, lipids, miRNAs, and functional mRNAs. Exosomes and related microvesicles also aid cells in exporting less-needed molecules and potentially harmful molecules, including drugs; in the case of neoplasia, the export of chemotherapeutic drugs may facilitate cellular chemoresistance. Cancers have adapted the exosome and related microvesicles as a pathway by which neoplastic cells communicate with each other (autocrine) and with nonneoplastic cells (paracrine and endocrine); via this pathway, cancer suppresses the immune system and establishes a fertile local and distant environment to support neoplastic growth, invasion, and metastases. Because exosomes mirror and bind to the cells from which they arise, they can be used for delivery of drugs, vaccines, and gene therapy, as biomarkers and targets. We review how exosomes and related extracellular microvesicles facilitate the progression and metastases of cancers and describe how these microvesicles may affect clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - William E Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Stenqvist AC, Nagaeva O, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Exosomes Secreted by Human Placenta Carry Functional Fas Ligand and TRAIL Molecules and Convey Apoptosis in Activated Immune Cells, Suggesting Exosome-Mediated Immune Privilege of the Fetus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5515-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Karlsson H, Erkers T, Nava S, Ruhm S, Westgren M, Ringdén O. Stromal cells from term fetal membrane are highly suppressive in allogeneic settings in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:543-55. [PMID: 22288598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and have been used to treat steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in stem cell transplant patients. Cells with similar capacities can also be found in term placental tissue. We have isolated stromal cells from term fetal membrane (FMSCs), umbilical cords (UCSCs) and placental villi (PVSCs) as well as from bone marrow and compared their immunoregulatory capacity in allogeneic settings. We found that FMSCs and UCSCs suppressed proliferation significantly in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), whereas PVSCs showed inconsistent suppressive effects. When added to MLR cultures, FMSCs suppressed the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, whereas UCSCs and PVSCs promoted the production of IL-17 instead. Secretion of IL-10 was increased after addition of FMSCs and UCSCs. In this setting, BM-MSCs had no significant effect on secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17 or IL-10 in MLR cultures. When analysing the expression of adhesion markers, we noted that FMSCs expressed the highest levels of CD29 (β1), CD49d (α4) and CD54 (ICAM-1) compared to the other types of stromal cells. Thus, our data indicate that stromal cells isolated from term fetal membrane have great immunosuppressive capacity in terms of proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines from alloreactive T cells, and also promote anti-inflammatory IL-10. They express high levels of integrins that may be of importance in homing to inflamed tissues. Fetal membrane may provide a valuable source of cells with immunosuppressive properties and could possibly be used for treatment of acute GVHD and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dimova T, Nagaeva O, Stenqvist AC, Hedlund M, Kjellberg L, Strand M, Dehlin E, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Maternal Foxp3 expressing CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25- regulatory T-cell populations are enriched in human early normal pregnancy decidua: a phenotypic study of paired decidual and peripheral blood samples. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 Suppl 1:44-56. [PMID: 21726337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), a small subset of CD4(+) T cells maintaining tolerance by immunosuppression, are proposed contributors to the survival of the fetal semiallograft. We investigated Treg cells in paired decidual and peripheral blood (PB) samples from healthy women in early pregnancy and PB samples from non-pregnant women. METHOD OF STUDY Distribution, location, cytokine mRNA, and phenotype were assessed in CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells from paired samples using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The presence and in situ distribution of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells in decidua are hereby demonstrated for the first time. Three Foxp3(+) cell populations, CD4(+) CD25(++) Foxp3(+), CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+), and CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(+), were enriched locally in decidua. In contrast, no statistically significant difference in numbers of circulating Treg cells between pregnant and non-pregnant women was found. The Foxp3(+) cells expressed the surface molecules CD45RO, CTLA-4, CD103, Neuropilin-1, LAG-3, CD62L, and TGFβ1 mRNA consistent with Treg phenotype. The population of CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(+) cells, not described in human decidua before, was enriched 10-fold compared with PB in paired samples. Their cytokine expression was often similar to Th3 profile, and the Foxp3 mRNA expression level in CD4(+) CD25(-) cells was stable and comparable to that of CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells implying that the majority of CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(+) cells might be naïve Treg cells. CONCLUSION (i) There is a local enrichment of Treg cells in decidua (ii) The exclusive accumulation of decidual CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(+) cells suggests an additional reservoir of Foxp3(+) naïve Treg cells that can be converted to 'classical' Treg cells in uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Dimova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Clinical Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Hedlund M, Stenqvist AC, Nagaeva O, Kjellberg L, Wulff M, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Human Placenta Expresses and Secretes NKG2D Ligands via Exosomes that Down-Modulate the Cognate Receptor Expression: Evidence for Immunosuppressive Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:340-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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