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Qazi KR, Bach Jensen G, van der Heiden M, Björkander S, Holmlund U, Haileselassie Y, Kokkinou E, Marchini G, Jenmalm MC, Abrahamsson T, Sverremark-Ekström E. Extremely Preterm Infants Have Significant Alterations in Their Conventional T Cell Compartment during the First Weeks of Life. J Immunol 2019; 204:68-77. [PMID: 31801814 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extremely preterm neonates are particularly susceptible to infections, likely because of severely impaired immune function. However, little is known on the composition of the T cell compartment in early life in this vulnerable population. We conducted a comprehensive phenotypic flow cytometry-based longitudinal analysis of the peripheral conventional T cell compartment of human extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN) with extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study of probiotic supplementation. PBMCs from ELGAN/ELBW neonates were collected at day 14, day 28, and postmenstrual week 36. Comparisons were made with full-term 14-d-old neonates. Total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies were markedly lower in the preterm neonates. The reduction was more pronounced among the CD8+ population, resulting in an increased CD4/CD8 ratio. The preterm infants were also more Th2 skewed than the full-term infants. Although the frequency of regulatory T cells seemed normal in the ELGAN/ELBW preterm neonates, their expression of the homing receptors α4β7, CCR4, and CCR9 was altered. Notably, ELGAN/ELBW infants developing necrotizing enterocolitis before day 14 had higher expression of CCR9 in CD4+T cells at day 14. Chorioamnionitis clearly associated with reduced T regulatory cell frequencies and functional characteristics within the preterm group. Finally, probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri did not impose any phenotypic changes of the conventional T cell compartment. In conclusion, notable immaturities of the T cell compartment in ELGAN/ELBW neonates may at least partially explain their increased susceptibility to severe immune-mediated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Georg Bach Jensen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Marieke van der Heiden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yeneneh Haileselassie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Marchini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Thuresson AC, Soussi Zander C, Zhao JJ, Halvardson J, Maqbool K, Månsson E, Stenninger E, Holmlund U, Öhrner Y, Feuk L. Whole genome sequencing of consanguineous families reveals novel pathogenic variants in intellectual disability. Clin Genet 2018; 95:436-439. [PMID: 30525197 PMCID: PMC6392105 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Thuresson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Soussi Zander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin J Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Halvardson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Khurram Maqbool
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Else Månsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eric Stenninger
- Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Pediatrics, Västerås Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Ylva Öhrner
- Department of Pediatrics, Västerås Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Lars Feuk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Vinnars MT, Björk E, Nagaev I, Ottander U, Bremme K, Holmlund U, Sverremark-Ekström E, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Enhanced Th1 and inflammatory mRNA responses upregulate NK cell cytotoxicity and NKG2D ligand expression in human pre-eclamptic placenta and target it for NK cell attack. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12969. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Vinnars
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Emma Björk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Ivan Nagaev
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ottander
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Katarina Bremme
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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Björkander S, Johansson MA, Hell L, Lasaviciute G, Nilsson C, Holmlund U, Sverremark-Ekström E. FOXP3 + CD4 T-cell maturity and responses to microbial stimulation alter with age and associate with early-life gut colonization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:905-908.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Björkander S, Hell L, Johansson MA, Forsberg MM, Lasaviciute G, Roos S, Holmlund U, Sverremark-Ekström E. Staphylococcus aureus-derived factors induce IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A-expressing FOXP3+CD161+ T-helper cells in a partly monocyte-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22083. [PMID: 26917055 PMCID: PMC4768154 DOI: 10.1038/srep22083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a human pathogen as well as a frequent colonizer of skin and mucosa. This bacterium potently activates conventional T-cells through superantigens and it is suggested to induce T-cell cytokine-production as well as to promote a regulatory phenotype in T-cells in order to avoid clearance. This study aimed to investigate how S. aureus impacts the production of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of CD161 and HELIOS by peripheral CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T-cells. Stimulation of PBMC with S. aureus 161:2-cell free supernatant (CFS) induced expression of IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A in FOXP3(+) cells. Further, CD161 and HELIOS separated the FOXP3(+) cells into four distinct populations regarding cytokine-expression. Monocyte-depletion decreased S. aureus 161:2-induced activation of FOXP3(+) cells while pre-stimulation of purified monocytes with S. aureus 161:2-CFS and subsequent co-culture with autologous monocyte-depleted PBMC was sufficient to mediate activation of FOXP3(+) cells. Together, these data show that S. aureus potently induces FOXP3(+) cells and promotes a diverse phenotype with expression of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines connected to increased CD161-expression. This could indicate potent regulation or a contribution of FOXP3(+) cells to inflammation and repression of immune-suppression upon encounter with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Hell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria A Johansson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mata Forsberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gintare Lasaviciute
