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Verma P, Naik S, Nanda P, Banerjee S, Naik S, Ghosh A. In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and its Fractions in Liver and Oral Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:2223-2230. [PMID: 31736449 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191021160752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coconut oil is an edible oil obtained from fresh, mature coconut kernels. Few studies have reported the anticancer role of coconut oil. The fatty acid component of coconut oil directly targets the liver by portal circulation and as chylomicron via lymph. However, the anti-cancer activity of coconut oil against liver cancer cells and oral cancer cells is yet to be tested. The active component of coconut oil, that is responsible for the anticancer activity is not well understood. In this study, three different coconut oils, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO), were used. OBJECTIVE Based on previous studies, it can be hypothesized that fatty acids in coconut oil may have anticancer potential and may trigger cell death in cancer cell lines. METHODS Each cell line was treated with different concentrations of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO). The treated cells were assayed by MTT after 72 hr of incubation. The fatty acid composition of different coconut oils was analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULT Different concentrations of coconut oils were used to treat the cells. Interestingly, the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO was not uniform, rather the efficacy varied from cell line to cell line. Only 20% VCO showed significant anticancer activity in HepG2 cells in comparison to 80% PCO against the KB cell line. Remarkably, 20% of PCO and 5% of FCO showed potential growth inhibition in the KB cell line as compared to 80% PCO in HepG2 cells. Moreover, there was a difference in the efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO, which might be due to their fatty acid composition. Comparing the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO in this study helped to predict which class of fatty acids and which fatty acid might be associated with the anticancer activity of VCO. CONCLUSION This study shows that VCO, PCO and FCO have anticancer efficacy and may be used for the treatment of cancer, especially liver and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Verma
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Sanjukta Naik
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Pranati Nanda
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Silvi Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Satyanarayan Naik
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Center for Rural Development and Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
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Ellis AK, Frankish CW, O'Hehir RE, Armstrong K, Steacy L, Larché M, Hafner RP. Treatment with grass allergen peptides improves symptoms of grass pollen–induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:486-496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Casale TB, Cox LS, Wahn U, Golden DBK, Bons B, Didier A. Safety Review of 5-Grass Pollen Tablet from Pooled Data of Clinical Trials. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:1717-1727.e1. [PMID: 28734858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet has been approved for the treatment of grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in subjects with or without intermittent asthma. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive analysis of the safety profile of the 5-grass tablet on the basis of pooled data from 8 clinical trials. METHODS Subjects (5-65 years old) with medically confirmed grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were included in the double-blind studies. Those with intermittent asthma not requiring treatment other than inhaled beta-2 agonists could participate. Randomized subjects received a 5-grass or placebo tablet daily 2 or 4 months preseasonally and coseasonally (5 single-season studies, over 3 years in a long-term study) or outside the season (phase I studies). Adverse events were pooled and analyzed descriptively. RESULTS Among 2,512 subjects enrolled, 1,514 received the 5-grass tablet. A total of 1,038 adults and 154 pediatric (5-17 years old) subjects were treated with the 300 Index of Reactivity dose (vs 840 and 158 placebo recipients, respectively); 17% had intermittent asthma, and 62% were polysensitized. Adverse reactions (ADRs) reported in more than 10% of actively treated subjects were mild or moderate application-site reactions, for example, oral pruritus 25% (placebo 4%) and throat irritation 21% (placebo 3%). These generally occurred during the first week of treatment and decreased over time. They led to discontinuation in less than 2.5% of subjects. None of the 3 serious ADRs were reports of anaphylaxis. No notable differences were detected in terms of incidence, nature, and severity of ADRs between adult and pediatric populations, nor between subjects with or without asthma. CONCLUSIONS The pooled analysis in 1,514 subjects from 8 clinical studies demonstrates that the 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet has a similar good safety profile in adult and pediatric patients with or without mild, intermittent asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
| | - Linda S Cox
- Allergy and Asthma Center, Fort Lauderdale, Fla
| | - Ulrich Wahn
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - David B K Golden
