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Wang D, Zhao H, Xing C, Lv B, Wang X, He B. Androgens exacerbate hepatic triglyceride accumulation in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome by downregulating MTTP expression. Endocrine 2024; 84:735-744. [PMID: 37950821 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder, which is closely associated with insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. Patients with PCOS have a significantly higher risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and are associated with hyperandrogenemia (HA). However, the exact mechanism by which HA exacerbates hepatic steatosis in PCOS has not yet been fully elucidated. This work aims to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of androgens on hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism in rats with PCOS. METHODS Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (6 rats/group): control, high-fat diet (HFD), PCOS, and PCOS + flutamide (Flu). Changes in the estrous cycle, liver and ovarian tissue sections, serum total testosterone, serum and liver biochemical indicators, and key enzymes involved in TG metabolism were studied. RESULTS Hepatocyte steatosis and TG accumulation were more evident in the PCOS group than in the control and HFD groups. The PCOS group showed apparent increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, TG, free fatty acid, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Hepatic VLDL and apoB-100 levels decreased in the PCOS group. After Flu was administered to block the actions of androgens, the above abnormalities had been improved. The expression of MTTP was greatly decreased in the PCOS group and significantly increased after Flu administration. CONCLUSION Hepatic steatosis in PCOS rats was correlated with HA. Androgens may exacerbate hepatic TG accumulation by downregulating MTTP expression in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Chuan Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Third People's Hospital, Dalian, 116033, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110067, PR China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China.
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Jiang Y, Wu L, Zhu X, Bian H, Gao X, Xia M. Advances in management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:95. [PMID: 38566209 PMCID: PMC10985930 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease that affects over 30% of the world's population. For decades, the heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has impeded our understanding of the disease mechanism and the development of effective medications. However, a recent change in the nomenclature from NAFLD to MASLD emphasizes the critical role of systemic metabolic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disease and therefore promotes the progress in the pharmaceutical treatment of MASLD. In this review, we focus on the mechanism underlying the abnormality of hepatic lipid metabolism in patients with MASLD, and summarize the latest progress in the therapeutic medications of MASLD that target metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wusong Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Fan C, Ling-Hu A, Sun D, Gao W, Zhang C, Duan X, Li H, Tian W, Yu Q, Ke Z. Nobiletin Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Deposition, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Mechanisms That Involve the Nrf2/NF-κB Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20105-20117. [PMID: 38073108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nobiletin (NOB), a flavonoid with significant antioxidant potential, holds promise for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this work, we aim to assess the effects and investigate the molecular mechanisms of NOB on NAFLD. After using a methionine choline-deficient diet to induce C57BL/6J mice, as well as oleic acid to induce HepG2 and L02 cells, we administered NOB as an intervention. The results indicated that the NOB significantly ameliorated lipid deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation in NAFLD in both models. Its mechanism may involve the Nrf2, SREBP-1c, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, Nrf2 is not only a direct target for NOB to improve oxidative damage but also indirectly involved in lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory processes in NAFLD. By inhibiting Nrf2, we found that the regulatory role of Nrf2 in lipid metabolism is not related to SREBP-1c but is closely associated with NF-κB in terms of inflammation. Our results suggest that Nrf2 is one of the most critical targets for NOB against NAFLD in multiple aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Fan
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Anli Ling-Hu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Dali Sun
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Weiman Gao
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chenfang Zhang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xueqing Duan
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zunli Ke
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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Monirujjaman M, Renani LB, Isesele P, Dunichand-Hoedl AR, Mazurak VC. Increased Expression of Hepatic Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)-1 and Depletion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Content following Cytotoxic Cancer Therapy Are Reversed by Dietary Fish Oil. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043547. [PMID: 36834959 PMCID: PMC9962117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment evokes impediments to liver metabolism that culminate in fatty liver. This study determined hepatic fatty acid composition and expression of genes and mediators involved in lipid metabolism following chemotherapy treatment. Female rats bearing the Ward colon tumor were administered Irinotecan (CPT-11) +5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and maintained on a control diet or a diet containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (2.3 g/100 g fish oil). Healthy animals provided with a control diet served as a reference group. Livers were collected one week after chemotherapy. Triacylglycerol (TG), phospholipid (PL), ten lipid metabolism genes, leptin, and IL-4 were measured. Chemotherapy increased TG content and reduced EPA content in the liver. Expression of SCD1 was upregulated by chemotherapy, while dietary fish oil downregulated its expression. Dietary fish oil down-regulated expression of the fatty acid synthesis gene FASN, while restoring the long chain fatty acid converting genes FADS2 and ELOVL2, and genes involved in mitochondrial β-oxidation (CPT1α) and lipid transport (MTTP1), to values similar to reference animals. Neither leptin nor IL-4 were affected by chemotherapy or diet. Depletion of EPA is associated with pathways evoking enhanced TG accumulation in the liver. Restoring EPA through diet may pose a dietary strategy to attenuate chemotherapy-associated impediments in liver fatty acid metabolism.