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Roos
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sohlberg E, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Bachmayer N, Hamad RR, Bremme K, Holmlund U. Pre-eclampsia affects cord blood NK cell expression of activation receptors and serum cytokine levels but not CB monocyte characteristics. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:178-88. [PMID: 24238151 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Maternal immunopathology in pre-eclampsia is well studied; however, less is known regarding the immunological effects on the newborns. Increased inflammation and activation of immune cells at the fetal-maternal interface in pre-eclampsia could influence the neonatal immune compartment. METHOD OF STUDY Monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells from cord blood (CB) of children with pre-eclamptic or healthy mothers were analyzed by flow cytometry for surface markers and intracellular cytokines. In addition, serum cytokine profiles were investigated using ELISA or cytometric bead array. RESULTS Neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers had an inflammatory serum cytokine profile. While CB monocyte characteristics seemed unaffected, CB NK cells from pre-eclamptic pregnancies had higher NKp30, but borderline lower NKG2D expression. CONCLUSION In utero inflammatory priming of neonatal innate immunity taking place in pre-eclamptic pregnancies might influence specific NK cell functions in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Sohlberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Björkander S, Heidari-Hamedani G, Bremme K, Gunnarsson I, Holmlund U. Peripheral Monocyte Expression of the Chemokine Receptors CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR3 is Altered at Parturition in Healthy Women and in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:200-12. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - G. Heidari-Hamedani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - K. Bremme
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Women and Child Health; Karolinska University Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - I. Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine; Unit of Rheumatology; Karolinska University Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - U. Holmlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
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Holmlund U, Amoudruz P, Johansson MA, Haileselassie Y, Ongoiba A, Kayentao K, Traoré B, Doumbo S, Schollin J, Doumbo O, Montgomery SM, Sverremark-Ekström E. Maternal country of origin, breast milk characteristics and potential influences on immunity in offspring. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:500-9. [PMID: 20942805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk contains pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with potential to influence immunological maturation in the child. We have shown previously that country of birth is associated with the cytokine/chemokine profile of breast milk. In this study we have investigated how these differences in breast milk affect the cellular response of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs, cell line HT-29) to microbial challenge. Ninety-five women were included: 30 from Mali in West Africa, 32 Swedish immigrants and 33 native Swedish women. CBMCs or IECs were stimulated in vitro with breast milk, alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN). Breast milk in general abrogated the LPS-induced down-regulation of surface CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression on CB monocytes, while inhibiting the PGN-induced TLR-2 up-regulation. However, breast milk from immigrant women together with LPS induced a lower CBMC release of interleukin (IL)-6 (P = 0·034) and CXCL-8/IL-8 (P = 0·037) compared with breast milk from Swedish women, while breast milk from Swedish women and Mali women tended to increase the response. The same pattern of CXCL-8/IL-8 release could be seen after stimulation of IECs (HT-29). The lower CBMC and IEC (HT-29) responses to microbial compounds by breast milk from immigrant women could be explained by the fact that breast milk from the immigrant group showed a divergent pro- and anti-inflammatory content for CXCL-8/IL-8, transforming growth factor-β1 and soluble CD14, compared to the other two groups of women. This may have implications for maturation of their children's immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holmlund
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Amoudruz P, Holmlund U, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Nilsson C, Sverremark-Ekström E. Impaired Toll-like receptor 2 signalling in monocytes from 5-year-old allergic children. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:387-94. [PMID: 19220829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative composition of the two major monocytic subsets CD14(+)CD16(-) and CD14(+)CD16(+) is altered in some allergic diseases. These two subsets display different patterns of Toll-like receptor levels, which could have implications for activation of innate immunity leading to reduced immunoglobulin E-specific adaptive immune responses. This study aimed to investigate if allergic status at the age of 5 years is linked to differences in monocytic subset composition and their Toll-like receptor levels, and further, to determine if Toll-like receptor regulation and cytokine production upon microbial stimuli is influenced by the allergic phenotype. