1
|
Sophon N, Phiwpesh C, Darith S, Cherdshewasart W, Boonchird C. Improved yeast-screening assay for phytoestrogens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1422-1432. [PMID: 33770159 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A yeast estrogen screening (YES) assay was improved to increase sensitivity for detection of phytoestrogens. New yeast strains minus one or the other of transporters Pdr5 or Snq2 and harboring yEGFP as a reporter gene were developed. The new strains showed 2-100-fold improvement in sensitivity for detection of standard estrogens and antiestrogens. In addition, the assay time (1 h) using the newly developed strains was shorter than that (4 h) previously reported. Furthermore, the snq2-minus strains were most effective for detection of estrogenic activity while the pdr5-minus strains were most effective for detection of antiestrogenic activity. The efficacy of the new methods was evaluated and confirmed by testing with 23 Thai medicinal plant species. The new strains were also tested for detection of xenoestrogens. The results revealed that the newly developed YES methods were specific and rapid and suitable for simple high-throughput screening or detection of estrogen-like compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natthida Sophon
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Choladda Phiwpesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sieng Darith
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wichai Cherdshewasart
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuenchit Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salagame U, Banks E, O’Connell DL, Egger S, Canfell K. Menopausal Hormone Therapy use and breast cancer risk by receptor subtypes: Results from the New South Wales Cancer Lifestyle and EvaluAtion of Risk (CLEAR) study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205034. [PMID: 30403669 PMCID: PMC6221262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer risk is increased with current Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) use, with higher risks reported for ER+ (Estrogen Receptor positive), and ER+/PR+ (Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor positive) breast cancers than those of ER- and ER-/PR- status, respectively. There is limited evidence to suggest MHT use is associated with the specific subtype characterised as ER+/PR+/HER2- (Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor positive and Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor2 negative) status. This study aims to investigate the MHT-breast cancer relationship for breast cancer tumor receptor subtypes defined by ER expression alone, by ER and PR expression only and by joint expression of ER, PR, and HER2. Analyses compared 399 cancer registry-verified breast cancer cases with receptor status information and 324 cancer-free controls. We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for current and past versus never MHT use, for subgroups defined by tumor receptor expression. Current, but not past, use of MHT was associated with an elevated risk of ER+ breast cancer (aOR = 2.04, 95%CI: 1.28-3.24) and ER+/PR+ breast cancer (aOR = 2.29, 1.41-3.72). Current MHT use was also associated with an elevated risk of the ER+/PR+/HER2- subtype (aOR = 2.30, 1.42-3.73). None of the other subtypes based on ER, ER/PR or ER/PR/HER2 expression were significantly associated with current MHT use in this analysis. Current, but not past, use of MHT increases the risk of breast cancer, with consistently higher risks reported for ER+ and ER+/PR+ subtypes and mounting evidence regarding the specific ER+/PR+/HER2- subtype. Our findings contribute to quantification of the effects of MHT, and support efforts to articulate the receptor-mediated mechanisms by which MHT increases the risk of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Salagame
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Sax Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianne L. O’Connell
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam Egger
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Wright L, McFadden E, Griffin J, Thomas D, Hemming J, Wright K, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the true size of the increased risk? Br J Cancer 2016; 115:607-15. [PMID: 27467055 PMCID: PMC4997554 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) increases breast cancer risk; however, most cohort studies omit MHT use after enrolment and many infer menopausal age. METHODS We used information from serial questionnaires from the UK Generations Study cohort to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer among post-menopausal women with known menopausal age, and examined biases induced when not updating data on MHT use and including women with inferred menopausal age. RESULTS Among women recruited in 2003-2009, at 6 years of follow-up, 58 148 had reached menopause and 96% had completed a follow-up questionnaire. Among 39 183 women with known menopausal age, 775 developed breast cancer, and the HR in relation to current oestrogen plus progestogen MHT use (based on 52 current oestrogen plus progestogen MHT users in breast cancer cases) relative to those with no previous MHT use was 2.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.05-3.65) for a median duration of 5.4 years of current use, reaching 3.27 (95% CI: 1.53-6.99) at 15+ years of use. The excess HR was underestimated by 53% if oestrogen plus progestogen MHT use was not updated after recruitment, 13% if women with uncertain menopausal age were included, and 59% if both applied. The HR for oestrogen-only MHT was not increased (HR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.66-1.54). CONCLUSIONS Lack of updating MHT status through follow-up and inclusion of women with inferred menopausal age is likely to result in substantial underestimation of the excess relative risks for oestrogen plus progestogen MHT use in studies with long follow-up, limited updating of exposures, and changing or short durations of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Lauren Wright
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Emily McFadden
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - James Griffin
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Dawn Thomas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Jane Hemming
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Karen Wright
