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Pérez-Pérez ME, Nieto-Torres E, Bollain-y-Goytia JJ, Delgadillo-Ruíz L. Protein Citrullination by Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase/Arginine Deiminase Homologs in Members of the Human Microbiota and Its Recognition by Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5192. [PMID: 38791230 PMCID: PMC11121387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome exists throughout the body, and it is essential for maintaining various physiological processes, including immunity, and dysbiotic events, which are associated with autoimmunity. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes can citrullinate self-proteins related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that induce the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and lead to inflammation and joint damage. The present investigation was carried out to demonstrate the expression of homologs of PADs or arginine deiminases (ADs) and citrullinated proteins in members of the human microbiota. To achieve the objective, we used 17 microbial strains and specific polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) of the synthetic peptide derived from residues 100-200 of human PAD2 (anti-PAD2 pAb), and the recombinant fragment of amino acids 326 and 611 of human PAD4 (anti-PAD4 pAb), a human anti-citrulline pAb, and affinity ACPAs of an RA patient. Western blot (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), elution, and a test with Griess reagent were used. This is a cross-sectional case-control study on patients diagnosed with RA and control subjects. Inferential statistics were applied using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test generated in the SPSS program. Some members of phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria harbor homologs of PADs/ADs and citrullinated antigens that are reactive to the ACPAs of RA patients. Microbial citrullinome and homolog enzymes of PADs/ADs are extensive in the human microbiome and are involved in the production of ACPAs. Our findings suggest a molecular link between microorganisms of a dysbiotic microbiota and RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Elena Pérez-Pérez
- PhD in Basic Science with Biological Orientation, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico; (M.-E.P.-P.); (L.D.-R.)
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Zacatecas 98615, Mexico
| | - Enrique Nieto-Torres
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico;
| | - Juan-José Bollain-y-Goytia
- PhD in Basic Science with Biological Orientation, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico; (M.-E.P.-P.); (L.D.-R.)
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Zacatecas 98615, Mexico
| | - Lucía Delgadillo-Ruíz
- PhD in Basic Science with Biological Orientation, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico; (M.-E.P.-P.); (L.D.-R.)
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Zhang Z, Xu Q, Huang L. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases: Monoclonal antibodies or chimeric antigen receptor-based therapy? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126421. [PMID: 36855629 PMCID: PMC9968396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system detects foreign pathogens, distinguishes them from self-antigens and responds to defend human body. When this self-tolerance is disrupted, the overactive immune system attacks healthy tissues or organs and the autoimmune diseases develop. B cells and plasma cells contribute a lot to pathogenesis and persistence of autoimmune diseases in both autoantibody-dependent and autoantibody-independent ways. Accumulating data indicates that treatments aiming to eliminate antibody-secreting cells (B cells or plasma cells) are effective in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) deplete B cell lineage or plasma cells by signaling disruption, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Engineered-T cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been adopted from field of hematological malignancies as a method to eliminate B cells or plasma cells. In this review, we update our understanding of B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases, review the mechanism, efficacy, safety and application of monoclonal antibodies and CAR-based immunotherapies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Liang Huang,
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3
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Khodakarimi S, Zarebkohan A, Kahroba H, Omrani M, Sepasi T, Mohaddes G, Beyrampour-Basmenj H, Ebrahimi A, Ebrahimi-Kalan A. The role of miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy in autoimmune diseases. Life Sci 2021; 287:119726. [PMID: 34144058 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AD), which are classified as chronic injuries, are caused by a specific auto-reactive reaction. The etiology of most ADs is not well understood. Meanwhile, Autophagy is a protective response defining as a catabolic method by lysosomes tending to maintain homeostasis acts by recycling and discrediting cell compartments. Autophagy plays a crucial role in controlling immune homeostasis by eliminating intracellular pathogens and presenting antigens to immune cognition. MicroRNAs are commonly known as endogenous non-coding small RNAs, which span 18-25 nt and take part in the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level regulation. miRNAs play important roles in different processes like, cell differentiation, duplicating, and apoptosis. Moreover, miRNAs are the critical molecules for the regular function of the immune system by modulating immune tolerance mechanisms and autoimmunity. Recent findings support the role of dysregulated miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ADs and in the regulation of autophagy. In this review, we will focus on the role of the miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy and then will explain the role of dysregulated miRNAs in the initiation of the ADs by modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Khodakarimi
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadhassan Omrani
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tina Sepasi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Beyrampour-Basmenj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayyub Ebrahimi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Peng B, Temple BR, Yang J, Geng S, Culton DA, Qian Y. Identification of a primary antigenic target of epitope spreading in endemic pemphigus foliaceus. J Autoimmun 2021; 116:102561. [PMID: 33158670 PMCID: PMC7770069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epitope spreading is an important mechanism for the development of autoantibodies (autoAbs) in autoimmune diseases. The study of epitope spreading in human autoimmune diseases is limited due to the major challenge of identifying the initial/primary target epitopes on autoantigens in autoimmune diseases. We have been studying the development of autoAbs in an endemic human autoimmune disease, Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (or Fogo Selvagem (FS)). Our previous findings demonstrated that patients before (i.e. preclinical) and at the onset of FS have antibody (Ab) responses against other keratinocyte adhesion molecules in addition to the main target autoantigen of FS, desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), and anti-Dsg1 monoclonal Abs (mAbs) cross-reacted with an environmental antigen LJM11, a sand fly saliva protein. Since sand fly is prevalent in FS endemic regions, individuals in these regions could develop Abs against LJM11. The anti-LJM11 Abs could recognize different epitopes on LJM11, including an epitope that shares the structure similarity with an epitope on Dsg1 autoantigen. Thus, Ab response against this epitope on LJM11 could be the initial autoAb response detected in individuals in FS endemic regions, including those who eventually developed FS. Accordingly, this LJM11 and Dsg1 cross-reactive epitope on Dsg1 could be the primary target of the autoimmune response in FS. This investigation aimed to determine whether the autoAb responses against keratinocyte adhesion molecules are linked and originate from the immune response to LJM11. The anti-Dsg1 mAbs from preclinical FS and FS individuals were employed to determine their specificity or cross-reactivity to LJM11 and keratinocyte adhesion molecules. The cross-reactive epitopes on autoantigens were mapped. Our results indicate that all tested mAbs cross-reacted with LJM11 and keratinocyte adhesion molecules, and we identified an epitope on these keratinocyte adhesion molecules which is mimicked by LJM11. Thus, the cross-reactivity could be the mechanism by which the immune response against an environmental antigen triggers the initial autoAb responses. Epitope spreading leads to the pathogenic autoAb development and ensuing FS among genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brenda R Temple