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5-year-old allergic and non-allergic children were stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Cells were analysed with flow cytometry for expression of CD14, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The release of cytokines and chemokines [tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70] into culture supernatants was measured with cytometric bead array. For unstimulated cells there were no differences in frequency of the monocytic subsets or their Toll-like receptor levels between allergic and non-allergic children. However, monocytes from allergic children had a significantly lower up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 upon peptidoglycan stimulation. Further, monocytes from allergic children had a higher spontaneous production of IL-6, but there were no differences between the two groups regarding p38-MAPK activity or cytokine and chemokine production upon stimulation. The allergic subjects in this study have a monocytic population that seems to display a hyporesponsive state as implicated by impaired regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 upon peptidoglycan stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Amoudruz
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Amoudruz P, Holmlund U, Schollin J, Sverremark-Ekström E, Montgomery SM. Maternal country of birth and previous pregnancies are associated with breast milk characteristics. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:19-29. [PMID: 18484963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Populations in high infectious exposure countries are at low risk of some immune-mediated diseases such as Crohn's disease and allergy. This low risk is maintained upon immigration to an industrialized country, but the offspring of such immigrants have a higher immune-mediated disease risk than the indigenous population. We hypothesize that early life exposures in a developing country shape the maternal immune system, which could have implications for the offspring born in a developed country with a low infectious load. The aim of this study was to investigate if exposures in childhood (indicated by country of origin) and subsequent exposures influence immunologic characteristics relevant to stimulation of offspring. Breast milk components among 64 mothers resident in Sweden, 32 of whom immigrated from a developing country, were examined using the ELISA and Cytometric Bead Array methods. Immigrants from a developing country had statistically significantly higher levels of breast milk interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and transforming growth factor-beta1. A larger number of previous pregnancies were associated with down-regulation of several substances, statistically significant for soluble CD14 and IL-8. The results suggest that maternal country of birth may influence adult immune characteristics, potentially relevant to disease risk in offspring. Such a mechanism may explain the higher immune-mediated disease risk among children of migrants from a developing to developed country. Older siblings may influence disease risk through the action of previous pregnancies on maternal immune characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Amoudruz
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Nyström AM, Ekvall S, Berglund E, Björkqvist M, Braathen G, Duchen K, Enell H, Holmberg E, Holmlund U, Olsson-Engman M, Annerén G, Bondeson ML. Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes: two clinically and genetically overlapping disorders. J Med Genet 2008; 45:500-6. [PMID: 18456719 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.057653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome (NS) and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) are related disorders associated with disrupted RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signalling. NS, characterised by facial dysmorphism, congenital heart defects and short stature, is caused by mutations in the genes PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS and RAF1. CFC is distinguished from NS by the presence of ectodermal abnormalities and more severe mental retardation in addition to the NS phenotype. The genetic aetiology of CFC was recently assigned to four genes: BRAF, KRAS, MEK1 and MEK2. METHODS A comprehensive mutation analysis of BRAF, KRAS, MEK1, MEK2 and SOS1 in 31 unrelated patients without mutations in PTPN11 is presented. RESULTS Mutations were identified in seven patients with CFC (two in BRAF, one in KRAS, one in MEK1, two in MEK2 and one in SOS1). Two mutations were novel: MEK1 E203Q and MEK2 F57L. The SOS1 E433K mutation, identified in a patient diagnosed with CFC, has previously been reported in patients with NS. In one patient with NS, we also identified a mutation, BRAF K499E, that has previously been reported in patients with CFC. We thus suggest involvement of BRAF in the pathogenesis of NS also. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that the molecular and clinical overlap between CFC and NS is more complex than previously suggested and that the syndromes might even represent allelic disorders. Furthermore, we suggest that the diagnosis should be refined to, for example, NS-PTPN11-associated or CFC-BRAF-associated syndromes after the genetic defect has been established, as this may affect the prognosis and treatment of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Nyström
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Saghafian-Hedengren S, Holmlund U, Amoudruz P, Nilsson C, Sverremark-Ekström E. Maternal allergy influences p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase activity upon microbial challenge in CD14+ monocytes from 2-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:449-57. [PMID: 18177491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of allergic diseases is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. It has been shown previously that cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) from infants with parental allergy have altered cytokine profiles upon bacterial encounter; it might be possible that such impairment persists during the early years of childhood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate anti-microbial responses with regard to p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in CD14(+) monocytes and IL-6 release from mononuclear cells in the same group of