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Trujillo Cubillo L, Gurdal M, Zeugolis DI. Corneal fibrosis: From in vitro models to current and upcoming drug and gene medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115317. [PMID: 38642593 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases are characterised by myofibroblast differentiation, uncontrolled pathological extracellular matrix accumulation, tissue contraction, scar formation and, ultimately tissue / organ dysfunction. The cornea, the transparent tissue located on the anterior chamber of the eye, is extremely susceptible to fibrotic diseases, which cause loss of corneal transparency and are often associated with blindness. Although topical corticosteroids and antimetabolites are extensively used in the management of corneal fibrosis, they are associated with glaucoma, cataract formation, corneoscleral melting and infection, imposing the need of far more effective therapies. Herein, we summarise and discuss shortfalls and recent advances in in vitro models (e.g. transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) / ascorbic acid / interleukin (IL) induced) and drug (e.g. TGF-β inhibitors, epigenetic modulators) and gene (e.g. gene editing, gene silencing) therapeutic strategies in the corneal fibrosis context. Emerging therapeutical agents (e.g. neutralising antibodies, ligand traps, receptor kinase inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides) that have shown promise in clinical setting but have not yet assessed in corneal fibrosis context are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trujillo Cubillo
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mehmet Gurdal
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Veisi A, Dastborhan Z, Dastmardi M, Rezaie Kanavi M, Rezaei S. Lacrimal Drainage System and Nasal Cavity Melanoma after Complete Treatment of Conjunctival Melanoma. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2024; 2024:1034939. [PMID: 38362357 PMCID: PMC10869194 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1034939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a rare tumor of the ocular surface with potential fatal consequences and a high likelihood of recurrence. Although routes for extending the tumor, including local, hematogenous, and lymphatogenous, are pretty straightforward, the indirect extension through free-floating tumoral cells to the nasolacrimal duct is not described thoroughly. We report a case of malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva which presented with local recurrence in the intranasal cavity and lacrimal sac two years after the primary surgery (without involvement of the ocular surface and punctum on the second occasion). However, there was no evidence of distant metastasis on either occasion. This case demonstrates the possible noncontiguous spreading route of melanoma tumoral cells and highlights the need for attention to the surgical technique, and careful follow-up to detect further disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Veisi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Dastborhan
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mozhgan Rezaie Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Rezaei
- Eye and Skull Base Research Centers, Five Senses Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Fani N, Moradi M, Zavari R, Parvizpour F, Soltani A, Arabpour Z, Jafarian A. Current Advances in Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:277-291. [PMID: 36856176 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230301140659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Treating chronic wounds is a common and costly challenge worldwide. More advanced treatments are needed to improve wound healing and prevent severe complications such as infection and amputation. Like other medical fields, there have been advances in new technologies promoting wound healing potential. Regenerative medicine as a new method has aroused hope in treating chronic wounds. The technology improving wound healing includes using customizable matrices based on synthetic and natural polymers, different types of autologous and allogeneic cells at different differentiation phases, small molecules, peptides, and proteins as a growth factor, RNA interference, and gene therapy. In the last decade, various types of wound dressings have been designed. Emerging dressings include a variety of interactive/ bioactive dressings and tissue-engineering skin options. However, there is still no suitable and effective dressing to treat all chronic wounds. This article reviews different wounds and common treatments, advanced technologies and wound dressings, the advanced wound care market, and some interactive/bioactive wound dressings in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi
- MD-MPH Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roxana Zavari
- Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Parvizpour
- Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Adele Soltani
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- CinnaGen Research and Production Co., Alborz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arabpour
- Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Jafarian
- Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ang BCH, Lim SY, Betzler BK, Wong HJ, Stewart MW, Dorairaj S. Recent Advancements in Glaucoma Surgery-A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1096. [PMID: 37760198 PMCID: PMC10525614 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery has long been an important treatment for limiting optic nerve damage and minimising visual loss in patients with glaucoma. Numerous improvements, modifications, and innovations in glaucoma surgery over recent decades have improved surgical safety, and have led to earlier and more frequent surgical intervention in glaucoma patients at risk of vision loss. This review summarises the latest advancements in trabeculectomy surgery, glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases, alongside subsequent hand searches-limited to the past 10 years for trabeculectomy and GDDs, and the past 5 years for MIGS-yielded 2283 results, 58 of which were included in the final review (8 trabeculectomy, 27 GDD, and 23 MIGS). Advancements in trabeculectomy are described in terms of adjunctive incisions, Tenon's layer management, and novel suturing techniques. Advancements in GDD implantation pertain to modifications of surgical techniques and devices, novel methods to deal with postoperative complications and surgical failure, and the invention of new GDDs. Finally, the popularity of MIGS has recently promoted modifications to current surgical techniques and the development of novel MIGS devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Chin Hou Ang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore 737628, Singapore
| | - Sheng Yang Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Bjorn Kaijun Betzler
- Department of Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Hon Jen Wong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Michael W. Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (M.W.S.)
| | - Syril Dorairaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (M.W.S.)