- Allergy & Immunology, Medstar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Alain Didier
- Service de Pneumologie - Allergologie, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Molecular features of grass allergens and development of biotechnological approaches for allergy prevention. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:545-556. [PMID: 28535924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are characterized by elevated allergen-specific IgE and excessive inflammatory cell responses. Among the reported plant allergens, grass pollen and grain allergens, derived from agriculturally important members of the Poaceae family such as rice, wheat and barley, are the most dominant and difficult to prevent. Although many allergen homologs have been predicted from species such as wheat and timothy grass, fundamental aspects such as the evolution and function of plant pollen allergens remain largely unclear. With the development of genetic engineering and genomics, more primary sequences, functions and structures of plant allergens have been uncovered, and molecular component-based allergen-specific immunotherapies are being developed. In this review, we aim to provide an update on (i) the distribution and importance of pollen and grain allergens of the Poaceae family, (ii) the origin and evolution, and functional aspects of plant pollen allergens, (iii) developments of allergen-specific immunotherapy for pollen allergy using biotechnology and (iv) development of less allergenic plants using gene engineering techniques. We also discuss future trends in revealing fundamental aspects of grass pollen allergens and possible biotechnological approaches to reduce the amount of pollen allergens in grasses.
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Elliott J, Kelly SE, Johnston A, Skidmore B, Gomes T, Wells GA. Allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and/or asthma: an umbrella review. CMAJ Open 2017; 5:E373-E385. [PMID: 28495938 PMCID: PMC5509156 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20160066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis and asthma are important public health concerns, yet there is no consensus about the benefits and harms of allergen-specific immunotherapy to treat these conditions. We performed an umbrella review of systematic reviews summarizing the current evidence for the benefits and harms of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library and the grey literature from Jan. 1, 2010 to Nov. 20, 2016 for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials or prospectively controlled studies involving children or adults with allergic rhinitis or asthma. Outcomes were summarized narratively (benefits: total combined symptom-medication score, symptom score, medication score, disease-specific quality of life, adherence; harms: anaphylaxis, death, local and systemic reactions). RESULTS Twenty-three systematic reviews were included. SCIT and SLIT were more effective than placebo for most outcomes. SCIT was better than SLIT at improving medication and symptom scores, with no differences in quality of life; however, data were limited for this comparison. Anaphylaxis and death were infrequently reported. Few reviews assessed benefits or harms among children. INTERPRETATION Allergen immunotherapy appears to be effective among patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. The safety of allergen immunotherapy is not conclusively established, although death and anaphylaxis appear to be rare. PROSPERO no.: CRD42015024590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Elliott
- Affiliations: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Elliott, Kelly, Wells), University of Ottawa; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (Elliott, Kelly, Johnston, Wells), University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Gomes), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Becky Skidmore is an independent contractor in Ottawa, Ont
| | - Shannon E Kelly
- Affiliations: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Elliott, Kelly, Wells), University of Ottawa; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (Elliott, Kelly, Johnston, Wells), University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Gomes), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Becky Skidmore is an independent contractor in Ottawa, Ont
| | - Amy Johnston
- Affiliations: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Elliott, Kelly, Wells), University of Ottawa; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (Elliott, Kelly, Johnston, Wells), University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Gomes), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Becky Skidmore is an independent contractor in Ottawa, Ont
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Affiliations: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Elliott, Kelly, Wells), University of Ottawa; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (Elliott, Kelly, Johnston, Wells), University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Gomes), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Becky Skidmore is an independent contractor in Ottawa, Ont
| | - Tara Gomes
- Affiliations: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Elliott, Kelly, Wells), University of Ottawa; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (Elliott, Kelly, Johnston, Wells), University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Gomes), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Becky Skidmore is an independent contractor in Ottawa, Ont
| | - George A Wells