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; R.L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jinsheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Donna A Culton
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ye Qian
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Khanmohammadi S, Shabani M, Tabary M, Rayzan E, Rezaei N. Lymphoma in the setting of autoimmune diseases: A review of association and mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 150:102945. [PMID: 32353704 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are a spectrum of diseases caused by impaired self-tolerance of the immune system. Previous studies underscored the association between autoimmune disorders and lymphomas. However, only a few papers studied the exact mechanisms of this association. The effect of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, contribution of NOTCH, FAS and MHC receptor families, the interplay of various immune cells, and the relation of immunosuppressive agents and development of autoimmune disorders are the proposed mechanisms for this association. Each individual autoimmune disorder associates with particular types of lymphomas and their common pathways are not necessarily similar to other pairs of autoimmune disorder-lymphomas. Thus, the lymphomas susceptibility in various autoimmune disorders could not be investigated through a single pathway. In this review, we demonstrate the association between each pair of autoimmune disorder-lymphoma and the underlying pathways. By clarifying these associations, follow-up plans could be made leading to early diagnosis of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsima Shabani
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Tabary
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rayzan
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Deng Q, Luo Y, Chang C, Wu H, Ding Y, Xiao R. The Emerging Epigenetic Role of CD8+T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:856. [PMID: 31057561 PMCID: PMC6482221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are usually complex and multifactorial, characterized by aberrant production of autoreactive immune cells and/or autoantibodies against healthy cells and tissues. However, the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has not been clearly elucidated. The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells can be affected by numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, and chemokines. In recent years, epigenetic modifications have been shown to play an important role in the fate of CD8+ T cells. The discovery of these modifications that contribute to the activation or suppression of CD8+ cells has been concurrent with the increasing evidence that CD8+ T cells play a role in autoimmunity. These relationships have been studied in various autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), type 1 diabetes (T1D), Grave's disease (GD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), aplastic anemia (AA), and vitiligo. In each of these diseases, genes that play a role in the proliferation or activation of CD8+ T cells have been found to be affected by epigenetic modifications. Various cytokines, transcription factors, and other regulatory molecules have been found to be differentially methylated in CD8+ T cells in autoimmune diseases. These genes are involved in T cell regulation, including interferons, interleukin (IL),tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as linker for activation of T cells (LAT), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and adapter proteins. MiRNAs also play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases and several known miRNAs that are involved in these diseases have also been shown to play a role in CD8+ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangyang Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Dermatology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Hainan Provincial Dermatology Disease Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Taylor EB, Wolf VL, Dent E, Ryan MJ. Mechanisms of hypertension in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1897-1913. [PMID: 30714094 PMCID: PMC6534791 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus have an increased prevalence of hypertension. There is now a large body of evidence showing that the immune system is a key mediator in both human primary hypertension and experimental models. Many of the proposed immunological mechanisms leading to primary hypertension are paralleled in autoimmune rheumatic disorders. Therefore, examining the link between autoimmunity and hypertension can be informative for understanding primary hypertension. This review examines the prevalent hypertension, the immune mediators that contribute to the prevalent hypertension and their impact on renal function and how the risk of hypertension is potentially influenced by common hormonal changes that are associated with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Victoria L Wolf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elena Dent
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Wan L, Zhu H, Gu Y, Liu H. Diagnostic value of trait antinuclear antibodies and multiple immunoglobulin production in autoimmune diseases. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32:e22361. [PMID: 29168582 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our article aims to evaluate the proportion of monospecific antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and polyclonal ANAs in patients with autoimmune diseases based on the results of an ANA panel and to evaluate the efficiency of trait ANAs as a novel diagnostic tool. This study also aims to investigate immunoglobulin production in autoimmune diseases by detecting different antibodies. METHODS The serum ANA profile of 634 patients with autoimmune diseases was analyzed using the immunoblot method. A specific formula was developed in an effort to calculate the theoretical proportion of monospecific ANA (TPM) in different disease groups. Different IgM, IgG, and IgE variants for several pathologies were detected. RESULTS The observed proportions of monospecific ANAs (OPM) were all lower than the predicted TPM in autoimmune diseases. Polyclonal ANAs were predominant in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There were statistical differences in OPM and TPM in all disease groups (P < .001). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis of trait ANAs between the SLE group and the control groups indicated an area under the curve of 0.916. Differences were found in IgM of Toxoplasma gondii (TOXO) and IgG of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Treponema pallidum (TP) when comparing the various disease groups to the control group. CONCLUSION The higher TPM suggests that polyclonal differentiation is the major mechanism of ANA in autoimmune diseases. Trait ANA is potentially a valuable new index for diagnosis in SLE. Further investigation is needed to understand the link between B-cell differentiation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wan
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanan Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Bayry J, Radstake TR. Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: progress in molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:297-299. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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