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Yüksel R, Yüksel N, Yazır Y, Öztürk A, Furat Rençber S, Demirci Küçük K. The anti-scar effect of tyrosine-kinase inhibitor nintedanib in experimental glaucoma filtration surgery in rabbits. Exp Eye Res 2023; 229:109431. [PMID: 36870440 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of nintedanib on preventing postoperative scar in formation following glaucoma filtering surgery (GFC) in rabbits in comparison with Mitomycin-C (MMC). DESIGN Experimental Animal Study. METHODS 24 New Zealand rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups as Sham, Nindetanib and MMC(n = 8). Limbal-based trabeculectomy was performed on the right eyes of the rabbits. Left eyes that did'nt undergo surgery were included in the control group (n = 8). Following surgery, Intraocular pressures (IOP), postoperative complications and morphological changes in the bleb were evaluated. On the 28th day, eight eyes from each group were enucleated and histologically and immunohistochemically analyzed. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), Transforming Growth Factor-1 (TGF-B1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) were evaluated. RESULTS It was observed that nintedanib has no side effects and reduces subconjunctival fibrosis. Postoperative IOP values in the Nindetanib group were lower than the other groups (p < 0.05). The longest bleb survival was observed in the Nintedanib group and the shortest in the Sham group (p < 0.001). Conjunctival vascularity and inflammation was reduced in the Nintedanib group compared to the Sham group (p < 0.05). The highest subconjunctival fibrosis was observed in the Sham group and the least in the Nintedanib group (p < 0.05). Although the fibrosis score was found lower in the Nintedanib group compared to the MMC(p > 0.05). α-SMA TGF-β1, MMP-2 expressions were similar in Nintedanib and MMC groups (p > 0.05), however, it was observed that significantly decreased in both groups compared to Sham group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It has been observed that Nindetanib suppress fibroblast proliferation Thus, It may be a drug that can prevent subconjunctival fibrosis in GFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refref Yüksel
- Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41000, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Yusufhan Yazır
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Center of Stem Cells and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41000, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey; Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41000, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Öztürk
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Center of Stem Cells and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41000, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Selenay Furat Rençber
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41000, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Hassanpour K, Kanavi MR, Daftarian N, Samaeili A, Suri F, Pakravan M, Doozandeh A, Aski SA, Fakhri M, Moghaddasi A, Ahmadieh H, Esfandiari H. The Inhibitory Effect of Connective Tissue Growth Factor Antibody on Postoperative Fibrosis in a Rabbit Model of Trabeculectomy. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2022; 17:486-496. [PMID: 36620705 PMCID: PMC9806307 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v17i4.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the efficacy of subconjunctival injection of an anti-connective tissue growth factor antibody (anti-CTGF) versus mitomycin-C (MMC) and placebo in reducing scar formation in a rabbit model of trabeculectomy. Methods A total of 14 rabbits were included. Nine rabbits underwent trabeculectomy with subconjunctival injections of either anti-CTGF antibody, MMC, or balanced salt solution (BSS), each administered in three eyes, before peritomy. The anti-CTGF group received a repeated dose of the antibody five days after surgery. All nine rabbits were euthanized on day 14; the globes were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and immunohistochemistry for detecting alpha-smooth muscle (α-SMA) actin. RNA extraction was performed on five eyes of the remaining rabbits which included one eye without any surgery, one eye 5 hr after trabeculectomy without any injection, one eye five days after trabeculectomy without any injection, and two eyes five days after trabeculectomy with administration of MMC and BSS, respectively. Results The mean bleb area in the anti-CTGF, MMC, and control groups was 3.8 ± 1.45, 5.9 ± 1.4, and 3.5 ± 1.9 mm2, respectively. Collagenous tissue was found to occupy the bleb area by 13.7%, 13.5%, and 18.5%, respectively. This ratio was significantly higher in the BSS group (P = 0.04). The expression of CTGF mRNA after 5 hr and five days in eyes undergoing trabeculectomy were significantly more pronounced as compared to the unoperated eye. The mean H-SCORE of α-SMA-immune reactive cells calculated as the grade of staining multiplied by the percentage of immune stained cells was 14.6, 10.22, and 140.58 in the anti-CTGF, MMC, and control groups, respectively. While the control eyes had a significantly higher score (Ps < 0.001), the anti-CTGF and MMC groups were comparable (P = 0.87). Conclusion Based on the results of this animal study, the anti-CTGF antibody injection resulted in a significant reduction in collagenous tissue and myofibroblast cells after trabeculectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Hassanpour
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narsis Daftarian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Samaeili
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Suri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pakravan
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Doozandeh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasha Afsar Aski
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Fakhri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afrooz Moghaddasi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Esfandiari
- Department of ophthalmology, Olmsted Medical Center, Rochester, MN, USA
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Luo J, Tan G, Thong KX, Kafetzis KN, Vallabh N, Sheridan CM, Sato Y, Harashima H, Tagalakis AD, Yu-Wai-Man C. Non-Viral Gene Therapy in Trabecular Meshwork Cells to Prevent Fibrosis in Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112472. [PMID: 36432663 PMCID: PMC9693853 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of failure for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is fibrosis in the trabecular meshwork (TM) that regulates the outflow of aqueous humour, and no anti-fibrotic drug is available for intraocular use in MIGS. The myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor (MRTF/SRF) pathway is a promising anti-fibrotic target. This study aims to utilise a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP) to deliver MRTF-B siRNA into human TM cells and to compare its effects with those observed in human conjunctival fibroblasts (FF). Two LNP formulations were prepared with and without the targeting peptide cΥ, and with an siRNA concentration of 50 nM. We examined the biophysical properties and encapsulation efficiencies of the LNPs, and evaluated the effects of MRTF-B silencing on cell viability, key fibrotic genes expression and cell contractility. Both LNP formulations efficiently silenced MRTF-B gene and were non-cytotoxic in TM and FF cells. The presence of cΥ made the LNPs smaller and more cationic, but had no significant effect on encapsulation efficiency. Both TM and FF cells also showed significantly reduced contractibility after transfection with MRTF-B siRNA LNPs. In TM cells, LNPs with cΥ achieved a greater decrease in contractility compared to LNPs without cΥ. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the novel CL4H6-LNPs are able to safely and effectively deliver MRTF-B siRNA into human TM cells. LNPs can serve as a promising non-viral gene therapy to prevent fibrosis in MIGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Luo
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Greymi Tan
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kai Xin Thong
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Neeru Vallabh
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Carl M. Sheridan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Aristides D. Tagalakis
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK
- Correspondence: (A.D.T.); (C.Y.-W.-M.); Tel.: +44-(0)1695-650923 (A.D.T.); +44-(0)2071-881504 (C.Y.-W.-M.)
| | - Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Correspondence: (A.D.T.); (C.Y.-W.-M.); Tel.: +44-(0)1695-650923 (A.D.T.); +44-(0)2071-881504 (C.Y.-W.-M.)