- Affiliations: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Elliott, Kelly, Wells), University of Ottawa; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (Elliott, Kelly, Johnston, Wells), University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Gomes), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Becky Skidmore is an independent contractor in Ottawa, Ont
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Brunton S, Nelson HS, Bernstein DI, Lawton S, Lu S, Nolte H. Sublingual immunotherapy tablets as a disease-modifying add-on treatment option to pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Postgrad Med 2017; 129:581-589. [PMID: 28326908 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1308208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) with or without conjunctivitis (AR/C) is associated with a significant health and economic burden, and is often accompanied by asthma. Pharmacotherapies are the mainstay treatment options for AR and asthma, but guidelines also recommend allergy immunotherapy (AIT). Unlike pharmacotherapies, AIT has the ability to modify the underlying immunologic mechanisms of AR and asthma with the potential for long-term benefits after treatment is discontinued. Immunotherapy may also prevent progression of AR/C to asthma. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)-tablets are a self-administered alternative to subcutaneous immunotherapy that provide the benefits of AIT without the cost and inconvenience of frequent office visits or the discomfort of injections. SLIT-tablets are also an option that can be utilized by primary care clinicians. Pharmacotherapies are generally effective in mild disease although a number of patients remain uncontrolled. SLIT-tablets have proven efficacy for AR in adults, children, and poly-sensitized allergic patients. Indirect comparisons indicate that SLIT-tablets have superior or comparable efficacy compared with traditional pharmacotherapies for seasonal AR, and superior efficacy for perennial AR. House dust mite (HDM) SLIT-tablets have also demonstrated clinically relevant benefits for asthma, with significant observed reductions in daily inhaled corticosteroid use, risk of asthma exacerbations, and asthma symptoms. SLIT-tablets are well tolerated, with minimal risk of systemic allergic reactions. The most common treatment-related adverse events are oral site reactions such as oral pruritus and throat irritation. Based on the favorable efficacy and safety profile, as well as the convenience of at-home oral administration and disease-modifying effects, SLIT-tablets should be considered as an alternative or add-on treatment to pharmacotherapy for AR/C, and as an add-on treatment for HDM allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brunton
- a Primary Care Respiratory Group , Lake View Terrace , CA , USA
| | - Harold S Nelson
- b Department of Medicine , National Jewish Health , Denver , CO , USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- c Bernstein Clinical Research Center and Department of Medicine and Environmental Health , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | | | - Susan Lu
- e Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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Creticos PS, Bernstein DI, Casale TB, Lockey RF, Maloney J, Nolte H. Coseasonal Initiation of Allergen Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:1194-1204.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nelson HS, Makatsori M, Calderon MA. Subcutaneous Immunotherapy and Sublingual Immunotherapy: Comparative Efficacy, Current and Potential Indications, and Warnings--United States Versus Europe. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36:13-24. [PMID: 26617224 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy are effective for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma and with some support for use in selected patients with atopic dermatitis. The sequence of immunologic responses is the same, irrespective of the route of administration, and similar disease modification has been demonstrated. However, there are differences between the two approaches. The most important is the greatly reduced likelihood of sublingual immunotherapy producing systemic reactions. There are major drawbacks for sublingual immunotherapy in regard to dosing. Finally, there is the question of relative clinical efficacy, with the currently available data favoring subcutaneous immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Nelson
- National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Melina Makatsori
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital NHS Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Moises A Calderon
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital NHS Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK; Department of Internal Medicine and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica, USA