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Guo W, Gao B, Zhang X, Ren Q, Xie D, Liang J, Li H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Nie G. Distinct responses from triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon environmental cadmium exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 249:106239. [PMID: 35863253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to high persistence and bioavailability, Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most prevalent environmental contaminants, posing an elevating threat to the ecosystems. It has been evidenced that high-dose Cd elicits deleterious effects on aquatic organisms, but the potential toxicities of Cd at environmentally relevant concentrations remains underappreciated. In this study, we used common carp to investigate how environmental Cd exposure affects triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol metabolism and underlying mechanisms. The data indicated that Cd resulted in the shift of TG from the liver to blood and the movement of cholesterol in the opposite direction, ultimately giving rise to the storage of crude lipid in liver and muscle, especially hepatic cholesterol retention. Cholesterol, instead of TG, became the principal cause during the progression of hepatic lipid accumulation. Mechanistic investigations at transcriptional and translational levels further substantiated that Cd blocked hepatic biosynthesis of TG and enhanced TG efflux out of the liver and fatty acid β-oxidation, which collectively led to the compromised TG metabolism in the liver and accelerated TG export to the serum. Additionally, strengthened synthesis, retarded export and oxidation of cholesterol detailed the hepatic prominent cholesterol retention. Taken together, our results demonstrated that environmental exposure to Cd perturbed lipid metabolism through triggering distinct responses from hepatic TG and cholesterol homeostasis. These indicated that environmental factors (such as waterborne Cd) could be a potential contributor to the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease in aquaculture and more efforts should be devoted to the ecological risk assessment of pollutants under environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Guo
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junping Liang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yuru Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Zhang Z, Diao P, Zhang X, Nakajima T, Kimura T, Tanaka N. Clinically Relevant Dose of Pemafibrate, a Novel Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Modulator (SPPARMα), Lowers Serum Triglyceride Levels by Targeting Hepatic PPARα in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071667. [PMID: 35884970 PMCID: PMC9313206 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemafibrate (PEM) is a novel lipid-lowering drug classified as a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) modulator whose binding efficiency to PPARα is superior to that of fibrates. This agent is also useful for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and primary biliary cholangitis with dyslipidemia. The dose of PEM used in some previous mouse experiments is often much higher than the clinical dose in humans; however, the precise mechanism of reduced serum triglyceride (TG) for the clinical dose of PEM has not been fully evaluated. To address this issue, PEM at a clinically relevant dose (0.1 mg/kg/day) or relatively high dose (0.3 mg/kg/day) was administered to male C57BL/6J mice for 14 days. Clinical dose PEM sufficiently lowered circulating TG levels without apparent hepatotoxicity in mice, likely due to hepatic PPARα stimulation and the enhancement of fatty acid uptake and β-oxidation. Interestingly, PPARα was activated only in the liver by PEM and not in other tissues. The clinical dose of PEM also increased serum/hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) without enhancing hepatic lipid peroxide 4-hydroxynonenal or inflammatory signaling. In conclusion, a clinically relevant dose of PEM in mice efficiently and safely reduced serum TG and increased FGF21 targeting hepatic PPARα. These findings may help explain the multiple beneficial effects of PEM observed in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (Z.Z.); (P.D.); (X.Z.); (T.N.)
| | - Pan Diao
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (Z.Z.); (P.D.); (X.Z.); (T.N.)