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Pereira ICF, Wyss HM, Pinchuk L, Beckers HJM, den Toonder JMJ. A model for designing intraocular pressure-regulating glaucoma implants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273672. [PMID: 36054120 PMCID: PMC9439203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for vision. The key risk factor for the development and progression of this disease is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Implantable glaucoma drainage devices have been developed to divert aqueous humor from the glaucomatous eye as a means of reducing IOP. The artificial drainage pathway created by these devices drives the fluid into a filtering bleb. The long-term success of filtration surgery is dictated by the proper functioning of the bleb and overlying Tenon’s and conjunctival tissue. To better understand the influence of the health condition of these tissues on IOP, we have developed a mathematical model of fluid production in the eye, its removal from the anterior chamber by a particular glaucoma implant–the PRESERFLO® MicroShunt–, drainage into the bleb and absorption by the subconjunctival vasculature. The mathematical model was numerically solved by commercial FEM package COMSOL. Our numerical results of IOP for different postoperative conditions are consistent with the available evidence on IOP outcomes after the implantation of this device. To obtain insight into the adjustments in the implant’s hydrodynamic resistance that are required for IOP control when hypotony or bleb scarring due to tissue fibrosis take place, we have simulated the flow through a microshunt with an adjustable lumen diameter. Our findings show that increasing the hydrodynamic resistance of the microshunt by reducing the lumen diameter, can effectively help to prevent hypotony. However, decreasing the hydrodynamic resistance of the implant will not sufficiently decrease the IOP to acceptable levels when the bleb is encapsulated due to tissue fibrosis. Therefore, to effectively reduce IOP, the adjustable glaucoma implant should be combined with a means of reducing fibrosis. The results reported herein may provide guidelines to support the design of future glaucoma implants with adjustable hydrodynamic resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. F. Pereira
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. Wyss
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard Pinchuk
- InnFocus, Inc., a Santen Company, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Henny J. M. Beckers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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9
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Morelli-Batters A, Lamont HC, Elghobashy M, Masood I, Hill LJ. The role of Vitamin D3 in ocular fibrosis and its therapeutic potential for the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:897118. [PMID: 38983544 PMCID: PMC11182265 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.897118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The most prevalent subtype, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), is characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP), damage to the optic nerve head and irreversible visual loss. IOP increases aqueous humor (AqH) outflow is reduced through the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC). Increased outflow resistance is partly due to TM/SC dysregulation, including loss of normal trabecular meshwork cell (TMC) function, following increased levels of oxidative stress within TMC, dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling alongside alterations in TMC phenotype and apoptosis. Current widely available POAG treatments do not target the aberrant expression of ECM in the TM directly. As a result, most drug treatments can fail as the underlying pathological process continues unabated. Rho-kinase inhibitors have demonstrated the benefit of restoring TM/SC function, however there is a clear need to develop further treatment strategies that can target the underlying cellular processes which become dysregulated within the TMC during POAG pathogenesis. Vitamin D is suggested to be beneficial in alleviating the symptoms of fibrosis and inflammation in soft tissues. It has important functions in many major organ systems, including regulation of calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone. Evidence suggests that Vitamin D3 modulates ECM turnover through the conventional TGFβ-SMAD signaling, which is associated with the development of POAG. The link between Vitamin D3, inflammation and fibrosis within ocular tissues will be discussed and the potential roles of Vitamin D3 in the management of POAG patients will be explored within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Morelli-Batters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah C Lamont
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Chemical Engineering, Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mirna Elghobashy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Masood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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10
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Nikhalashree S, George R, Shantha B, Vijaya L, Sulochana KN, Coral K. Anti-glaucoma medications lowered decorin and altered profibrotic proteins in human tenon's fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109199. [PMID: 35878659 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Long term exposure to anti-glaucoma medications (AGMs) leads to an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in primary glaucoma patients. This study aims to evaluate the effect of topical AGMs in primary human tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) and analyze the expression of profibrotic and anti-fibrotic proteins. Primary HTFs were cultured from patients undergoing cataract (control) and trabeculectomy. The different types of AGMs in single/multiple combinations (BB, PG, AA, CAI, CH, combinations of 3- PG + AA + CAI, 4A- BB + PG + AA + CAI, 4B- BB + PG + CAI + CH and 5- BB + PG + AA + CAI + CH) on chronic exposure were tested for cell viability using MTT assay and morphological alterations. Profibrotic proteins mainly SPARC, LOXL2, COL1A1 and anti-fibrotic DCN were analyzed in treated HTFs using q-PCR and ELISA. Sirius red staining and collagen gel contraction (CGC) assay were performed to assess collagen synthesis and the contractility of HTFs, respectively. Except for AA and CH, the other AGMs at a higher concentration were found to decrease the cell viability of HTFs. The morphology of HTFs were altered on exposure to BB, CH and AA; Profibrotic proteins i.e., SPARC, LOXL2 and COL1A1 were significantly increased (p < 0.05) on exposure to a combination of AGMs with TGF-β1, whereas the anti-fibrotic DCN expression was significantly lowered (p < 0.05) in single/multiple AGM exposure. Sirius red staining showed increased collagen synthesis with combinations of AGMs with TGF-β1. Meanwhile, HTFs showed increased collagen gel contraction with TGF-β1, CAI and CH. This study reveals that altered profibrotic proteins, with significantly lowered DCN on chronic exposure of AGMs in HTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Nikhalashree
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Block, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Balekudaru Shantha
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Block, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
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11
