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Lu B, Lim JM, Yu B, Song S, Neeli P, Sobhani N, K P, Bonam SR, Kurapati R, Zheng J, Chai D. The next-generation DNA vaccine platforms and delivery systems: advances, challenges and prospects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332939. [PMID: 38361919 PMCID: PMC10867258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. However, traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines suffer from certain drawbacks such as complex preparation, limited efficacy, potential risks and others. These limitations restrict their widespread use, especially in the face of an increasingly diverse range of diseases. With the ongoing advancements in genetic engineering vaccines, DNA vaccines have emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of both genetic diseases and acquired diseases. While several DNA vaccines have demonstrated substantial success in animal models of diseases, certain challenges need to be addressed before application in human subjects. The primary obstacle lies in the absence of an optimal delivery system, which significantly hampers the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current status and limitations of DNA vaccines by focusing on both viral and non-viral DNA delivery systems, as they play crucial roles in the exploration of novel DNA vaccines. We provide an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses based on our critical assessment. Additionally, the review summarizes the most recent advancements and breakthroughs in pre-clinical and clinical studies, highlighting the need for further clinical trials in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ming Lim
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Boyue Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Siyuan Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Praveen Neeli
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pavithra K
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rajendra Kurapati
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Mitarotonda R, Giorgi E, Eufrasio-da-Silva T, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Mishra YK, Khademhosseini A, Desimone MF, De Marzi M, Orive G. Immunotherapeutic nanoparticles: From autoimmune disease control to the development of vaccines. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 135:212726. [PMID: 35475005 PMCID: PMC9023085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanoparticles (NPs) with potential therapeutic uses represents an area of vast interest in the scientific community during the last years. Recently, the pandemic caused by COVID-19 motivated a race for vaccines creation to overcome the crisis generated. This is a good demonstration that nanotechnology will most likely be the basis of future immunotherapy. Moreover, the number of publications based on nanosystems has significantly increased in recent years and it is expected that most of these developments can go on to experimentation in clinical stages soon. The therapeutic use of NPs to combat different diseases such as cancer, allergies or autoimmune diseases will depend on their characteristics, their targets, and the transported molecules. This review presents an in-depth analysis of recent advances that have been developed in order to obtain novel nanoparticulate based tools for the treatment of allergies, autoimmune diseases and for their use in vaccines. Moreover, it is highlighted that by providing targeted delivery an increase in the potential of vaccines to induce an immune response is expected in the future. Definitively, the here gathered analysis is a good demonstration that nanotechnology will be the basis of future immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mitarotonda
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET-UNLu, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución (6700) Lujan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Exequiel Giorgi
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET-UNLu, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución (6700) Lujan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tatiane Eufrasio-da-Silva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525EX Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Martin F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mauricio De Marzi
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET-UNLu, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución (6700) Lujan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore.
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3
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Wu Y, Niu Y, Wu Y, Chen X, Shen X, Gao W. SAMHD1 can suppress lung adenocarcinoma progression through the negative regulation of STING. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:189-201. [PMID: 33569199 PMCID: PMC7867844 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) has been specifically linked to lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms in regulating lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) are unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the specific regulation between SAMHD1 and LAC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 238 patients who underwent surgery for LAC between January 2018 and December 2019. The expression of SAMHD1 was detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in tumors and paired adjacent tissues. A lentivirus was used to overexpress SAMHD1 and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in A549 cells; and RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to verify their levels. Cell proliferation was evaluated via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Celigo imaging cytometry. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V staining. Overexpressed SAMHD1 suppressed LAC progression in a xenograft model. The DNA damage response inhibitor (DDRi) was used to assess the cell proliferation and apoptosis rate in SAMHD1-overexpressing A549 cells and the control group. A rescue experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential influence of SAMHD1 and STING. Results A low expression of SAMHD1 was associated with advanced disease. Overexpression of SAMHD1 decreased cell proliferation and invasion in A549 cells, and the apoptosis rate was significantly higher in the overexpressed SAMHD1 cells than those in the control group. The overexpression of SAMHD1 inhibited tumor progression in the xenograft model. The expression of STING was lower in SAMHD1-overexpressing A549 cells than those in the wild-type group. Furthermore, the inhibited cellular behaviors of LAC cells resulting from the stable SAMHD1 expression were partially reversed after STING overexpression. Treatment with DDRi could inhibit cancer cell progression. Conclusions Upregulation of SAMHD1 could suppress the progression of LAC in vivo and in vitro through the negative regulation of STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxu Niu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shen H, Huang X, Min J, Le S, Wang Q, Wang X, Dogan AA, Liu X, Zhang P, Draz MS, Xiao J. