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Hovan A, Berta M, Sedláková D, Miskovsky P, Bánó G, Sedlák E. Heme is responsible for enhanced singlet oxygen deactivation in cytochrome c. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15557-15563. [PMID: 34259248 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The deactivation of singlet oxygen, the lowest electronic excited state of molecular oxygen, by proteins is usually described through the interaction of singlet oxygen with certain amino acids. Changes in accessibility of these amino acids influence the quenching rate and the phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen. In the cellular environment, however, numerous proteins with covalently bound or encapsulated cofactors are present. These cofactors could also influence the deactivation of singlet oxygen, and these have received little attention. To confront this issue, we used cytochrome c (cyt c) and apocytochrome c (apocyt c) to illustrate how the heme prosthetic group influences the rate constant of singlet oxygen deactivation upon acidic pH-induced conformational change of cyt c. Photo-excited flavin mononucleotide (FMN) was used to produce singlet oxygen. Our data show that the heme group has a significant and measurable effect on singlet oxygen quenching when the heme is exposed to solvents and is therefore more accessible to singlet oxygen. The effect of amino acids and heme accessibility on the FMN triplet state deactivation was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Berta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Dagmar Sedláková
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia. and SAFTRA Photonics Ltd., Moldavská cesta 51, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Erik Sedlák
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
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2
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Sedlák E, Žár T, Varhač R, Musatov A, Tomášková N. Anion-Specific Effects on the Alkaline State of Cytochrome c. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:59-73. [PMID: 33705282 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Specific effects of anions on the structure, thermal stability, and peroxidase activity of native (state III) and alkaline (state IV) cytochrome c (cyt c) have been studied by the UV-VIS absorbance spectroscopy, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and circular dichroism. Thermal and isothermal denaturation monitored by the tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism, respectively, implied lower stability of cyt c state IV in comparison with the state III. The pKa value of alkaline isomerization of cyt c depended on the present salts, i.e., kosmotropic anions increased and chaotropic anions decreased pKa (Hofmeister effect on protein stability). The peroxidase activity of cyt c in the state III, measured by oxidation of guaiacol, showed clear dependence on the salt position in the Hofmeister series, while cyt c in the alkaline state lacked the peroxidase activity regardless of the type of anions present in the solution. The alkaline isomerization of cyt c in the presence of 8 M urea, measured by Trp59 fluorescence, implied an existence of a high-affinity non-native ligand for the heme iron even in a partially denatured protein conformation. The conformation of the cyt c alkaline state in 8 M urea was considerably modulated by the specific effect of anions. Based on the Trp59 fluorescence quenching upon titration to alkaline pH in 8 M urea and molecular dynamics simulation, we hypothesize that the Lys79 conformer is most likely the predominant alkaline conformer of cyt c. The high affinity of the sixth ligand for the heme iron is likely a reason of the lack of peroxidase activity of cyt c in the alkaline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sedlák
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia. .,Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Žár
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia.
| | - Rastislav Varhač
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia.
| | - Andrej Musatov
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia.
| | - Nataša Tomášková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia.
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3
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Cytochrome c: An extreme multifunctional protein with a key role in cell fate. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:1237-1246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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4
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Musatov A, Sedlák E. Role of cardiolipin in stability of integral membrane proteins. Biochimie 2017; 142:102-111. [PMID: 28842204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid with a dimeric structure having four acyl chains and two phosphate groups found almost exclusively in certain membranes of bacteria and of mitochondria of eukaryotes. CL interacts with numerous proteins and has been implicated in function and stabilization of several integral membrane proteins (IMPs). While both functional and stabilization roles of CL in IMPs has been generally acknowledged, there are, in fact, only limited number of quantitative analysis that support this function of CL. This is likely caused by relatively complex determination of parameters characterizing stability of IMPs and particularly intricate assessment of role of specific phospholipids such as CL in IMPs stability. This review aims to summarize quantitative findings regarding stabilization role of CL in IMPs reported up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Musatov
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Erik Sedlák
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
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5
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Ciaccio C, Tognaccini L, Battista T, Cervelli M, Howes BD, Santucci R, Coletta M, Mariottini P, Smulevich G, Fiorucci L. The Met80Ala and Tyr67His/Met80Ala mutants of human cytochrome c shed light on the reciprocal role of Met80 and Tyr67 in regulating ligand access into the heme pocket. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 169:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Conformational status of cytochrome c upon N-homocysteinylation: Implications to cytochrome c release. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 614:23-27. [PMID: 28003096 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the proposed mechanisms of homocysteine (Hcy) toxicity is the post-translational modification of proteins by its metabolite, homocysteine thiolactone (HTL). Incubation of proteins with HTL has been shown to form covalent adducts with ε-amino group of lysine residues of protein (called N-homocysteinylation) which ultimately results in structural and functional alterations of the modified proteins. In the present study, the effects of HTL on the conformational and heme status of cytochrome c (cyt c) were investigated. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that HTL-modified cyt c undergoes certain conformational alterations leading to disturbed heme-Trp distance and packing of the apolar groups. These alterations were accompanied with the reduction of the heme moiety and activation of peroxidase-like function of cyt c, which is known to be a crucial event for initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Further structural characterization revealed that disruption of the heme-Met80 interaction, thereby converting the hexa-coordinate cyt c to a penta-coordinate species (with a free heme ligand), was responsible for the activation of the peroxidase activity. The study provides insights for the possible role of cyt c N-homocysteinylation in eliciting its toxicity and cell death.