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Wolters JEJ, van Mechelen RJS, Al Majidi R, Pinchuk L, Webers CAB, Beckers HJM, Gorgels TGMF. History, presence, and future of mitomycin C in glaucoma filtration surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2021; 32:148-159. [PMID: 33315724 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mitomycin C (MMC) is an alkylating agent with extraordinary ability to crosslink DNA, preventing DNA synthesis. By this virtue, MMC is an important antitumor drug. In addition, MMC has become the gold standard medication for glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). This eye surgery creates a passage for drainage of aqueous humor (AqH) out of the eye into the sub-Tenon's space with the aim of lowering the intraocular pressure. A major cause of failure of this operation is fibrosis and scarring in the sub-Tenon's space, which will restrict AqH outflow. Intraoperative application of MMC during GFS has increased GFS success rate, presumably mainly by reducing fibrosis after GFS. However, still 10% of glaucoma surgeries fail within the first year. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we evaluate risks and benefits of MMC as an adjuvant for GFS. In addition, we discuss possible improvements of its use by adjusting dose and method of administration. SUMMARY One way of improving GFS outcome is to prolong MMC delivery by using a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno E J Wolters
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+), Maastricht
- Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Geleen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph J S van Mechelen
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+), Maastricht
- Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Geleen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rana Al Majidi
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+), Maastricht
- Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Geleen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard Pinchuk
- InnFocus, Inc., a Santen Company
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+), Maastricht
- Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Geleen
| | - Henny J M Beckers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+), Maastricht
- Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Geleen
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+), Maastricht
- Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), Geleen
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12
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Asgharzadeh F, Hashemzadeh A, Yaghoubi A, Avan A, Nazari SE, Soleimanpour S, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Rahmani F, Khazaei M. Therapeutic effects of silver nanoparticle containing sulfasalazine on DSS-induced colitis model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Chong RS, Crowston JG, Wong TT. Experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:9-15. [PMID: 32715621 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma filtration surgery plays an important role in achieving intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction in patients who have high IOP despite maximum medical therapy. Preclinical experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery contribute a great deal to our knowledge of the wound healing processes that predispose to scarring and may lead to poor outcomes. However, this research needs to be interpreted in the light of the specific study design, animal model and methods used. We review the existing literature addressing various models of experimental glaucoma filtration surgery, discuss the considerations in assessing these models and describe future steps in evaluating potential therapeutics and bleb characteristics that could impact translational research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Chong
- Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore Singapore
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
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14
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Rahić O, Tucak A, Omerović N, Sirbubalo M, Hindija L, Hadžiabdić J, Vranić E. Novel Drug Delivery Systems Fighting Glaucoma: Formulation Obstacles and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E28. [PMID: 33375224 PMCID: PMC7824381 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered to be one of the biggest health problems in the world. It is the main cause of preventable blindness due to its asymptomatic nature in the early stages on the one hand and patients' non-adherence on the other. There are several approaches in glaucoma treatment, whereby this has to be individually designed for each patient. The first-line treatment is medication therapy. However, taking into account numerous disadvantages of conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, intensive work has been carried out on the development of novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma. This review aims to provide an overview of formulation solutions and strategies in the development of in situ gel systems, nanosystems, ocular inserts, contact lenses, collagen corneal shields, ocular implants, microneedles, and iontophoretic devices. The results of studies confirming the effectiveness of the aforementioned drug delivery systems were also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjenka Rahić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Amina Tucak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Naida Omerović
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Merima Sirbubalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lamija Hindija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jasmina Hadžiabdić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Edina Vranić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
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15
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A Tenon's capsule/bulbar conjunctiva interface biomimetic to model fibrosis and local drug delivery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241569. [PMID: 33141875 PMCID: PMC7608904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma filtration surgery is one of the most effective methods for lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma. The surgery efficiently reduces intra-ocular pressure but the most common cause of failure is scarring at the incision site. This occurs in the conjunctiva/Tenon’s capsule layer overlying the scleral coat of the eye. Currently used antimetabolite treatments to prevent post-surgical scarring are non-selective and are associated with potentially blinding side effects. Developing new treatments to target scarring requires both a better understanding of wound healing and scarring in the conjunctiva, and new means of delivering anti-scarring drugs locally and sustainably. By combining plastic compression of collagen gels with a soft collagen-based layer, we have developed a physiologically relevant model of the sub-epithelial bulbar conjunctiva/Tenon’s capsule interface, which allows a more holistic approach to the understanding of subconjunctival tissue behaviour and local drug delivery. The biomimetic tissue hosts both primary human conjunctival fibroblasts and an immune component in the form of macrophages, morphologically and structurally mimicking the mechanical proprieties and contraction kinetics of ex vivo porcine conjunctiva. We show that our model is suitable for the screening of drugs targeting scarring and/or inflammation, and amenable to the study of local drug delivery devices that can be inserted in between the two layers of the biomimetic. We propose that this multicellular-bilayer engineered tissue will be useful to study complex biological aspects of scarring and fibrosis, including the role of inflammation, with potentially significant implications for the management of scarring following glaucoma filtration surgery and other anterior ocular segment scarring conditions. Crucially, it uniquely allows the evaluation of new means of local drug delivery within a physiologically relevant tissue mimetic, mimicking intraoperative drug delivery in vivo.