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for DNA/RNA and their Potential Applications in Nanomedicine. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2507-2523. [PMID: 31775591 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191024170212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology has a great influence on the fields of biology, physiology, and medicine. Over recent years, nanoparticles have been widely presented as nanocarriers to help the delivery of gene, drugs, and other therapeutic agents with cellular targeting ability. Advances in the understanding of gene delivery and RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapy have brought increasing attention to understanding and tackling complex genetically related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, autoimmune diseases and infections. The combination of nanocarriers and DNA/RNA delivery may potentially improve their safety and therapeutic efficacy. However, there still exist many challenges before this approach can be practiced in the clinic. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary on the types of nanoparticle systems used as nanocarriers, highlight the current use of nanocarriers in recombinant DNA and RNAi molecules delivery, and the current landscape of gene-based nanomedicine-ranging from diagnosis to therapeutics. Finally, we briefly discuss the biosafety concerns and limitations in the preclinical and clinical development of nanoparticle gene systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415#, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiac Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168#, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shiguan Le
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415#, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415#, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415#, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Asli Aybike Dogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed S Draz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.,Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415#, Shanghai 200003, China
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5
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Sprooten J, Garg AD. Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 350:63-118. [PMID: 32138904 PMCID: PMC7104985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) comprise of pro-inflammatory cytokines created, as well as sensed, by all nucleated cells with the main objective of blocking pathogens-driven infections. Owing to this broad range of influence, type I IFNs also exhibit critical functions in many sterile inflammatory diseases and immunopathologies, especially those associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-driven signaling pathways. Indeed, over the years accumulating evidence has indicated that the presence of ER stress can influence the production, or sensing of, type I IFNs induced by perturbations like pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic) or autoimmunity. In this article we discuss the link between type I IFNs and ER stress in various diseased contexts. We describe how ER stress regulates type I IFNs production or sensing, or how type I IFNs may induce ER stress, in various circumstances like microbial infections, autoimmunity, diabetes, cancer and other ER stress-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprooten
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Batty CJ, Tiet P, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Drug Delivery for Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccines. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 6:232-244. [PMID: 30227827 DOI: 10.2174/2211738506666180918122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are able to avoid immune surveillance and exploit the immune system to grow and metastasize. With the development of nano- and micro-particles, there has been a growing number of immunotherapy delivery systems developed to elicit innate and adaptive immune responses to eradicate cancer cells. This can be accomplished by training resident immune cells to recognize and eliminate cells with tumor-associated antigens or by providing external stimuli to enhance tumor cell apoptosis in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review we will focus on nano- and micro-particle (NP and MP) based immunotherapies and vaccines used to elicit a potent and sustained antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Batty
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Pamela Tiet
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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7
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Motwani M, Pesiridis S, Fitzgerald KA. DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 20:657-674. [PMID: 31358977 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-019-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection of pathogens through nucleic acid sensors is a defining principle of innate immunity. RNA-sensing and DNA-sensing receptors sample subcellular compartments for foreign nucleic acids and, upon recognition, trigger immune signalling pathways for host defence. Over the past decade, our understanding of how the recognition of nucleic acids is coupled to immune gene expression has advanced considerably, particularly for the DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signalling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as well as the molecular components and regulation of this pathway. Moreover, the ability of self-DNA to engage cGAS has emerged as an important mechanism fuelling the development of inflammation and implicating the cGAS-STING pathway in human inflammatory diseases and cancer. This detailed mechanistic and biological understanding is paving the way for the development and clinical application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Motwani
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott Pesiridis
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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8