children at birth and at 2 years of age. Methods Paired samples of CBMCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan in vitro. CD14(+) monocytes were analysed for p38-MAPK activity by flow cytometry, and soluble IL-6 receptor, soluble glycoprotein130 and IL-6 release from PBMC cultures were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS CBMCs from newborns with allergic mothers tended to have a lower IL-6 response following an LPS (P=0.09) challenge compared with the group without maternal allergy while p38-MAPK activation levels did not differ between the groups. PBMCs from 2-year-olds with allergic mothers released significantly less (P<0.05) IL-6 upon peptidoglycan stimuli compared with age-matched infants with non-allergic mothers. Infants with allergic mothers displayed markedly reduced CD14(+) monocyte p38-MAPK phosphorylation after LPS (P<0.05) and peptidoglycan (P<0.01) challenge. This altered anti-microbial response was attributed to maternal allergy rather than to being IgE-sensitized at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION Monocytes from children with allergic mothers are less responsive to bacterial challenge than monocytes from children with non-allergic mothers, and this impairment persists during the first 2 years of infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saghafian-Hedengren
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Holmlund U, Wähämaa H, Bachmayer N, Bremme K, Sverremark-Ekström E, Palmblad K. The novel inflammatory cytokine high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is expressed by human term placenta. Immunology 2007; 122:430-7. [PMID: 17617154 PMCID: PMC2266022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) was previously considered a strict nuclear protein, but lately data are accumulating on its extranuclear functions. In addition to its potent proinflammatory capacities, HMGB1 has a prominent role in a number of processes of specific interest for the placenta. Our overall aim was to investigate the expression of HMGB1 in human term placenta and elucidate a potential difference in HMGB1 expression comparing vaginal deliveries with elective Caesarean sections. In addition, placentas from normal pregnancies were compared with placentas from pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Twenty-five placentas, 12 from normal term pregnancies and 13 from pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia were analysed with immunohistochemistry for HMGB1 and its putative receptors; receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4. We present the novel finding that in addition to a strong nuclear HMGB1 expression in almost all cells in investigated placentas, an individual variation of cytoplasmic HMGB1 expression was detected in the syncytiotrophoblast covering the peripheral chorionic villi, by cells in the decidua and in amnion. Production of HMGB1 was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Although labour can be described as a controlled inflammatory-like process no differences in HMGB1 expression could be observed comparing active labour and elective Caesarean sections. However, a tendency towards a higher expression of cytoplasmic HMGB1 in the decidua from women with pre-eclampsia was demonstrated. The abundant expression of the receptors RAGE, TLR2 and TLR4 implicates a local capability to respond to HMGB1, although the precise role in the placenta remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Rindsjö E, Holmlund U, Sverremark-Ekström E, Papadogiannakis N, Scheynius A. Toll-like receptor-2 expression in normal and pathologic human placenta. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:468-73. [PMID: 17239937 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of the innate immune system and are expressed by trophoblast in normal full-term placenta. At present, not much is known about the role of TLRs during normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by infection. In this study, we have used immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of TLR2 in 58 placentas from second and third trimester with chorioamnionitis and 25 full-term placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies without chorioamnionitis. TLR2 was found to be localized to the cyto- and syncytio-trophoblast cell layer and to decidual stromal cells. The expression of TLR2 in placentas with chorioamnionitis was significantly lower than in placentas without chorioamnionitis. Furthermore, there was a significantly higher expression in placentas from liveborn children than in placentas from stillborn/aborted fetuses and also a higher expression in second- than in third-trimester placentas. These data suggest that TLR2 expression in the trophoblast could be involved in the response to infectious pathogens in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rindsjö
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Allergy Research Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rindsjö E, Hulthén Varli I, Ofori MF, Lundquist M, Holmlund U, Papadogiannakis N, Scheynius A. Presence of IgE cells in human placenta is independent of malaria infection or chorioamnionitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:204-11. [PMID: 16634792 PMCID: PMC1809662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that numerous IgE(+) macrophage-like cells are present in the villous stroma of full term placenta and that there was no difference in the amount of IgE(+) cells between allergic and non-allergic mothers. The presence of such an abundant number of IgE(+) cells in the placenta in allergic as well as non-allergic women suggests that the IgE is of some importance for a successful pregnancy outcome. Here we have investigated the IgE-pattern in 59 placentas from second and third trimesters from Sweden with different degrees of chorioamnionitis and 27 full term placentas from Ghana with and without malaria parasites. The immunohistochemical staining pattern for IgE looked similar to our previous study, with the IgE located on Hofbauer-like cells. We could not find any difference in the amount or distribution of IgE(+) cells between malaria-infected and non-infected placentas, nor between different degrees of chorioamnionitis. The IgE score in the placenta did not correlate with the levels of IgE in maternal serum or plasma. However, the IgE score was significantly higher in second- compared to third-trimester placentas (P = 0.03). This might reflect a maturation time-point in the fetus and in the intrauterine environment during the second trimester, or it might be associated with the increased number of intrauterine fetal deaths in the second trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rindsjö