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16
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Stahnke T, Gajda-Deryło B, Jünemann AG, Stachs O, Sterenczak KA, Rejdak R, Beck J, Schütz E, Möller S, Barrantes I, Warsow G, Struckmann S, Fuellen G. Suppression of the TGF-β pathway by a macrolide antibiotic decreases fibrotic responses by ocular fibroblasts in vitro. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200441. [PMID: 33047019 PMCID: PMC7540802 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate and to inhibit post-surgical fibrotic processes after trabeculectomy in glaucoma therapy, we measured gene expression in a fibrotic cell culture model, based on transforming growth factor TGF-β induction in primary human tenon fibroblasts (hTFs), and used Connectivity Map (CMap) data for drug repositioning. We found that specific molecular mechanisms behind fibrosis are the upregulation of actins, the downregulation of CD34, and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL6, IL11 and BMP6. The macrolide antibiotic Josamycin (JM) reverses these molecular mechanisms according to data from the CMap, and we thus tested JM as an inhibitor of fibrosis. JM was first tested for its toxic effects on hTFs, where it showed no influence on cell viability, but inhibited hTF proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. We then demonstrated that JM suppresses the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In hTFs stimulated with TGF-β1, JM specifically inhibited α-smooth muslce actin expression, suggesting that it inhibits the transformation of fibroblasts into fibrotic myofibroblasts. In addition, a decrease of components of the ECM such as fibronectin, which is involved in in vivo scarring, was observed. We conclude that JM may be a promising candidate for the treatment of fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery or drainage device implantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stahnke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Beata Gajda-Deryło
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anselm G. Jünemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Robert Rejdak
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | - Julia Beck
- Chronix Biomedical GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Möller
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Israel Barrantes
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gregor Warsow
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Struckmann
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
- Authors for correspondence: Stephan Struckmann e-mail:
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Authors for correspondence: Georg Fuellen e-mail:
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Bell K, de Padua Soares Bezerra B, Mofokeng M, Montesano G, Nongpiur ME, Marti MV, Lawlor M. Learning from the past: Mitomycin C use in trabeculectomy and its application in bleb-forming minimally invasive glaucoma surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:109-123. [PMID: 32450159 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trabeculectomy has been performed since the mid-1960s and remains the gold standard for glaucoma surgery. Newer surgical options have evolved, collectively referred to as minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. Despite producing large intraocular pressure decreases, full-thickness procedures into the subconjunctival space may be limited by fibrosis. Mitomycin C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil have been in use with trabeculectomy with good evidence of significantly increased success at the cost, however, of an increased risk of complications. Off-label MMC application can be found in almost all clinical trials, including in combination with minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. We explore current evidence for MMC use in trabeculectomy and how this may differ for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery devices and analyze the range of agents and doses that are used. Although we found that most studies could not show any correlation between MMC dosage and the surgical outcome, the success rates with the Xen® microshunt seemed to be higher when using 20 mcg of MMC than when using 10 mcg. Certain important methodological considerations make this hard to confirm definitively, and other factors such as placement of the device may play a more substantial role. For the PreserFlo® microshunt, preliminary data suggest higher success rates with higher MMC dosage at the cost of higher device-related adverse events and reoperations. Although the ideal dose still needs to be established, it seems very likely that MMC provides significant improvement in outcomes in bleb-forming minimally invasive glaucoma procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bell
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
| | | | | | - Giovanni Montesano
- University of Milan - ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy; City, University of London - Optometry and Visual Sciences, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mitchell Lawlor
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital, Macquarie St, Sydney, Australia
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18
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NikhalaShree S, Karthikkeyan G, George R, Shantha B, Vijaya L, Ratra V, Sulochana KN, Coral K. Lowered Decorin With Aberrant Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Aqueous Humor and Tenon's Tissue From Primary Glaucoma Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4661-4669. [PMID: 31725165 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the inflammatory cytokine, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling genes, profibrotic and antifibrotic molecules in patients undergoing glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). Additionally, the effect of preoperative antiglaucoma medications (AGMs) and postoperative bleb status were related to these parameters. Methods Tenon's tissue and aqueous humour (AH) were collected from 207 patients undergoing GFS with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (n = 77), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) (n = 62), and cataract controls (n = 68). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor β1/2 (TGF-β1/2), lysyl oxidase (LOX), lysyl oxidase L2 (LOXL2), elastin (ELN), collagen type 1 α 1 (COL1A1), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and decorin (DCN) were determined in tenon's tissue by real-time PCR and in AH using ELISA. Results A significant increase was observed in the transcripts of MCP-1, TGF-β2, and SPARC in POAG and PACG (P < 0.05); CTGF, TGF-β1, LOX, LOXL2, ELN, COL1A1, and α-SMA in PACG (P < 0.05) compared with control. DCN transcript was significantly decreased in POAG and PACG (P < 0.05) compared with control. The protein levels of CTGF, TGF-β1/β2, ELN, SPARC, and LOXL2 was significantly elevated in POAG and PACG (P < 0.05); DCN was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with control. These parameters showed significant association with duration of preoperative AGMs and postoperative bleb status. Conclusions This study demonstrates increased expression of growth factors and ECM molecules, both at protein and transcript levels in GFS patients. A decreased DCN in AH seems striking, and if restored might have a therapeutic role in minimizing postoperative scarring to improve GFS outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath NikhalaShree
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gayathree Karthikkeyan
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Balekudaru Shantha
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Vineet Ratra
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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19