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (Z.Z.); (P.D.); (X.Z.); (T.N.)
| | - Takero Nakajima
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (Z.Z.); (P.D.); (X.Z.); (T.N.)
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Global Medical Research Promotion, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- International Relations Office, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Social Systems, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-263-37-2851
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7
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Wang YZ, Li YY, Wang R, Zhong YJ, Chen L, Song MW, Shi L, Li L, Li YW. Caffeic acid dimethyl ether alleviates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis via microRNA-378b-mediated CaMKK2-AMPK pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11122-11136. [PMID: 35481488 PMCID: PMC9208468 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), with its increasing morbidity and mortality, has seriously and extensively affected the health of people worldwide. Caffeic Acid Dimethyl Ether (CADE) significantly inhibits alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis in vivo through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, but its in-depth mechanism remains unclear. This work aimed to clarify further mechanism of CADE in improving hepatic lipid accumulation in ALD through the microRNA-378b (miR-378b)-mediated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2)-AMPK signaling pathway. Here, we reported that the hepatic or serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were sharply escalated by ethanol while prominently decreased by CADE. Ethanol sharply up-regulated miR-378b expression while CADE effectively prevented the elevation of miR-378b in vivo. And treatment of CADE surely increased mRNA and protein expression of CaMKK2 as a kinase of AMPK and reduced lipid accumulation in the livers of alcohol-fed C57BL/6 mice. MiR-378b escalation exacerbated hepatic steatosis and inhibited CaMKK2-AMPK signaling, while miR-378b deficiency alleviated lipid accumulation and activated the CaMKK2 cascade. Furthermore, CADE alleviated the lipid deposition and reversed the disorder of CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway induced by miR-378b over-expression. However, knockdown of miR-378b eliminated the beneficial effect of CADE on lipid metabolism. In brief, our results showed that CADE ultimately improved hepatic lipid deposition by regulating the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway through miR-378b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ying-Zhao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Meng-Wei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yong-Wen Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin, China
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Gao C, Marcketta A, Backman JD, O'Dushlaine C, Staples J, Ferreira MAR, Lotta LA, Overton JD, Reid JG, Mirshahi T, Regeneron Genetics Center, Geisinger Regeneron Discovehr Collaboration, Baras A, Abecasis G, Shuldiner AR, Van Hout CV, McCarthy S. Genome-wide association analysis of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, and the modifying effects of BMI in 388k European individuals. Genet Epidemiol 2021; 45:664-681. [PMID: 34184762 PMCID: PMC8457092 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are biomarkers for liver health. Here we report the largest genome-wide association analysis to date of serum ALT and AST levels in over 388k people of European ancestry from UK biobank and DiscovEHR. Eleven million imputed markers with a minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.5% were analyzed. Overall, 300 ALT and 336 AST independent genome-wide significant associations were identified. Among them, 81 ALT and 61 AST associations are reported for the first time. Genome-wide interaction study identified 9 ALT and 12 AST independent associations significantly modified by body mass index (BMI), including several previously reported potential liver disease therapeutic targets, for example, PNPLA3, HSD17B13, and MARC1. While further work is necessary to understand the effect of ALT and AST-associated variants on liver disease, the weighted burden of significant BMI-modified signals is significantly associated with liver disease outcomes. In summary, this study identifies genetic associations which offer an important step forward in understanding the genetic architecture of serum ALT and AST levels. Significant interactions between BMI and genetic loci not only highlight the important role of adiposity in liver damage but also shed light on the genetic etiology of liver disease in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Gao
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Anthony Marcketta
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Joshua D. Backman
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Colm O'Dushlaine
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeffrey Staples
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Luca A. Lotta
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - John D. Overton
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeffrey G. Reid