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Allergy Research Unit L2:04, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sverremark-Ekström E, Holmlund U. Immnohistochemical distribution of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in term and preterm human placentas. Hum Pathol 2005; 37:121; author reply 121-2. [PMID: 16360425 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Amoudruz P, Holmlund U, Malmström V, Trollmo C, Bremme K, Scheynius A, Sverremark-Ekström E. Neonatal immune responses to microbial stimuli: Is there an influence of maternal allergy? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:1304-10. [PMID: 15940151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors are believed to play a role in the development of atopic allergy. This is likely to be important very early in life, at the fetal stage. The in utero environment could be affected by maternal allergy and in turn could influence the immune system of the baby. OBJECTIVE To investigate how cord blood mononuclear blood cells (CBMCs) from children of women with and without allergy respond to microbial stimuli. METHODS PBMCs from women with (n = 9) and without allergy (n = 10) and CBMCs from their newborn babies were stimulated in vitro with LPS and peptidoglycan. Cells were analyzed with flow cytometry for expression of CD14, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and TLR4. The release of cytokines and chemokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-alpha) and soluble CD14 into culture supernatants was measured with Cytometric Bead Array and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Cord blood (CB) monocytes from children with mothers with allergy had significantly lower expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared with maternal monocytes both before and after microbial stimulation, in contrast with CB monocytes from children with mothers without allergy. Further, CBMCs from children with mothers with allergy had a lower ( P = .03) IL-6 response after stimulation with peptidoglycan than CBMCs from children with mothers without allergy. CONCLUSION Our results imply that CB monocytes and CBMC immune responses are influenced by maternal allergy. On the basis of these findings, we speculate that monocytes from children with mothers with allergy have a reduced capacity to respond to microbial stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Amoudruz
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Holmlund U, Bengtsson A, Nilsson C, Kusoffsky E, Lilja G, Scheynius A, Sverremark-Ekström E. Levels of soluble CD30 in cord blood and peripheral blood during childhood are not correlated with the development of atopic disease or a family history of atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 33:1531-6. [PMID: 14616865 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD30 molecule has been linked to Th2 responses. Furthermore, elevated levels of the soluble form of CD30 (sCD30) in blood as well as of the expression of CD30 on the plasma membrane of T cells are associated with atopic disease. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential usefulness of sCD30 levels as a prognostic indicator of and/or diagnostic marker for the development of atopic disease in children. METHODS sCD30 levels in cord blood and peripheral blood from 36 2-year-old (10 atopic and 26 non-atopic) and 74 7-year-old (35 atopic and 39 non-atopic) children were determined employing an ELISA procedure. Atopy was diagnosed on the basis of clinical evaluation in combination with a positive skin prick test. RESULTS No significant correlation between sCD30 levels in cord blood and the development of atopic disease at 2 or 7 years of age was observed. At 7 years of age, the circulating sCD30 levels in children with atopic disease (median 41 U/mL, range 6-503 U/mL) did not differ from the corresponding values for non-atopic subjects (median 41 U/mL, range 8-402 U/mL). The same was true for children at 2 years of age. Furthermore, the sCD30 levels of children who had developed atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome by the age of 7 years (median 49 U/mL, range 14-503 U/mL) were not significantly elevated in comparison with those of the non-atopic children. Finally, neither sCD30 levels in cord blood nor peripheral blood at 2 or 7 years of age could be linked to a family history of atopy. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the sCD30 concentration in cord blood is not a reliable prognostic indicator of, nor a useful diagnostic marker for, atopic disease in children up to 7 years of age. If such correlations do exist, they might be masked by age-dependent variations in the circulating levels of sCD30, which may reflect individual differences in the maturation of children's immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holmlund