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7
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Sinibaldi F, Milazzo L, Howes BD, Piro MC, Fiorucci L, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. The key role played by charge in the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:19-29. [PMID: 27826772 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c undergoes structural variations upon binding of cardiolipin, one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. Although several mechanisms governing cytochrome c/cardiolipin (cyt c/CL) recognition have been proposed, the interpretation of the process remains, at least in part, unknown. To better define the steps characterizing the cyt c-CL interaction, the role of Lys72 and Lys73, two residues thought to be important in the protein/lipid binding interaction, were recently investigated by mutagenesis. The substitution of the two (positively charged) Lys residues with Asn revealed that such mutations cancel the CL-dependent peroxidase activity of cyt c; furthermore, CL does not interact with the Lys72Asn mutant. In the present paper, we extend our study to the Lys → Arg mutants to investigate the influence exerted by the charge possessed by the residues located at positions 72 and 73 on the cyt c/CL interaction. On the basis of the present work a number of overall conclusions can be drawn: (i) position 72 must be occupied by a positively charged residue to assure cyt c/CL recognition; (ii) the Arg residues located at positions 72 and 73 permit cyt c to react with CL; (iii) the replacement of Lys72 with Arg weakens the second (low-affinity) binding transition; (iv) the Lys73Arg mutation strongly increases the peroxidase activity of the CL-bound protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Milazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Barry D Howes
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, 'Roma Tre' Section, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
| | - Roberto Santucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Ascenzi P, Sbardella D, Santucci R, Coletta M. Cyanide binding to ferrous and ferric microperoxidase-11. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:511-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Miriyala S, Thippakorn C, Chaiswing L, Xu Y, Noel T, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Vander Kooi CW, Chi W, Latif AA, Panchatcharam M, Prachayasittikul V, Butterfield DA, Vore M, Moscow J, St Clair DK. Novel role of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in AIFm2-mediated mitochondrial stress signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 91:68-80. [PMID: 26689472 PMCID: PMC4761499 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are major side effects of many anticancer drugs. Accumulated evidence indicates that oxidative stress in mitochondria plays an important role in cardiac injury, but how mitochondrial redox mechanisms are involved in cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) activates the translocation of the mitochondrial apoptosis inducing factor (AIFm2) and facilitates apoptosis in heart tissue of mice and humans. Doxorubicin treatments significantly enhance cardiac levels of HNE and AIFm2. HNE adduction of AIFm2 inactivates the NADH oxidoreductase activity of AIFm2 and facilitates its translocation from mitochondria. His 174 on AIFm2 is the critical target of HNE adduction that triggers this functional switch. HNE adduction and translocation of AIFm2 from mitochondria upon Doxorubicin treatment are attenuated by superoxide dismutase mimetics. These results identify a previously unrecognized role of HNE with important consequences for mitochondrial stress signaling, heart failure, and the side effects of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Teresa Noel
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Wang Chi
- Biostatistics Core, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel Latif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Vore
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Moscow
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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10
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Hannibal L, Tomasina F, Capdevila DA, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Alvarez-Paggi D, Jemmerson R, Murgida DH, Radi R. Alternative Conformations of Cytochrome c: Structure, Function, and Detection. Biochemistry 2016; 55:407-28. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Hannibal
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center
for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daiana A. Capdevila
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ronald Jemmerson
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, MMC 196,
420 Delaware Street, Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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11
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Tognaccini L, Ciaccio C, D'Oria V, Cervelli M, Howes BD, Coletta M, Mariottini P, Smulevich G, Fiorucci L. Structure-function relationships in human cytochrome c: The role of tyrosine 67. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 155:56-66. [PMID: 26610191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic and functional properties of human cytochrome c and its Tyr67 residue mutants (i.e., Tyr67His and Tyr67Arg) have been investigated. In the case of the Tyr67His mutant, we have observed only a very limited structural alteration of the heme pocket and of the Ω-loop involving, among others, the residue Met80 and its bond with the heme iron. Conversely, in the Tyr67Arg mutant the Fe-Met80 bond is cleaved; consequently, a much more extensive structural alteration of the Ω-loop can be envisaged. The structural, and thus the functional modifications, of the Tyr67Arg mutant are present in both the ferric [Fe(III)] and the ferrous [Fe(II)] forms, indicating that the structural changes are independent of the heme iron oxidation state, depending instead on the type of substituting residue. Furthermore, a significant peroxidase activity is evident for the Tyr67Arg mutant, highlighting the role of Arg as a basic, positively charged residue at pH7.0, located in the heme distal pocket, which may act as an acid to cleave the O-O bond in H2O2. As a whole, our results indicate that a delicate equilibrium is associated with the spatial arrangement of the Ω-loop. Clearly, Arg, but not His, is able to stabilize and polarize the negative charge on the Fe(III)-OOH complex during the formation of Compound I, with important consequences on cytochrome peroxidation activity and its role in the apoptotic process, which is somewhat different in yeast and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tognaccini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Barry D Howes
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy.