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Sihota R, Shakrawal J, Sidhu T, Sharma AK, Dada T, Pandey V. Does TRABECULECTOMY meet the 10-10-10 challenge in PACG, POAG, JOAG and Secondary glaucomas? Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1233-1243. [PMID: 31942662 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation of the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering efficacy of trabeculectomies over > 10 years and their ability to stabilize glaucomatous optic neuropathy. METHODS In total, 181 eyes (136 patients), which underwent trabeculectomy (10 min surgery) at least 10 years prior and were on regular follow-up, were evaluated. Qualified/complete success was taken as criteria A: IOP ≤ 12 mmHg, B: IOP ≤ 15 mmHg and C: IOP ≤ 18 mmHg, with all > 5 mmHg, with/without medications. Target IOP in advanced glaucoma is about 10 mmHg, therefore trabeculectomy 10-10-10 challenge! RESULTS The mean age of patients was 46.32 ± 11.50 years. Absolute success was 50.27%, 54.14% and 59.66% according to criteria A, B and C at last follow-up, while qualified success was 70.11%, 81.77% and 96.13%. An IOP of ≤ 12 mmHg was noted in 34, 64.15%, PACG eyes, 14, 73.68%, POAG, 15, 65.22%, JOAG and 64, 74.42%, secondary glaucoma eyes. The reduction in IOP overall was 64.83 ± 16.80% at last review and was 59.47 ± 16.07% in PACG, 62.40 ± 17.72% in POAG, 71.89 ± 8.50% in JOAG and 67.74 ± 18.10% in secondary glaucoma eyes. "Target" IOP was achieved in 97.29% of early glaucoma, 85.71% moderate glaucoma and 70% severe glaucoma eyes. 97.24% of patients were perimetrically stable. 2.21% of eyes post-trabeculectomy had a shallow anterior chamber needing surgical intervention. Visual acuity was maintained or better in 93.92% of patients, with a cataract surgery performed in 6.63% eyes. A repeat trabeculectomy was performed in 3.31% of eyes. CONCLUSION Trabeculectomy 10-10-10 is achievable in the long term, with few complications or repeat surgical interventions in the majority of POAG, PACG, JOAG and secondary glaucomas. Therefore, trabeculectomy should not be relegated to a last resort, but should be undertaken as soon as possible, if medical therapy is inadequate, unaffordable or compliance is an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjit Sihota
- Glaucoma Service, Glaucoma Research and Clinical Facility, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 475, Fourth Floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jyoti Shakrawal
- Glaucoma Service, Glaucoma Research and Clinical Facility, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 475, Fourth Floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Talvir Sidhu
- Glaucoma Service, Glaucoma Research and Clinical Facility, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 475, Fourth Floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ajay K Sharma
- Glaucoma Service, Glaucoma Research and Clinical Facility, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 475, Fourth Floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Glaucoma Service, Glaucoma Research and Clinical Facility, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 475, Fourth Floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Veena Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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20
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Muhsen S, Compan J, Lai T, Kranemann C, Birt C. Postoperative adjunctive bevacizumab versus placebo in primary trabeculectomy surgery for glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1567-1574. [PMID: 31637192 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.10.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the effectiveness of postoperative adjunctive use of subconjunctival bevacizumab in altering the outcome of primary trabeculectomy in terms of sustained lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduction of postoperative bleb vascularization and fibrosis. METHODS A prospective, one center, randomized, placebo-control study. Fifty-nine patients (59 eyes) with uncontrolled IOP under maximal tolerated medical treatment (MTMT) were recruited. A primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) was done and the patients were randomized to either postoperative subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) or balanced salt solution (BSS). Forty-seven patients (47 eyes) completed at least one year of follow up and were included in the study. The main outcome measure was the IOP, and secondary outcome measures include bleb morphology, vascularization, and fibrosis, as well as the need for glaucoma medications and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) needling. RESULTS At 1-year follow up, there was no significant difference between groups for IOP (P=0.65), bleb morphology (P=0.65), and the need for glaucoma medications (P=0.65) or 5-FU needling requirements (P=0.11). However, the bevacizumab group had a higher rate of success results, lower use of glaucoma medications after surgery, and optimal bleb aspect in more patients, but more 5-FU needling procedures required. CONCLUSION A bigger sample size is needed in order to determine whether the differences found in the bevacizumab group are statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana' Muhsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Javiera Compan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Tze Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Curtin University, Western Australia, GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Christoph Kranemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Catherine Birt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M4N 3M5, Canada
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21
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Westermeyer HD, Salmon B, Baynes R, Yeatts J, Khattab A, Oh A, Mowat F. Safety and efficacy of topically applied 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in a canine model of subconjunctival fibrosis. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:502-509. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans D. Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Beth Salmon
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Ronald Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - James Yeatts
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Ahlam Khattab
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Annie Oh
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Freya Mowat
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
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22
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In vitro and in vivo delivery of a sustained release nanocarrier-based formulation of an MRTF/SRF inhibitor in conjunctival fibrosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:97. [PMID: 30482196 PMCID: PMC6258153 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained drug delivery is a large unmet clinical need in glaucoma. Here, we incorporated a Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor/Serum Response Factor inhibitor, CCG-222740, into slow release large unilamellar vesicles derived from the liposomes DOTMA (1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane) and DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and tested their effects in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The vesicles were spherical particles of around 130 nm and were strongly cationic. A large amount of inhibitor could be incorporated into the vesicles. We showed that the nanocarrier CCG-222740 formulation gradually released the inhibitor over 14 days using high performance liquid chromatography. Nanocarrier CCG-222740 significantly decreased ACTA2 gene expression and was not cytotoxic in human conjunctival fibroblasts. In vivo, nanocarrier CCG-222740 doubled the bleb survival from 11.0 ± 0.6 days to 22.0 ± 1.3 days (p = 0.001), decreased conjunctival scarring and did not have any local or systemic adverse effects in a rabbit model of glaucoma filtration surgery. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates proof-of-concept that a nanocarrier-based formulation efficiently achieves a sustained release of a Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor/Serum Response Factor inhibitor and prevents conjunctival fibrosis in an established rabbit model of glaucoma filtration surgery.