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Allergy Research, Karolinska Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Holmlund U, Höglind A, Larsson AK, Nilsson C, Sverremark Ekström E. CD14 and development of atopic disease at 2 years of age in children with atopic or non-atopic mothers. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:455-63. [PMID: 12680860 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD14, a myeloid cell marker and LPS receptor has been acclaimed to play a role in development and manifestation of atopic allergy, as the gene encoding CD14 is located in a chromosomal region linked to total IgE levels and atopic disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate the levels of soluble (s) and membrane bound (m) CD14 in cord blood and at 2 years of age from children with atopic or non-atopic mothers and relate these parameters to atopy development at 2 years of age. METHODS Blood samples were collected at delivery (cord blood) and at 2 years of age among infants with atopic (n = 41) and non-atopic (n = 32) mothers. Blood samples were also obtained from mothers at the same occasions. Levels of sCD14 and total IgE were measured in plasma, and percentages of CD14+ cells were measured in cord and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS We observed significant differences in sCD14 levels in cord blood, where children with atopic mothers had the highest levels. The same pattern could be observed in the mothers at delivery. At 2 years of age no significant differences in sCD14 levels were observed between children with atopic mothers and children with non-atopic mothers and no association between sCD14 and atopic disease was found. Further, we observed large differences in sCD14 and mCD14 with respect to age, where newborns displayed a higher frequency of CD14+ cells compared with the 2-year-olds and the mothers. The reverse was observed for sCD14, with significantly lower values in cord blood than those seen in the 2-year-olds and mothers. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we suggest that CD14 could be involved in the regulation of IgE production, but that it might also be important for the maturation and development of the neonatal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holmlund
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital and Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Holmlund U, Cebers G, Dahlfors AR, Sandstedt B, Bremme K, Ekström ES, Scheynius A. Expression and regulation of the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor-2 and Toll-like receptor-4 in the human placenta. Immunology 2002; 107:145-51. [PMID: 12225373 PMCID: PMC1782774 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta constitutes a physical and immunological barrier against invading infectious agents and has been suggested to be a pregnancy-specific component of the innate immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and regulation of Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 (TLR2 and TLR4) in the human placenta, because these receptors are believed to be important for immune responses against pathogens. Twenty-eight placentas from normal term pregnancies were analysed with immunohistochemistry, which showed a strong immunoreactivity for TLR2 and TLR4 in the villous and the intermediate trophoblasts. The regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 by microbial stimulus was assessed by incubating explants of term chorionic villi with zymosan or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analysed with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Stimulation with zymosan and LPS readily induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 cytokine production in the placenta cultures, whereas TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression remained at the same high level as in unstimulated explants. These data suggests a novel mechanism for the fetoplacental unit to interact with micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Holmlund
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital and Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sverremark Ekstrom E, Nilsson C, Holmlund U, van der Ploeg I, Sandstedt B, Lilja G, Scheynius A. IgE is expressed on, but not produced by, fetal cells in the human placenta irrespective of maternal atopy. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:274-82. [PMID: 11876750 PMCID: PMC1906337 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of atopic diseases in children has increased during the last decades. Atopic symptoms usually appear early in life. This implies an early priming for atopic disease, possibly even at the fetal level. We therefore compared the presence and production of IgE in the local in utero environment during pregnancy in atopic and non-atopic women. Eighty-six women were included in the study. Fifty women were demonstrated to be atopics, based on clinical symptoms of atopic disease together with a positive Phadiatop and/or skin prick test. Placentas from these term pregnancies were obtained. Slices covering the full thickness of the placenta were cut clockwise around the umbilical cord and were analysed with immunohistochemistry. Surprisingly, numerous IgE+ cells, located primarily in the fetal villous stroma, were detected in a majority of the investigated placentas irrespective of the atopy of the mother or maternal or fetal total serum IgE levels. The placental IgE could not be demonstrated to be bound to IgE receptors, but was shown to be bound to fetal macrophages, possibly via FcgammaRI. No evidence was found for local fetal IgE production, although cells producing epsilon transcripts were occasionally detected in the decidua. We describe here the novel finding of numerous IgE+ cells in the human placenta, suggesting an hitherto unknown role for IgE in a successful pregnancy outcome, irrespective of whether or not the mother is atopic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sverremark Ekstrom
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Allergy Research, Karolinska Hospital and Institutet, Sweden. Eva.Sverremark@kssw
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Abstract
The dynamics of a skier performing downhill are considered. The equations of motion are utilized in a dimensionless form revealing the most important physical and physiological parameters controlling the skier speed. Several analytical results for the straight hill case are derived. The optimal shape of a hill in a vertical plane to produce maximal velocity increase between two given points is sought. The effect of the four dimensionless parameters appearing in the problem, accounting for air drag and lift, air density, ski friction, skier mass, and length and steepness of the hill, on the optimal hill shape and the final optimal velocity is studied. A comparison with the corresponding straight slope is made showing that the optimal shape may typically lead to a 50% increase in the final velocity. The variational procedure employed also yields the hill shape for minimal velocity increase between two points. The results may be used in speed prediction and hill design.