- The National Cancer Registration Service–Eastern Office, Public Health England, Cambridge CB21 5XA, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salagame U, Banks E, Sitas F, Canfell K. Menopausal hormone therapy use and breast cancer risk in Australia: Findings from the New South Wales Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk study. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1905-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Salagame
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW; Woolloomooloo NSW Australia
- School of Public Health; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
- Sax Institute; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Freddy Sitas
- School of Public Health; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW; Woolloomooloo NSW Australia
- School of Public Health; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer mortality: clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2015; 6:45-56. [PMID: 25922653 PMCID: PMC4406918 DOI: 10.1177/2042098614568300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) has conducted two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the influence of menopausal hormone therapy on chronic disease risk. Estrogen plus progestin was evaluated in 16,608 postmenopausal women without prior hysterectomy during 5.6 years' intervention. In that setting, combined hormone therapy use significantly increased breast cancer incidence and interfered with breast cancer detection. The breast cancers were not limited to estrogen receptor positive, favorable prognosis cancers and were identified at more advanced stage. As a result, deaths from breast cancer were significantly increased by estrogen plus progestin use. While the absolute breast cancer risk for relatively short term (2-4 years) use of combined hormone therapy is small, on a population basis a therapy which nearly doubles deaths from breast cancer requires cautious use. Estrogen alone was evaluated in 10,739 postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy during 7.1 years' intervention. There was an overall reduction of breast cancer incidence seen with estrogen alone use and a suggestion that the effect on risk was more pronounced in women initiating hormone therapy further from menopause. Nonetheless, women with prior hysterectomy can be assured that short duration estrogen alone use for climacteric symptom management is relatively safe. Neither estrogen plus progestin nor estrogen alone should be used for chronic disease risk reduction. The safety of duration of use on chronic disease risk longer than in the WHI clinical trials is not defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan T Chlebowski
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson St., Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy with estrogen plus progestin or estrogen alone (for women with prior hysterectomy) is still used by millions of women for climacteric symptom management throughout the world. Until 2002, hormone therapy influence on cancer risk and other chronic diseases was determined through observational study reports. Since then, results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled hormone therapy trials have substantially changed concepts regarding estrogen plus progestin and estrogen alone influence on the most common cancers in postmenopausal women. In these trials, estrogen plus progestin significantly increased breast cancer incidence and deaths from breast cancer, significantly increased deaths from lung cancer, significantly decreased endometrial cancer, and did not have a clinically significant influence on colorectal cancer. In contrast, estrogen alone use in women with prior hysterectomy significantly reduced breast cancer incidence and deaths from breast cancer without significant influence on colorectal cancer or lung cancer. These complex results are discussed in the context of known potential mediating mechanisms of action involved in interaction with steroid hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan T Chlebowski
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL. Changing concepts: Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:517-27. [PMID: 22427684 PMCID: PMC3317878 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone therapy is still used by millions of women for menopausal symptoms. Concerns regarding hormone therapy and breast cancer were initially based on case reports and retrospective case-control studies. However, recent results from large prospective cohort studies and the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized placebo-controlled hormone therapy trials have substantially changed concepts regarding how estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestin influence breast cancer. The preponderance of observational studies suggested that estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestin both increased the risk of breast cancer, with cancers commonly diagnosed at an early stage. However, substantially different results emerged from the WHI randomized hormone therapy trials. In the WHI trial evaluating estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus, combined hormone therapy statistically significantly increased the risk of breast cancer and hindered breast cancer detection, leading to delayed diagnosis and a statistically significant increase in breast cancer mortality. By contrast, estrogen alone use by postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy in the WHI trial did not substantially interfere with breast cancer detection and statistically significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer. Differential mammography usage patterns may explain differences between observational study and randomized trial results. In clinical practice, hormone therapy users have mammograms more frequently than nonusers, leading to more and earlier stage cancer detection. By contrast, in the WHI randomized trials, mammogram frequency was protocol mandated and balanced between comparison groups. Currently, the different effects of estrogen plus progestin vs estrogen alone on breast cancer are not completely understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan T Chlebowski
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson St, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lev M Berstein
- a Laboratory of Oncoendocrinology, N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St Petersburg 197758, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|