| | - Laura Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Ranieri A, Di Rocco G, Millo D, Battistuzzi G, Bortolotti CA, Lancellotti L, Borsari M, Sola M. Thermodynamics and kinetics of reduction and species conversion at a hydrophobic surface for mitochondrial cytochromes c and their cardiolipin adducts. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Paul SS, Sil P, Haldar S, Mitra S, Chattopadhyay K. Subtle Change in the Charge Distribution of Surface Residues May Affect the Secondary Functions of Cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14476-90. [PMID: 25873393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary function of cytochrome c (cyt c) is electron transfer, the protein caries out an additional secondary function involving its interaction with membrane cardiolipin (CDL), its peroxidase activity, and the initiation of apoptosis. Whereas the primary function of cyt c is essentially conserved, its secondary function varies depending on the source of the protein. We report here a detailed experimental and computational study, which aims to understand, at the molecular level, the difference in the secondary functions of cyt c obtained from horse heart (mammalian) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The conformational landscape of cyt c has been found to be heterogeneous, consisting of an equilibrium between the compact and extended conformers as well as the oligomeric species. Because the determination of relative populations of these conformers is difficult to obtain by ensemble measurements, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a method that offers single-molecule resolution. The population of different species is found to depend on multiple factors, including the protein source, the presence of CDL and urea, and their concentrations. The complex interplay between the conformational distribution and oligomerization plays a crucial role in the variation of the pre-apoptotic regulation of cyt c observed from different sources. Finally, computational studies reveal that the variation in the charge distribution at the surface and the charge reversal sites may be the key determinant of the conformational stability of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta Sarani Paul
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pallabi Sil
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shubhasis Haldar
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samaresh Mitra
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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14
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Ascenzi P, Coletta M, Wilson MT, Fiorucci L, Marino M, Polticelli F, Sinibaldi F, Santucci R. Cardiolipin-cytochrome c complex: Switching cytochrome c from an electron-transfer shuttle to a myoglobin- and a peroxidase-like heme-protein. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:98-109. [PMID: 25857294 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cytc) is a small heme-protein located in the space between the inner and the outer membrane of the mitochondrion that transfers electrons from cytc-reductase to cytc-oxidase. The hexa-coordinated heme-Fe atom of cytc displays a very low reactivity toward ligands and does not exhibit significant catalytic properties. However, upon cardiolipin (CL) binding, cytc achieves ligand binding and catalytic properties reminiscent of those of myoglobin and peroxidase. In particular, the peroxidase activity of the cardiolipin-cytochrome c complex (CL-cytc) is critical for the redistribution of CL from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membranes and is essential for the execution and completion of the apoptotic program. On the other hand, the capability of CL-cytc to bind NO and CO and the heme-Fe-based scavenging of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species may affect apoptosis. Here, the ligand binding and catalytic properties of CL-cytc are analyzed in parallel with those of CL-free cytc, myoglobin, and peroxidase to dissect the potential mechanisms of CL in modulating the pro- and anti-apoptotic actions of cytc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
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15
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Ascenzi P, Marino M, Ciaccio C, Santucci R, Coletta M. Reductive nitrosylation of the cardiolipin-ferric cytochromeccomplex. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:438-47. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; Roma Tre University; Roma Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science; Roma Tre University; Roma Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; University of Roma “Tor Vergata”; Roma Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems; Bari Italy
| | - Roberto Santucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; University of Roma “Tor Vergata”; Roma Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine; University of Roma “Tor Vergata”; Roma Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems; Bari Italy
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16
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Enhancing the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c by mutation of residue 41: implications for the peroxidase mechanism and cytochrome c release. Biochem J 2014; 458:259-65. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic and mitochondrial release analyses of residue 41 variants of native and cardiolipin-bound mammalian cytochromes c implicate mobility of the 40–57 Ω loop in induction of peroxidase activity, but show that loss of axial Fe co-ordination is not essential.