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Molecular and Functional GenomicsGeisinger ClinicDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Shane McCarthy
- Regeneron Genetics CenterRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
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Xue X, Quan Y, Gong L, Gong X, Li Y. A review of the processed Polygonum multiflorum (Thunb.) for hepatoprotection: Clinical use, pharmacology and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113121. [PMID: 32693115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum (Thunb.) (PMT) is a member of Polygonaceae. Traditional Chinese medicine considers that the processed PMT can tonify liver, nourish blood and blacken hair. In recent years, the processed PMT and its active ingredients have significant therapeutic effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this review is to provide a critical appraisal of the existing knowledge on the clinical application, hepatoprotective pharmacology and hepatotoxicity, it provides a comprehensive evaluation of the liver function of the processed PMT. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed literature search was conducted using various online search engines, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. The main active components of the processed PMT and the important factors in the occurrence and development of liver diseases are used as key words to carry out detailed literature retrieval. RESULTS In animal and cell models, the processed PMT and active components can treat various liver diseases, such as fatty liver induced by high-fat diet, liver injury and fibrosis induced by drugs, viral transfected hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. They can protect liver by regulating lipid metabolism related enzymes, resisting insulin resistance, decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells, reducing generation of extracellular matrix, promoting cancer cell apoptosis and controlling the growth of tumor cells, etc. However, improperly using of the processed PMT can cause liver injury, which is associated with the standardization of processing, the constitution of the patients, the characteristics of the disease, and the administration of dosage and time. CONCLUSION The processed PMT can treat various liver diseases via reasonably using, and the active compounds (2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, physcion, etc.) are promising candidate drugs for developing new liver protective agents. However, some components have a "toxic-effective" bidirectional effect, which should be used cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunyun Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaohong Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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10
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Rhodiola crenulata root extract ameliorates fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in rats: Association with activating autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109836. [PMID: 32007914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown the beneficial effects of Rhodiola species on metabolic disorders, but their mechanisms are not clear. Hepatic steatosis is closely related to metabolic disorders, we aim to investigate the therapeutic effects of Rhodiola crenulata root (RCR) on fructose-induced hepatic steatosis and explore the underlying mechanisms. PURPOSE To observe the effect of Rhodiola crenulata root extract (RCR) on fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with liquid fructose in their drinking water over 18 weeks. The extract of RCR was co-administered (once daily by oral gavage) during the last 5 weeks. Liver lipid deposition and morphological changes were observed by Oil red O staining. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, Western blot and immunoprecipitation were used to detect gene and protein expression in liver. RESULTS RCR (50 mg/kg) reversed liquid fructose-induced increase in hepatic triglyceride content in rats. Attenuation of the increased vacuolization and Oil Red O staining area was evident on histological examination of liver in RCR-treated rats. However, RCR treatment did not affect chow intake and body weight of rats. Although some genes of the pathways involved in DNL (ChREBP, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC1, SCD1, DGAT1, DGAT2 and MGAT2), fatty acid β-oxidation (PPARα, CPT1a, ACO and FGF21), VLDL-export (MTTP) and decomposition (HSL, ATGL) in the liver of fructose-fed rats were not changed significantly after RCR administration, the decrease in PPARα and PGC-1α proteins was reversed by RCR. Notably, SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression increased significantly with RCR administration. Furthermore, RCR increased expression of ATG4B, Beclin1 and decreased expression of Bcl2-Beclin1 complex dramatically. Meanwhile, RCR decreased the acetylation of beclin1. Moreover, RCR increased expression of autophagosome markers including LC3B and ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1, and decreased expression of autophagolysosome marker p62 in the livers of fructose-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS RCR has a certain improvement effect on fructose-induced hepatic steatosis, which is related to the activation of autophagy.
