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Yang S, Chen SS, Zhang CG, Zhou YL, Xiu M, Zhang P. Low-dose pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor as hematopoietic support for adjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese patients with breast cancer: An open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:2621-2629. [PMID: 38925586 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The recommended dosage of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) for Western chemotherapy patients is 6 mg per cycle. However, for Eastern Asians, the optimal dose remains unknown. METHODS This open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial (NCT05283616) enrolled Chinese female breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Participants were randomized to receive either 3 or 6 mg of PEG-rhG-CSF per cycle, stratified by body weight (BW; ≤60 kg vs. >60 kg). The primary endpoint was timely absolute neutrophil count (ANC) recovery before the second cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS A total of 122 patients were randomized and 116 were included for efficacy analyses. The timely ANC recovery rate in the 3 mg arm was 89.8%, compared to 93.0% in the 6 mg arm (one-sided 95% confidence interval [CI] lower limit for difference: -11.7%), meeting the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 15%. The rate was 93.3% with PEG-rhG-CSF 3 mg and 96.6% with 6 mg in patients with BW ≤ 60 kg, and 86.2% and 89.3%, respectively, in those with BW > 60 kg. Although the incidence of severe neutropenia was similar across arms, the occurrence of excessively high ANC and white blood cell counts was higher in the 6 mg arm. No grade ≥3 adverse events related to PEG-rhG-CSF occurred. CONCLUSION Three milligrams of PEG-rhG-CSF per cycle provided non-inferior neutrophil protection and attenuated neutrophil overshoot compared to 6 mg doses. This low-dose regimen could be a new supportive care option for Chinese breast cancer patients receiving anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Gong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Lei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Vieira GDS, Kimura TDC, Scarini JF, de Lima-Souza RA, Lavareze L, Emerick C, Gonçalves MT, Damas II, Figueiredo-Maciel T, Sales de Sá R, Aquino IG, Gonçalves de Paiva JP, Fernandes PM, Gonçalves MWA, Kowalski LP, Altemani A, Fillmore GC, Mariano FV, Egal ESA. Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors in head and neck cancers: Recent advances and therapeutic challenges. Cytokine 2024; 173:156417. [PMID: 37944421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are key cytokines responsible for the production, maturation, and mobilization of the granulocytic and macrophage lineages from the bone marrow, which have been gaining attention for playing pro- and/or anti-tumorigenic roles in cancer. Head and neck cancers (HNCs) represent a group of heterogeneous neoplasms with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment for HNCs is still limited even with the advancements in cancer immunotherapy. Novel treatments for patients with recurrent and metastatic HNCs are urgently needed. This article provides an in-depth review of the role of hematopoietic cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3; also known as multi-CSF) in the HNCs tumor microenvironment. We have reviewed current results from clinical trials using CSFs as adjuvant therapy to treat HNCs patients, and also clinical findings reported to date on the therapeutic application of CSFs toxicities arising from chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Souza Vieira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita de Carvalho Kimura
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lavareze
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Emerick
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Trevizol Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Iara Damas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayná Figueiredo-Maciel
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raisa Sales de Sá
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Gonçalves Aquino
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Gonçalves de Paiva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moisés Willian Aparecido Gonçalves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary Chris Fillmore
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Liu C, Hao Y, Wang L, Meng F, Wen F, Zhong D. Safety and efficacy of administering reduced doses of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factors in patients treated with cisplatin and etoposide for small cell carcinoma: A retrospective study. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1154-1161. [PMID: 33590721 PMCID: PMC8046050 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to discuss the safety and efficacy of administering reduced doses (3 mg) of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) at approximately 24 h or up to three days following treatment with etoposide and cisplatin (EP). METHODS A total of 104 cycles from 31 patients were divided into a PEG-rhG-CSF prophylaxis group (PP-Group) and a control group (No-PP-Group). The PP-Group received a reduced dose of 3 mg of PEG-rhG-CSF within a minimum of 15 h and a maximum of 72 h following EP chemotherapy, while the rest did not receive any G-CSF prophylaxis (No-PP-Group). For both groups, complete blood counts, incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN), grade III or IV neutropenia, and the use of antibiotics to treat neutropenia were recorded. RESULTS There was statistically no significant difference in the incidence of FN (0% vs. 1.4%, p = 1), antibiotic use due to neutropenia (0% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.881), estimated lowest mean marginal (EM) platelet (106.56 × 109 /L vs. 127.70 × 109 /L, p = 0.056) and hemoglobin (110.48 g/L vs. 110.14 g/L, p = 0.906) levels between the two groups. However, when compared with the No-PP-group, the white blood cell count in the PP-group was significantly higher (EM means: 4.95 × 109 /L vs. 2.80 × 109 /L, p < 0.01), while the incidence of grade III or IV neutropenia was significantly lower (9.1% vs. 68.1%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The administration of a low dose (3 mg) of PEG-rhG-CSF within approximately 24 h or up to three days following EP treatment is safe and effective at reducing the risk of neutropenia. These findings bring a more flexible administration interval between PEG-rhG-CSF and EP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanlu Meng