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17
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Ranieri A, Bortolotti CA, Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Paltrinieri L, Di Rocco G, Sola M. Effect of motional restriction on the unfolding properties of a cytochrome c featuring a His/Met–His/His ligation switch. Metallomics 2014; 6:874-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Bavithra S, Selvakumar K, Krishnamoorthy G, Venkataraman P, Arunakaran J. Melatonin attenuates polychlorinated biphenyls induced apoptosis in the neuronal cells of cerebral cortex and cerebellum of adult male rats--in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:152-163. [PMID: 23619521 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread persistent environmental contaminants that display a complex spectrum of toxicological properties, including neurotoxicity. Studies have shown that PCBs increase oxidative stress in brain, leading to apoptosis. The progressive loss of neurons in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, leads to various neurodegenerative diseases. Hence the present study is designed to determine PCBs toxicity toward neuronal cells and whether it could be inhibited by potent antioxidant melatonin. Four groups of adult male Wistar rats were treated for 30 days with corn oil, PCBs, PCBs+Mel and Melatonin, respectively. After treatment period the rats were euthanized and the brain was dissected to isolate cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The neuronal cells alone were then separated from the isolated brain regions, to detect the mRNA levels of apoptotic and neurofilament gene, a neuronal specific marker. Our results suggests that PCBs induces apoptosis in neuronal cells which is subsided by the anti apoptotic effect of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bavithra
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600 113, India
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19
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Sinibaldi F, Howes BD, Droghetti E, Polticelli F, Piro MC, Di Pierro D, Fiorucci L, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. Role of lysines in cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4578-88. [PMID: 23738909 DOI: 10.1021/bi400324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c undergoes structural variations during the apoptotic process; such changes have been related to modifications occurring in the protein when it forms a complex with cardiolipin, one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. Although several studies have been performed to identify the site(s) of the protein involved in the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction, to date the location of this hosting region(s) remains unidentified and is a matter of debate. To gain deeper insight into the reaction mechanism, we investigate the role that the Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 residues play in the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction, as these side chains appear to be critical for cytochrome c-cardiolipin recognition. The Lys72Asn, Lys73Asn, Lys79Asn, Lys72/73Asn, and Lys72/73/79Asn mutants of horse heart cytochrome c were produced and characterized by circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible, and resonance Raman spectroscopies, and the effects of the mutations on the interaction of the variants with cardiolipin have been investigated. The mutants are characterized by a subpopulation with non-native axial coordination and are less stable than the wild-type protein. Furthermore, the mutants lacking Lys72 and/or Lys79 do not bind cardiolipin, and those lacking Lys73, although they form a complex with the phospholipid, do not show any peroxidase activity. These observations indicate that the Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 residues stabilize the native axial Met80-Fe(III) coordination as well as the tertiary structure of cytochrome c. Moreover, while Lys72 and Lys79 are critical for cytochrome c-cardiolipin recognition, the simultaneous presence of Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 is necessary for the peroxidase activity of cardiolipin-bound cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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20
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Castellini E, Bortolotti CA, Di Rocco G, Bernini F, Ranieri A. Enhancing Biocatalysis: The Case of Unfolded Cytochrome cImmobilized on Kaolinite. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Cardinali DP, Pagano ES, Scacchi Bernasconi PA, Reynoso R, Scacchi P. Melatonin and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system. Horm Behav 2013; 63:322-30. [PMID: 22391273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell death and survival are critical events for neurodegeneration, mitochondria being increasingly seen as important determinants of both. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a major causative factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Increased free radical generation, enhanced mitochondrial inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and NO production, and disrupted electron transport system and mitochondrial permeability transition, have all been involved in impaired mitochondrial function. Melatonin, the major secretory product of the pineal gland, is an antioxidant and an effective protector of mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Both in vitro and in vivo, melatonin was effective to prevent oxidative stress/nitrosative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction seen in experimental models of AD, PD and HD. These effects are seen at doses 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those required to affect sleep and circadian rhythms, both conspicuous targets of melatonin action. Melatonin is selectively taken up by mitochondria, a function not shared by other antioxidants. A limited number of clinical studies indicate that melatonin can improve sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in PD and AD patients. More recently, attention has been focused on the development of potent melatonin analogs with prolonged effects which were employed in clinical trials in sleep-disturbed or depressed patients in doses considerably higher than those employed for melatonin. In view that the relative potencies of the analogs are higher than that of the natural compound, clinical trials employing melatonin in the range of 50-100mg/day are needed to assess its therapeutic validity in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 1107 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Kulikov AV, Shilov ES, Mufazalov IA, Gogvadze V, Nedospasov SA, Zhivotovsky B. Cytochrome c: the Achilles' heel in apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1787-97. [PMID: 22179840 PMCID: PMC11114681 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c is a well-known mitochondrial protein that fulfills life-supporting functions by transferring electrons to the respiratory chain to maintain ATP production. However, during the activation of apoptotic machinery, it is released from mitochondria and, being in the cytosol, it either triggers the activation of the caspase cascade in intrinsic apoptotic pathway, or it is involved in the amplification of extrinsic apoptotic signaling. Accumulating evidence suggests that only unmodified holocytochrome c is efficient in the stimulation of apoptosis. Considering the importance of cytochrome c in both life and death, it was of significant interest to investigate the complete or partial cytochrome c deficiency in vivo. Here, we discuss the importance of distinct amino acid residues for various functions of cytochrome c in cells and mice with targeted cytochrome c mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kulikov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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23
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A bis-histidine-ligated unfolded cytochrome c immobilized on anionic SAM shows pseudo-peroxidase activity. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Peroxynitrite detoxification by horse heart carboxymethylated cytochrome c is allosterically modulated by cardiolipin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:463-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Tavagnacco C, Monari S, Ranieri A, Bortolotti CA, Peressini S, Borsari M. Immobilized unfolded cytochrome c acts as a catalyst for dioxygen reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11122-4. [PMID: 21909526 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13854e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Unfolding turns immobilized cytochrome c into a His-His ligated form endowed with catalytic activity towards O(2), which is absent in the native protein. Dioxygen could be used by naturally occurring unfolded cytochrome c as a substrate for the production of partially reduced oxygen species (PROS) contributing to the cell oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tavagnacco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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26
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Sinibaldi F, Droghetti E, Polticelli F, Piro MC, Di Pierro D, Ferri T, Smulevich G, Santucci R. The effects of ATP and sodium chloride on the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction: the contrasting behavior of the horse heart and yeast proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1365-72. [PMID: 21946436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In cells a portion of cytochrome c (cyt c) (15-20%) is tightly bound to cardiolipin (CL), one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. The CL-bound protein, which has nonnative tertiary structure, altered heme pocket, and disrupted Fe(III)-M80 axial bond, is thought to play a role in the apoptotic process. This has attracted considerable interest in order to clarify the mechanisms governing the cyt c-CL interaction. Herein we have investigated the binding reaction of CL with the c-type cytochromes from horse heart and yeast. Although the two proteins possess a similar tertiary architecture, yeast cyt c displays lower stability and, contrary to the equine protein, it does not bind ATP and lacks pro-apoptotic activity. The study has been performed in the absence and in the presence of ATP and NaCl, two compounds that influence the (horse cyt c)-CL binding process and, thus, the pro-apoptotic activity of the protein. The two proteins behave differently: while CL interaction with horse cyt c is strongly influenced by the two effectors, no effect is observed for yeast cyt c. It is noteworthy that NaCl induces dissociation of the (horse cyt c)-CL complex but has no influence on that of yeast cyt c. The differences found for the two proteins highlight that specific structural factors, such as the different local structure conformation of the regions involved in the interactions with either CL or ATP, can significantly affect the behavior of cyt c in its reaction with liposomes and the subsequent pro-apoptotic action of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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27
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Monari S, Ranieri A, Bortolotti CA, Peressini S, Tavagnacco C, Borsari M. Unfolding of cytochrome c immobilized on self-assembled monolayers. An electrochemical study. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Ascenzi P, Polticelli F, Marino M, Santucci R, Coletta M. Cardiolipin drives cytochrome c proapoptotic and antiapoptotic actions. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:160-5. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Ascenzi P, Ciaccio C, Sinibaldi F, Santucci R, Coletta M. Cardiolipin modulates allosterically peroxynitrite detoxification by horse heart cytochrome c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:190-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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