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Role of farnesoid X receptor in hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109609. [PMID: 31731192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased incidence of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major global health concern. The pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been fully elucidated, and as few efficient pharmaceutical treatments are available for the condition, economic and medical burdens are heavy. Hepatic steatosis, as a precursor of NAFLD, plays a vital role in the pathological process of NAFLD. Hepatic steatosis is a consequence of lipid acquisition (i.e. free fatty acid uptake and de novo lipogenesis) exceeding lipid disposal (i.e. fatty acid oxidation and export as very-low-density lipoproteins). Therefore, restoring lipid homeostasis in the liver is an important therapeutic strategy of NAFLD. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a major member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily. Previous reviews have shown that FXR is a multipurpose receptor that plays an important role in regulating bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, intestinal bacterial growth, and hepatic regeneration. This review focuses on the role of FXR in individual pathways that contribute to hepatic steatosis; it further demonstrates the molecular function of FXR in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Yi Q, Sun P, Li J, Kong S, Tian J, Li X, Yang Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Han J, Zhang X, Ye F. Rho, a Fraction From Rhodiola crenulate, Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis in Mice Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:222. [PMID: 29593573 PMCID: PMC5861213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is developed from hepatic steatosis, is increasing worldwide. However, no specific drugs for NAFLD have been approved yet. To observe the effects of Rho, a fraction from Rhodiola crenulate, on non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, three mouse models with characteristics of NAFLD were used including high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity (DIO) mice, KKAy mice, and HFD combined with tetracycline stimulated Model-T mice. Hepatic lipid accumulation was determined via histopathological analysis and/or hepatic TG determination. The responses to insulin were evaluated by insulin tolerance test (ITT), glucose tolerance test (GTT), and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, respectively. The pathways involved in hepatic lipid metabolism were observed via western-blot. Furthermore, the liver microcirculation was observed by inverted microscopy. The HPLC analysis indicated that the main components of Rho were flavan polymers. The results of histopathological analysis showed that Rho could ameliorate hepatic steatosis in DIO, KKAy, and Model-T hepatic steatosis mouse models, respectively. After Rho treatment in DIO mice, insulin resistance was improved with increasing glucose infusion rate (GIR) in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and decreasing areas under the blood glucose-time curve (AUC) in both ITT and GTT; the pathways involved in fatty acid uptake and de novo lipogenesis were both down-regulated, respectively. However, the pathways involved in beta-oxidation and VLDL-export on hepatic steatosis were not changed significantly. The liver microcirculation disturbances were also improved by Rho in DIO mice. These results suggest that Rho is a lead nature product for hepatic steatosis treatment. The mechanism is related to enhancing insulin sensitivity, suppressing fatty acid uptake and inhibiting de novo lipogenesis in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Puyang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinying Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Tamura S, Koike Y, Takeda H, Koike T, Izumi Y, Nagasaka R, Tsunoda T, Tori M, Ogawa K, Bamba T, Shiomi M. Ameliorating effects of D-47, a newly developed compound, on lipid metabolism in an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia (WHHLMI rabbits). Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gouda W, Ashour E, Shaker Y, Ezzat W. MTP genetic variants associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver in metabolic syndrome patients. Genes Dis 2017; 4:222-228. [PMID: 30258926 PMCID: PMC6147179 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed for investigation the relationship between variants of MTP gene polymorphism and the development of NAFLD in patients with and without MS. The study was included 174 NAFLD patients (106 with MS and 68 without MS), and 141 healthy control subjects. The 493 G/T polymorphism of MTP gene was evaluated by PCR-RFLP method. The frequency of MTP TT genotype and T allele were significantly higher in NAFLD patients when compared to healthy controls. Moreover, a significant association in MTP gene polymorphism was observed in NAFLD patients with MS compared to NAFLD patients without MS and controls. Our study suggested that MTP 493 G/T gene polymorphism may act as susceptibility biomarker for NAFLD and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weaam Gouda
- Biochemistry Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Esmat Ashour
- Biochemistry Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yehia Shaker
- Biochemistry Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Ezzat