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23
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Fernando O, Tagalakis AD, Awwad S, Brocchini S, Khaw PT, Hart SL, Yu-Wai-Man C. Development of Targeted siRNA Nanocomplexes to Prevent Fibrosis in Experimental Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2812-2822. [PMID: 30301666 PMCID: PMC6277485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi induced by double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules has attracted great attention as a naturally occurring approach to silence gene expression with high specificity. The myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor (MRTF/SRF) pathway is a master regulator of cytoskeletal gene expression and, thus, represents a promising target to prevent fibrosis. A major hurdle to implementing siRNA therapies is the method of delivery, and we have, thus, optimized lipid-peptide-siRNA (LPR) nanoparticles containing MRTF-B siRNAs as a targeted approach to prevent conjunctival fibrosis. We tested 15 LPR nanoparticle formulations with different lipid compositions, surface charges, and targeting or non-targeting peptides in human conjunctival fibroblasts. In vitro, the LPR formulation of the DOTMA/DOPE lipid with the targeting peptide Y (LYR) was the most efficient in MRTF-B gene silencing and non-cytotoxic compared to the non-targeting formulation. In vivo, subconjunctival administration of LYR nanoparticles containing MRTF-B siRNAs doubled bleb survival in a pre-clinical rabbit model of glaucoma filtration surgery. Furthermore, MRTF-B LYR nanoparticles reduced the MRTF-B mRNA by 29.6% in rabbit conjunctival tissues, which led to significantly decreased conjunctival scarring with no adverse side effects. LYR-mediated delivery of siRNA shows promising results to increase bleb survival and to prevent conjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Fernando
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK
| | - Sahar Awwad
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Stephen L Hart
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK; King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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24
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: The dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:44-65. [PMID: 28807717 PMCID: PMC5600870 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex biological processes to occur in life. Repair of tissue following injury involves dynamic interactions between multiple cell types, growth factors, inflammatory mediators and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant and uncontrolled wound healing leads to a non-functional mass of fibrotic tissue. In the eye, fibrotic disease disrupts the normally transparent ocular tissues resulting in irreversible loss of vision. A common feature in fibrotic eye disease is the transdifferentiation of cells into myofibroblasts that can occur through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Myofibroblasts rapidly produce excessive amounts of ECM and exert tractional forces across the ECM, resulting in the distortion of tissue architecture. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays a major role in myofibroblast transdifferentiation and has been implicated in numerous fibrotic eye diseases including corneal opacification, pterygium, anterior subcapsular cataract, posterior capsular opacification, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, fibrovascular membrane formation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, submacular fibrosis, glaucoma and orbital fibrosis. This review serves to introduce the pathological functions of the myofibroblast in fibrotic eye disease. We also highlight recent developments in elucidating the multiple signaling pathways involved in fibrogenesis that may be exploited in the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies to reduce ocular morbidity due to scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Gomes JAP, Azar DT, Baudouin C, Efron N, Hirayama M, Horwath-Winter J, Kim T, Mehta JS, Messmer EM, Pepose JS, Sangwan VS, Weiner AL, Wilson SE, Wolffsohn JS. TFOS DEWS II iatrogenic report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:511-538. [PMID: 28736341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye can be caused by a variety of iatrogenic interventions. The increasing number of patients looking for eye care or cosmetic procedures involving the eyes, together with a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of dry eye disease (DED), have led to the need for a specific report about iatrogenic dry eye within the TFOS DEWS II. Topical medications can cause DED due to their allergic, toxic and immuno-inflammatory effects on the ocular surface. Preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, may further aggravate DED. A variety of systemic drugs can also induce DED secondary to multiple mechanisms. Moreover, the use of contact lens induces or is associated with DED. However, one of the most emblematic situations is DED caused by surgical procedures such as corneal refractive surgery as in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and keratoplasty due to mechanisms intrinsic to the procedure (i.e. corneal nerve cutting) or even by the use of postoperative topical drugs. Cataract surgery, lid surgeries, botulinum toxin application and cosmetic procedures are also considered risk factors to iatrogenic DED, which can cause patient dissatisfaction, visual disturbance and poor surgical outcomes. This report also presents future directions to address iatrogenic DED, including the need for more in-depth epidemiological studies about the risk factors, development of less toxic medications and preservatives, as well as new techniques for less invasive eye surgeries. Novel research into detection of early dry eye prior to surgeries, efforts to establish appropriate therapeutics and a greater attempt to regulate and oversee medications, preservatives and procedures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alvaro P Gomes
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Terry Kim
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth M Messmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jay S Pepose
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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26
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Yu-Wai-Man C, Spencer-Dene B, Lee RMH, Hutchings K, Lisabeth EM, Treisman R, Bailly M, Larsen SD, Neubig RR, Khaw PT. Local delivery of novel MRTF/SRF inhibitors prevents scar tissue formation in a preclinical model of fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:518. [PMID: 28364121 PMCID: PMC5428058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor (MRTF/SRF) pathway represents a promising therapeutic target to prevent fibrosis. We have tested the effects of new pharmacological inhibitors of MRTF/SRF signalling in a preclinical model of fibrosis. CCG-222740, a novel MRTF/SRF inhibitor, markedly decreased SRF reporter gene activity and showed a greater inhibitory effect on MRTF/SRF target genes than the previously described MRTF-A inhibitor CCG-203971. CCG-222740 was also five times more potent, with an IC50 of 5 μM, in a fibroblast-mediated collagen contraction assay, was less cytotoxic, and a more potent inhibitor of alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression than CCG-203971. Local delivery of CCG-222740 and CCG-203971 in a validated and clinically relevant rabbit model of scar tissue formation after glaucoma filtration surgery increased the long-term success of the surgery by 67% (P < 0.0005) and 33% (P < 0.01), respectively, and significantly decreased fibrosis and scarring histologically. Unlike mitomycin-C, neither CCG-222740 nor CCG-203971 caused any detectable epithelial toxicity or systemic side effects with very low drug levels measured in the aqueous, vitreous, and serum. We conclude that inhibitors of MRTF/SRF-regulated gene transcription such as CCG-222740, potentially represent a new therapeutic strategy to prevent scar tissue formation in the eye and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | | | - Richard M H Lee