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Singha S, Shao K, Ellestad KK, Yang Y, Santamaria P. Nanoparticles for Immune Stimulation Against Infection, Cancer, and Autoimmunity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10621-10635. [PMID: 30481968 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination using nanocarrier-based delivery systems has recently emerged as a promising approach for meeting the continued challenge posed by infectious diseases and cancer. A diverse portfolio of nanocarriers of various sizes, compositions, and physical parameters have now been developed, and this diversity provides an opportunity for the rational design of vaccines that can mediate targeted delivery of various antigens and adjuvants or immune regulatory agents in ways unachievable with classical vaccination approaches. This flexibility allows control over the characteristics of vaccine-elicited immune responses such that they can be tailored to be effective in circumstances where classical vaccines have failed. Furthermore, the utility of nanocarrier-based immune modulation extends to the treatment of autoimmune disease where precisely targeted inhibition of immune responses is desirable. Clearly, the selection of appropriate nanocarriers, antigens, adjuvants, and other components underpins the efficacy of these nanoimmune interventions. Herein, we provide an overview of currently available nanocarriers of various types and their physical and pharmacological properties with the goal of providing a resource for researchers exploring nanomaterial-based approaches for immune modulation and identify some information gaps and unexplored questions to help guide future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiswarup Singha
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Kun Shao
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Kristofor K Ellestad
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
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Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and becomes latent in sensory, enteric, and other autonomic neurons during the viremia of varicella. Reactivation of VZV in neurons that project to the skin causes the rash of zoster; however, reactivation of VZV in enteric neurons can cause a painful gastrointestinal disorder ("enteric zoster") without cutaneous manifestations. Detection of VZV DNA in saliva of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms may suggest enteric zoster. This diagnosis is reinforced by observing a response to antiviral therapy and can be confirmed by detecting VZV gene products in intestinal mucosal biopsies. We developed an in vivo guinea pig model that may be useful in studies of VZV latency and reactivation. VZV-infected lymphocytes are used to induce latent infection in sensory and enteric neurons; evidence suggests that exosomes and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) may, by preventing proliferation play roles in the establishment of neuronal latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gershon
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Anne Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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10
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Codon optimization and improved delivery/immunization regimen enhance the immune response against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, preserving its Th2-polarity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8078. [PMID: 29799015 PMCID: PMC5967322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines require a considerable enhancement of immunogenicity. Here, we optimized a prototype DNA vaccine against drug-resistant HIV-1 based on a weak Th2-immunogen, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). We designed expression-optimized genes encoding inactivated wild-type and drug-resistant RTs (RT-DNAs) and introduced them into mice by intradermal injections followed by electroporation. RT-DNAs were administered as single or double primes with or without cyclic-di-GMP, or as a prime followed by boost with RT-DNA mixed with a luciferase-encoding plasmid (“surrogate challenge”). Repeated primes improved cellular responses and broadened epitope specificity. Addition of cyclic-di-GMP induced a transient increase in IFN-γ production. The strongest anti-RT immune response was achieved in a prime-boost protocol with electroporation by short 100V pulses done using penetrating electrodes. The RT-specific response, dominated by CD4+ T-cells, targeted epitopes at aa 199–220 and aa 528–543. Drug-resistance mutations disrupted the epitope at aa 205–220, while the CTL epitope at aa 202–210 was not affected. Overall, multiparametric optimization of RT strengthened its Th2- performance. A rapid loss of RT/luciferase-expressing cells in the surrogate challenge experiment revealed a lytic potential of anti-RT response. Such lytic CD4+ response would be beneficial for an HIV vaccine due to its comparative insensitivity to immune escape.
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11
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Marinho FV, Benmerzoug S, Oliveira SC, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ. The Emerging Roles of STING in Bacterial Infections. Trends Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28625530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) protein connects microorganism cytosolic sensing with effector functions of the host cell by sensing directly cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originating from pathogens or from the host upon DNA recognition. Although STING activation favors effective immune responses against viral infections, its role during bacterial diseases is controversial, ranging from protective to detrimental effects for the host. In this review, we summarize important features of the STING activation pathway and recent highlights about the role of STING in bacterial infections by Chlamydia, Listeria, Francisella, Brucella, Shigella, Salmonella, Streptococcus, and Neisseria genera, with a special focus on mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio V Marinho
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sulayman Benmerzoug
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, France
| | - V F J Quesniaux
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, France.
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12
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STING signaling in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy: A friend or foe? Cancer Lett 2017; 402:203-212. [PMID: 28602976 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a DNA sensor and an important cytoplasmic adaptor for other DNA sensors, such as Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI), DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41), and interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). The activation of STING signaling leads to the production of type I interferons and some other pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are critical for host defense against viral infection. Recent accumulating evidences suggest that STING is also involved in tumor development. However, the role of STING signaling in tumorigenesis is complicated, and a comprehensive review is still lacking. In this paper, we provided an overview of the dual role of STING signaling in tumor development from clinical significance to fundamental mechanisms, as well as its pre-clinical application in cancer therapy.