- Internal Medicine Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Dai D, Wen F, Zhou S, Su Z, Liu G, Wang M, Zhou J, He F. Association of MTTP gene variants with pediatric NAFLD: A candidate-gene-based analysis of single nucleotide variations in obese children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185396. [PMID: 28953935 PMCID: PMC5617203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We used targeted next-generation sequencing to investigate whether genetic variants of lipid metabolism-related genes are associated with increased susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children. Methods A cohort of 100 obese children aged 6 to 18 years were divided into NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups and subjected to hepatic ultrasound, anthropometric, and biochemical analyses. We evaluated the association of genetic variants with NAFLD susceptibility by investigating the single nucleotide polymorphisms in each of 36 lipid-metabolism-related genes. The panel genes were assembled for target region sequencing. Correlations between single nucleotide variations, biochemical markers, and clinical phenotypes were analyzed. Results 97 variants in the 36 target genes per child were uncovered. Twenty-six variants in 16 genes were more prevalent in NAFLD subjects than in in-house controls. The mutation rate of MTTP rs2306986 and SLC6A2 rs3743788 was significantly higher in NAFLD subjects than in non-NAFLD subjects (OR: 3.879; P = 0.004; OR: 6.667, P = 0.005). Logistic regression analysis indicated the MTTP variant rs2306986 was an independent risk factor for NAFLD (OR: 23.468, P = 0.044). Conclusions The results of this study, examining a cohort of obese children, suggest that the genetic variation at MTTP rs2306986 was associated with higher susceptibility to NAFLD. This may contribute to the altered lipid metabolism by disruption of assembly and secretion of lipoprotein, leading to reducing fat export from the involved hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Dai
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (SZ)
| | - Shaoming Zhou
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (SZ)
| | - Zhe Su
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingbang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianli Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fusheng He
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States and developed countries. NAFLD is closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, significantly contributing to the exacerbation of the latter. Although NAFLD represents the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome, it can also be found in patients prior to their presentation with other manifestations of the syndrome. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and closely intertwined with insulin resistance and obesity. Several mechanisms are undoubtedly involved in its pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we bring together the current understanding of the pathogenesis that makes NAFLD a systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Reccia
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Cherif Akladios
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Francesco Virdis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Madhava Pai
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Duncan Spalding
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
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Angrish MM, Kaiser JP, McQueen CA, Chorley BN. Tipping the Balance: Hepatotoxicity and the 4 Apical Key Events of Hepatic Steatosis. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:261-8. [PMID: 26980302 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a condition were fat accumulates in the liver and it is associated with extra-hepatic diseases related to metabolic syndrome and systemic energy metabolism. If not reversed, steatosis can progress to steatohepatitis and irreversible stages of liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. From a public health standpoint, identifying chemical exposures that may be factors in steatosis etiology are important for preventing hepatotoxicity and liver disease progression. It is therefore important to identify the biological events that are key for steatosis pathology mediated by chemical exposure. In this review, we give a current overview of the complex biological cascades that can disrupt lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes in the context of 4 apical key events central to hepatic lipid retention: hepatic fatty acid (FA) uptake,de novoFA and lipid synthesis, FA oxidation, and lipid efflux. Our goal is to review these key cellular events and visually summarize them using a network for application in pathway-based toxicity testing. This effort provides a foundation to improve next-generation chemical screening efforts that may be used to prevent and ultimately reverse the growing incidence of fatty liver disease in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Angrish
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development (ORD), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jonathan Phillip Kaiser
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
| | - Charlene A McQueen
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development (ORD), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Brian N Chorley
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development (ORD), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709;
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Wilson GJ, Lennox BA, She P, Mirek ET, Al Baghdadi RJT, Fusakio ME, Dixon JL, Henderson GC, Wek RC, Anthony TG. GCN2 is required to increase fibroblast growth factor 21 and maintain hepatic triglyceride homeostasis during asparaginase treatment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E283-93. [PMID: 25491724 PMCID: PMC4329494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00361.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The antileukemic agent asparaginase triggers the amino acid response (AAR) in the liver by activating the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2). To explore the mechanism by which AAR induction is necessary to mitigate hepatic lipid accumulation and prevent liver dysfunction during continued asparaginase treatment, wild-type and Gcn2 null mice were injected once daily with asparaginase or phosphate buffered saline for up to 14 days. Asparaginase induced mRNA expression of multiple AAR genes and greatly increased circulating concentrations of the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) independent of food intake. Loss of Gcn2 precluded mRNA expression and circulating levels of FGF21 and blocked mRNA expression of multiple genes regulating lipid synthesis and metabolism including Fas, Ppara, Pparg, Acadm, and Scd1 in both liver and white adipose tissue. Furthermore, rates of triglyceride export and protein expression of apolipoproteinB-100 were significantly reduced in the livers of Gcn2 null mice treated with asparaginase, providing a mechanistic basis for the increase in hepatic lipid content. Loss of AAR-regulated antioxidant defenses in Gcn2 null livers was signified by reduced Gpx1 gene expression alongside increased lipid peroxidation. Substantial reductions in antithrombin III hepatic expression and activity in the blood of asparaginase-treated Gcn2 null mice indicated liver dysfunction. These results suggest that the ability of the liver to adapt to prolonged asparaginase treatment is influenced by GCN2-directed regulation of FGF21 and oxidative defenses, which, when lost, corresponds with maladaptive effects on lipid metabolism and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brittany A Lennox