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Kim Hutchings
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erika M Lisabeth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Richard Treisman
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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27
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Cinik R, Yüksel N, Pirhan D, Aslan MŞ, Subaşı C, Karaöz E. The Effect of Everolimus on Scar Formation in Glaucoma Filtering Surgery in a Rabbit Model. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1438-1446. [PMID: 27116538 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1125506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficiency of everolimus on the prevention of postoperative scar in a rabbit model of glaucoma filtering surgery in comparison with mitomycin-C (MMC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty New Zealand albino rabbits were randomly assigned into 3 groups, each including ten rabbits: an everolimus group (Group 1), a MMC group (Group 2), and a sham group (Group 3). A limbal-based trabeculectomy was performed on the right eyes of all the rabbits. For 28 days following surgery, the eyes were evaluated in terms of intraocular pressure (IOP), morphological and biomicroscopic changes, and complications in the bleb. On the 28th day, four eyes randomized from each group were enucleated and histologically and immunohistochemically analyzed. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), metalloproteinase (MMP-2, MMP-9), and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expressions in each group were evaluated. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method was used for apoptosis. RESULTS Bleb survival was statistically significantly longer for a period in Group 1 compared to Group 2. When postoperative IOPs of three groups were measured, it was seen that there is significant IOP reduction in all three groups. However, there were increases in the mean IOP values beginning from the 5th day in Group 2 and from the 3rd day in Group 3 while in Group 1 mean IOP values began to increase beginning from 10th day and the mean IOP values in Group 1 remained at a lower level in comparison to the other groups for 28 days (p < 0.05). The expressions of TGF-β1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and PCNA were reduced in Group 1 compared to other groups. TUNEL positive apoptotic cells were significantly increased in Group 1 compared to other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Everolimus appears to suppress the proliferation of fibroblast and thus may provide an effective treatment strategy in glaucoma filtering surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruken Cinik
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Diyarbakir Bismil State Hospital , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şehmuz Aslan
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Arnavutkoy State Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşı
- d Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), Liv Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- d Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), Liv Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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28
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Yu-Wai-Man C, Tagalakis AD, Manunta MD, Hart SL, Khaw PT. Receptor-targeted liposome-peptide-siRNA nanoparticles represent an efficient delivery system for MRTF silencing in conjunctival fibrosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21881. [PMID: 26905457 PMCID: PMC4764806 DOI: 10.1038/srep21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the Myocardin-related transcription factor/Serum response factor (MRTF/SRF) pathway plays a key role in fibroblast activation and that knocking down MRTF can lead to reduced scarring and fibrosis. Here, we have developed a receptor-targeted liposome-peptide-siRNA nanoparticle as a non-viral delivery system for MRTF-B siRNA in conjunctival fibrosis. Using 50 nM siRNA, the MRTF-B gene was efficiently silenced by 76% and 72% with LYR and LER nanoparticles, respectively. The silencing efficiency was low when non-targeting peptides or siRNA alone or liposome-siRNA alone were used. LYR and LER nanoparticles also showed higher silencing efficiency than PEGylated LYR-P and LER-P nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were not cytotoxic using different liposomes, targeting peptides, and 50 nM siRNA. Three-dimensional fibroblast-populated collagen matrices were also used as a functional assay to measure contraction in vitro, and showed that MRTF-B LYR nanoparticles completely blocked matrix contraction after a single transfection treatment. In conclusion, this is the first study to develop and show that receptor-targeted liposome-peptide-siRNA nanoparticles represent an efficient and safe non-viral siRNA delivery system that could be used to prevent fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery and other contractile scarring conditions in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria D Manunta
- Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L Hart
- Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Yamanaka O, Kitano-Izutani A, Tomoyose K, Reinach PS. Pathobiology of wound healing after glaucoma filtration surgery. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15 Suppl 1:157. [PMID: 26818010 PMCID: PMC4895697 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival and subconjunctival fibrogenesis and inflammation are sight compromising side effects that can occur subsequent to glaucoma filtration surgery. Despite initial declines in intraocular pressure resulting from increasing aqueous outflow, one of the activated responses includes marshalling of proinflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokine mediator entrance into the aqueous through a sclerostomy window and their release by local cells, as well as infiltrating activated immune cells. These changes induce dysregulated inflammation, edema and extracellular matrix remodeling, which occlude outflow facility. A number of therapeutic approaches are being taken to offset declines in outflow facility since the current procedure of inhibiting fibrosis with either mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection is nonselective. One of them entails developing a new strategy for reducing fibrosis induced by wound healing responses including myofibroblast transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix remodeling in tissue surrounding surgically created shunts. The success of this endeavor is predicated on having a good understanding of conjunctival wound healing pathobiology. In this review, we discuss the roles of inappropriately activated growth factor and cytokine receptor linked signaling cascades inducing conjunctival fibrosis/scarring during post-glaucoma surgery wound healing. Such insight may identify drug targets for blocking fibrogenic signaling and excessive fibrosis which reduces rises in outflow facility resulting from glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Ai Kitano-Izutani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Katsuo Tomoyose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China.
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