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Efficacy of house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablet in North American adolescents and adults in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1631-1638. [PMID: 27521719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The house dust mite (HDM) sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablet (MK-8237; Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ/ALK-Abelló, Hørsholm, Denmark) has demonstrated beneficial effects on allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma outcomes in European trials. OBJECTIVE This is the first trial to assess the efficacy/safety of HDM SLIT-tablets in North American subjects with HDM-induced allergic rhinitis with or without conjunctivitis (AR/C). METHODS In this double-blind, multicenter trial (NCT01700192) 1482 subjects (aged ≥12 years) with HDM-induced AR/C with or without asthma were randomized to a daily SQ HDM SLIT-tablet (12 SQ-HDM dose) or placebo for up to approximately 52 weeks. A rhinitis daily symptom score (DSS; 4 nasal symptoms, maximum score = 12) of 6 or greater, or 5 or greater with 1 symptom being severe, on 5 of 7 consecutive days before randomization was required. The primary end point was the average total combined rhinitis score, which was defined as the rhinitis DSS plus rhinitis daily medication score (DMS), during the last 8 treatment weeks. RESULTS Treatment with 12 SQ-HDM improved the total combined rhinitis score by 17% (95% CI, 10% to 25%) versus placebo. Improvements versus placebo in the secondary end points of average rhinitis DSS, rhinitis DMS, total combined rhinoconjunctivitis score, and visual analog scale-assessed AR/C symptoms were 16%, 18%, 17%, and 16%, respectively. All nominal P values were less than .001 versus placebo, except rhinitis DMS (P = 0.15). No treatment-related adverse events meeting the International Council on Harmonization definition of a serious adverse event were reported; 1 nonserious treatment-related systemic allergic reaction occurred (assessed as moderate intensity) at first administration under medical supervision and was treated with epinephrine. CONCLUSIONS In the first North American trial of use of a SLIT-tablet for HDM allergy, 12 SQ-HDM was well tolerated and improved HDM-induced rhinitis symptoms in adults and adolescents.
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Waltenberger B, Mocan A, Šmejkal K, Heiss EH, Atanasov AG. Natural Products to Counteract the Epidemic of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders. Molecules 2016; 21:807. [PMID: 27338339 PMCID: PMC4928700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have always been exploited to promote health and served as a valuable source for the discovery of new drugs. In this review, the great potential of natural compounds and medicinal plants for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, global health problems with rising prevalence, is addressed. Special emphasis is laid on natural products for which efficacy and safety have already been proven and which are in clinical trials, as well as on plants used in traditional medicine. Potential benefits from certain dietary habits and dietary constituents, as well as common molecular targets of natural products, are also briefly discussed. A glimpse at the history of statins and biguanides, two prominent representatives of natural products (or their derivatives) in the fight against metabolic disease, is also included. The present review aims to serve as an "opening" of this special issue of Molecules, presenting key historical developments, recent advances, and future perspectives outlining the potential of natural products for prevention or therapy of cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Ciprandi G, Marseglia GL, Castagnoli R, Valsecchi C, Tagliacarne C, Caimmi S, Licari A. From IgE to clinical trials of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1321-33. [PMID: 26358006 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1086645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current scientific research is continuously aiming at identifying new therapeutic targets with the purpose of modifying the immune response to allergens. The evolution in immunological methods has led to the identification of immunoglobulin E (IgE) as both a diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis. Allergen immunotherapy has been used for more than 100 years to treat allergic diseases and it is today considered the only disease-modifying treatment capable of inducing a long-lasting immunological and clinical tolerance toward the causal allergen. During the past 20 years, major advances have been made in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans. Moreover, there has been considerable progress in allergen extract modifications and additions to standard extracts. The recognition that IgE plays a pivotal role in basic regulatory mechanisms of allergic inflammation has recently stimulated research into the therapeutic potential of directly targeting this antibody. Omalizumab, the most advanced humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, is currently approved for the treatment of uncontrolled allergic asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Interesting results also arise from studies in which omalizumab was administered in patients with allergic rhinitis. The aim of this review is to provide an update on current findings on immunological and clinical effects of allergen immunotherapy and anti-IgE therapy, which have been shown to have synergistic modes of action for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ciprandi
- a 1 Department of Medicine, IRCCS-A.O.U. San Martino di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Valsecchi
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Tagliacarne
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Caimmi
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amelia Licari
- b 2 Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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SLIT Tablets for Polysensitized Allergic Rhinitis. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-015-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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