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Pengxiang She
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Emily T Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Rana J T Al Baghdadi
- Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Michael E Fusakio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph L Dixon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey;
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Lonardo A, Adinolfi LE, Restivo L, Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, Baldelli E, Nascimbeni F, Loria P. Pathogenesis and significance of hepatitis C virus steatosis: An update on survival strategy of a successful pathogen. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7089-7103. [PMID: 24966582 PMCID: PMC4064057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a successful pathogen on the grounds that it exploits its host’s metabolism to build up viral particles; moreover it favours its own survival by inducing chronic disease and the development of specific anatomic changes in the infected organ. Steatosis, therefore, is associated with HCV infection by necessity rather than by chance alone. Approximately 6% of HCV patients have steatohepatitis. Interestingly, HCV steatosis occurs in the setting of multiple metabolic abnormalities (hyperuricemia, reversible hypocholesterolemia, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and expansion of visceral adipose tissue) collectively referred to as “hepatitis C-associated dysmetabolic syndrome” (HCADS). General, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-like, mechanisms of steatogenesis (including increased availability of lipogenic substrates and de novo lipogenesis; decreased oxidation of fatty substrates and export of fatty substrates) are shared by all HCV genotypes. However, genotype 3 seemingly amplifies such steatogenic molecular mechanisms reported to occur in NAFLD via more profound changes in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and phosphatase and tensin homologue. HCV steatosis has a remarkable clinical impact in as much as it is an acknowledged risk factor for accelerated fibrogenesis; for impaired treatment response to interferon and ribavirin; and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent data, moreover, suggest that HCV-steatosis contributes to premature atherogenesis via both direct and indirect mechanisms. In conclusion, HCV steatosis fulfills all expected requirements necessary to perpetuate the HCV life cycle. A better understanding of the physiology of HCADS will likely result in a more successful handling of disease with improved antiviral success rates.
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Stefanutti C. Targeting MTP for the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zheng W, Wang L, Su X, Hu XF. MTP -493G>T polymorphism and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:361-9. [PMID: 24588800 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsomal transfer protein (MTP), a lipid transfer protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and enterocytes, plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Many existing studies have demonstrated that a common polymorphism (-493G>T, rs1800591 G>T) in the MTP gene may be implicated in the development and progression of NAFLD, but individually published results are inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether MTP -493G>T polymorphism may be a potential risk factor for NAFLD. We searched CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from inception through October 1, 2013. Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. Eleven clinical case-control studies with a total of 636 NAFLD cases and 918 healthy controls met the inclusion criteria. Our meta-analysis results revealed that MTP -493G>T polymorphism was strongly correlated with an increased risk of NAFLD. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that MTP -493G>T polymorphism might increase individuals' susceptibility to NAFLD among both Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations. No publication bias was observed in this meta-analysis. In short, the present meta-analysis indicates that MTP -493G>T polymorphisms may contribute to individuals' susceptibility to NAFLD. Thus, MTP -493G>T polymorphism may be a valuable and practical biomarker for early detection of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Sugimoto K, Fujisawa T, Shindo N, Minato S, Kamada Y, Hamano M, Ohishi M, Ikegami H, Rakugi H. Novel effect of ezetimibe to inhibit the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Fatty Liver Shionogi mouse. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:102-13. [PMID: 23510093 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Several studies using experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models have shown that ezetimibe, an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption mainly in the intestine, not only protects against diet-induced hyperlipidemia, but also attenuates liver steatosis. The aim of this study was to clarify whether ezetimibe inhibits the development of NAFLD and to elaborate the mechanism of ezetimibe to inhibit the development of NAFLD using Fatty Liver Shionogi (FLS) mice, a spontaneous model of NAFLD/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS Male FLS mice at 20 weeks of age were divided into two groups (n = 7 in each group). Mice fed a normal laboratory chow, CRF-1 or CRF-1 containing 0.005% w/w ezetimibe (7 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. After 4-week treatment with ezetimibe, the livers of each group of mice were subjected to histological as well as molecular evaluation. RESULTS