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13
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Ulz P, Heitzer E, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Patient monitoring through liquid biopsies using circulating tumor DNA. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:887-896. [PMID: 28470712 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumors release components such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles into the circulation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that molecular information about tumors and metastases can be extracted from these factors, which are therefore frequently referred to as "liquid biopsies." Liquid biopsies allow the longitudinal monitoring of tumor genomes non-invasively and may hence ensure that patients receive appropriate treatments that target the molecular features of their disease. Accordingly, the number of studies employing liquid biopsy based assays has been skyrocketing in the last few years. Here, we focus on three important issues, which are of high relevance for monitoring tumor genomes. First, we analyze the relation between the allele frequency of somatic tumor-specific mutations and the tumor fraction within plasma DNA. Second, we ask how well current tumor evolution models correlate with findings in longitudinal liquid biopsy studies. And, finally, as sensitivity is one of the key challenges of mutation detection, we address the challenge of detecting mutations occurring at very low allele frequencies in plasma DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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14
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Poltorak A, Kurmyshkina O, Volkova T. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING): A “new chapter” in virus-associated cancer research. Lessons from wild-derived mouse models of innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is activated by binding to cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), which results in potent cytokine production. CDNs are produced by certain intracellular bacteria and are generated by the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) following binding to cytosolic DNA species, such as viral DNA. STING-inducible innate immune molecules are essential for protection of the host against pathogens and are important for the stimulation of adaptive immunity. Self-DNA, for example from the nucleus or mitochondria, can leak into the cytosolic compartment and stimulate STING activity to cause autoinflammatory disease. Certain mutations in the gene encoding STING can cause the protein to become permanently active and similarly induce autoinflammatory responses. STING can be activated in phagocytes by DNA released from engulfed tumour cells and drive the production of cytokines necessary for generating robust antitumour T cell responses. DNA-damaging agents can cause the release of nuclear DNA into the cytosol that stimulates STING-dependent cytokine production and phagocyte infiltration. This may be essential for eliminating damaged cells and generating antitumour T cell responses, but chronic stimulation may also promote inflammation-aggravated cancer. STING agonists exert potent antitumour activity and may be effective, novel adjuvants in vaccine formulations. In contrast, inhibitors of STING signalling may be beneficial for the treatment of autoinflammatory disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) and STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI).
Activation of STING (stimulator of interferon genes) by cytosolic aberrant DNA species or cyclic dinucleotides triggers transcription of numerous innate immune genes. In this Review, the author summarizes recent insights into the regulation of STING signalling and its role in autoinflammatory disease and cancer. The rapid detection of microbial agents is essential for the effective initiation of host defence mechanisms against infection. Understanding how cells detect cytosolic DNA to trigger innate immune gene transcription has important implications — not only for comprehending the immune response to pathogens but also for elucidating the causes of autoinflammatory disease involving the sensing of self-DNA and the generation of effective antitumour adaptive immunity. The discovery of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes)-controlled innate immune pathway, which mediates cytosolic DNA-induced signalling events, has recently provided important insights into these processes, opening the way for the development of novel immunization regimes, as well as therapies to treat autoinflammatory disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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16
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Forsthuber TG, Radstake TRDJ. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 10-year anniversary issue. Foreword. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1-3. [PMID: 25534976 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.997215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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17
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Garciafigueroa Y, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. A brief glimpse over the horizon for type 1 diabetes nanotherapeutics. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:36-45. [PMID: 25817545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pace at which nanotherapeutic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Most of the technology is centered on drug delivery which, in some instances, offers tunable control of drug release. Emerging technologies have resulted in improvements in tissue and cell targeting while others are at the initial stages of pairing drug release and drug release kinetics with microenvironmental stimuli or changes in homeostasis. Nanotherapeutics has only recently been adopted for consideration as a prophylaxis/treatment approach in autoimmunity. Herein, we summarize the current state-of-the art of nanotherapeutics specifically for type 1 diabetes mellitus and offer our view over the horizon of where we envisage this modality evolving towards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
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