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Affiliation(s)
- R von Hertzen
- Laboratory of Computational Dynamics, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
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Aström J, Thorell LH, Holmlund U, d'Elia G. Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients, a reliability and correlational study. Percept Mot Skills 1993; 77:1171-86. [PMID: 8170766 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A study of 29 psychiatric inpatients was performed to investigate the relation of handshaking variables (anatomical and physiological variables) with demographic data, personality traits, psychosocial functioning, and clinical diagnoses. Two psychologists rated patients' handshaking independently of each other according to four variables on an ordinal scale of five steps. The interrater reliability was satisfactory. Analysis showed that the handshaking procedure may in fact give some information about the personality make-up of the patients, most clearly through the relationship between low temperature and humidity of the palmar skin and social introversion, depression, and tendency towards symptom enhancement mainly in women. The handshaking procedure did not seem informative about psychosocial functioning and clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aström
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden
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Holmlund U. Psychogenic needs and psychiatric symptoms in young Swedish women. Br J Med Psychol 1992; 65 ( Pt 1):27-38. [PMID: 1571304 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a longitudinal study of personality, 66 women completed the Cesarec Marke Personality Schedule, a Swedish personality inventory, in order to asses their psychogenic needs at the age of 15 and 25. Psychiatric symptoms and a number of background variables were assessed independently after the completion of the Cesarec Marke Personality Schedule, with the aim of examining whether traits and background variables were related to psychiatric symptoms. The psychogenic needs Defence of Status and Guilt Feelings at the age of 15 were positively and significantly related to depressive and anxiety symptoms and high score on psychiatric morbidity in general. The psychogenic needs Defence of Status, Guilt Feelings and Succourance at the age of 25 were significantly related to the symptom constructs Somatization, Interpersonal-sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety-phobia, and General Morbidity. Subjects with a low score of psychiatric symptoms differed from high scoring subjects by having been raised by older parents, experienced a secure childhood, better relationships with siblings and peers, and a longer education. It may be hypothesized that high scores on Defence of Status and Guilt Feelings in combination with less favourable background variables may constitute a vulnerability factor for depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holmlund
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
The aims of this study were: to relate women's subjective experience of primary dysmenorrhea to psychogenic needs assessed longitudinally at the age of 15 and at the age of 25 in a nonclinical sample; to compare the psychogenic needs of women with severe primary dysmenorrhea with those of other women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea; and to examine whether women with severe dysmenorrhea were less conventionally feminine than women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea. At 25 years, 42% of the women experienced dysmenorrhea and 15% experienced pain that limited their daily activity. Differences in psychogenic needs according to the Cesarec Marke Personality Schedule and in psychological masculinity and femininity according to the Attitude Interest Schedule were found in women with severe primary dysmenorrhea compared with women who never experienced dysmenorrhea. The results indicate that women with severe dysmenorrhea have less self-esteem at 15 years, but compensate for this at 25 years by being more achievement-oriented and aggressive than women who never experienced dysmenorrhea. Further, women with severe dysmenorrhea are more conventionally feminine than women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holmlund
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
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