Ezetimibe administration for 4 weeks was associated with improvement of steatosis and fibrosis of the liver in normal diet-fed FLS mice. Ezetimibe reduced hepatic reactive oxygen species generation and prevented ubiquitination and protein degradation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a key molecule for very low-density lipoprotein assembly and export, via downregulation of the protein expression of Skp2 and CDC20. CONCLUSION Ezetimibe not only reduced lipid synthesis in the liver, but also promoted lipid discharge from the liver by preventing post-translational degradation of MTP via a reduction of hepatic reactive oxygen species generation, leading to inhibition of the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Hepatoprotective effect of mulberry water extracts on ethanol-induced liver injury via anti-inflammation and inhibition of lipogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:786-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang ZY, Dai YB, Wang HN, Wang MW. Supplementation of the maternal diet during pregnancy with chocolate and fructose interacts with the high-fat diet of the young to facilitate the onset of metabolic disorders in rat offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:652-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yun Zhang
- The National Center for Drug Screening; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai China
| | - Yun-Bin Dai
- Chinese National Compound Library; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Hao-Nan Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai China
- Chinese National Compound Library; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
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Hussain MM, Rava P, Walsh M, Rana M, Iqbal J. Multiple functions of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:14. [PMID: 22353470 PMCID: PMC3337244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) was first identified as a major cellular protein capable of transferring neutral lipids between membrane vesicles. Its role as an essential chaperone for the biosynthesis of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was established after the realization that abetalipoproteinemia patients carry mutations in the MTTP gene resulting in the loss of its lipid transfer activity. Now it is known that it also plays a role in the biosynthesis of CD1, glycolipid presenting molecules, as well as in the regulation of cholesterol ester biosynthesis. In this review, we will provide a historical perspective about the identification, purification and characterization of MTP, describe methods used to measure its lipid transfer activity, and discuss tissue expression and function. Finally, we will review the role MTP plays in the assembly of apoB-lipoprotein, the regulation of cholesterol ester synthesis, biosynthesis of CD1 proteins and propagation of hepatitis C virus. We will also provide a brief overview about the clinical potentials of MTP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Paul Rava
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Meghan Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Muhammad Rana
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Tep S, Mihaila R, Freeman A, Pickering V, Huynh F, Tadin-Strapps M, Stracks A, Hubbard B, Caldwell J, Flanagan WM, Kuklin NA, Ason B. Rescue of Mtp siRNA-induced hepatic steatosis by DGAT2 siRNA silencing. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:859-867. [PMID: 22355095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m021063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mtp) inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic approach to lower circulating LDL cholesterol, although therapeutic development has been hindered by the observed increase in hepatic triglycerides and liver steatosis following treatment. Here, we used small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting Mtp to achieve target-specific silencing to study this phenomenon and to determine to what extent liver steatosis is induced by changes in Mtp expression. We observed that Mtp silencing led to a decrease in many genes involved in hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Given the role of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (Dgat2) in regulating hepatic triglyceride synthesis, we then evaluated whether target-specific silencing of both Dgat2 and Mtp were sufficient to attenuate Mtp silencing-induced liver steatosis. We showed that the simultaneous inhibition of Dgat2 and Mtp led to a decrease in plasma cholesterol and a reduction in the accumulation of hepatic triglycerides caused by the inhibition of Mtp. Collectively, these findings provide a proof-of-principle for a triglyceride synthesis/Mtp inhibitor combination and represent a potentially novel approach for therapeutic development in which targeting multiple pathways can achieve the desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samnang Tep
- Sirna Therapeutics/Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158; and.
| | - Radu Mihaila
- Sirna Therapeutics/Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | | | | | - Felicia Huynh
- Sirna Therapeutics/Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | | | - Allison Stracks
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases-Atherosclerosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065
| | - Brian Hubbard
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases-Atherosclerosis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065
| | - Jeremy Caldwell
- Sirna Therapeutics/Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | | | - Nelly A Kuklin
- Sirna Therapeutics/Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Brandon Ason
- Sirna Therapeutics/Merck & Co. Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158; and.
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Lonardo A, Loria P, Argo C, Caldwell S. Perspectives on cellular dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a case of 'multiorganelle failure'? Proceedings of a virtual workshop on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:135-9. [PMID: 21476906 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Azienda USL di Modena, Modena, Italy.
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