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuyu Wen
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Cazzaniga ME, Biganzoli L, Cortesi L, De Placido S, Donadio M, Fabi A, Ferro A, Generali D, Lorusso V, Milani A, Montagna E, Munzone E, Orlando L, Pizzuti L, Simoncini E, Zamagni C, Pappagallo GL. Treating advanced breast cancer with metronomic chemotherapy: what is known, what is new and what is the future? Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2989-2997. [PMID: 31114242 PMCID: PMC6485034 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s189163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (mBC) remains poor, with a median survival of 2–4 years. About 10% of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients present with metastatic disease, and 30%–50% of those diagnosed at earlier stages will subsequently progress to mBC. In terms of ongoing management for advanced/metastatic breast cancer after failure of hormonal therapy, there is a high medical need for new treatment options that prolong the interval to the start of intensive cytotoxic therapy, which is often associated with potentially serious side effects and reduced quality of life. Oral chemotherapeutic agents such as capecitabine and vinorelbine have demonstrated efficacy in patients with mBC, with prolonged disease control and good tolerability. Use of oral chemotherapy reduces the time and cost associated with treatment and is often more acceptable to patients than intravenous drug delivery. Metronomic administration of oral chemotherapy is therefore a promising treatment strategy for some patients with mBC and inhibits tumor progression via multiple mechanisms of action. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating metronomic chemotherapy regimens as a strategy to prolong disease control with favorable tolerability. This article provides an overview of metronomic chemotherapy treatment options in mBC, with perspectives on this therapy from a panel of experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Biganzoli
- Medical Oncology Division, Hospital of Prato, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Haematology and Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Donadio
- Medical Oncology Breast Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fabi
- Oncology Unit 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria e Ricerca Traslazionale, ASST di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Vito Lorusso
- Operative Unit of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Milani
- Division of Investigative Clinical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Emilia Montagna
- Division of Medical Senology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Munzone
- Division of Medical Senology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Orlando
- Medical Oncology & Breast Unit, "Antonio Perrino" Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Oncology Unit 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Edda Simoncini
- Breast Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamagni
- SSD Medical Oncology Addarii, Policlinico Sant'Orsola Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Fagnani D, Isa L, Verga MF, Nova P, Casartelli C, Filipazzi V, Danova M, Farina G, Pugliese P, Fava S, Bertolini A, Cimminiello C, Boracchi P, Marano G, Panzarino C. Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factors Used in Clinical Practice: PoloNord Registry-Based Cohort Italian Study. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1660.18158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fagnani
- Oncology Department and Medical Department of Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate (MB), Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Isa
- Oncology Unit of Ospedale di Gorgonzola, Gorgonzola (MI), Milan, Italy
| | - Magda Franca Verga
- Oncology Department and Medical Department of Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate (MB), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Nova
- Oncology Department and Medical Department of Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate (MB), Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Danova
- Oncology Unit of IRCCS Policlinico S Matteo, Pavia, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Farina
- Oncology Unit of Ospedale Fatebenefratelli & Oftalmico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Fava
- Oncology Unit of Ospedale Civile di Legnano, Legnano (MI), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Cimminiello
- Oncology Department and Medical Department of Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate (MB), Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Unit of Medical Statistics & Biometry, Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Unit of Medical Statistics & Biometry, Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Panzarino
- Oncology Department and Medical Department of Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate (MB), Milan, Italy
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Do T, Medhekar R, Bhat R, Chen H, Niravath P, Trivedi MV. The risk of febrile neutropenia and need for G-CSF primary prophylaxis with the docetaxel and cyclophosphamide regimen in early-stage breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153:591-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Xu M, He RR, Zhai YJ, Abe K, Kurihara H. Effects of Carnosine on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hematopoietic Suppression in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:131-42. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents in treating cancers. Chemotherapy drug-induced oxidative stress produces side effects. The severity of myelosuppression increases with a high dose of cyclophosphamide. Chicken soup or chicken essence, a traditional Chinese aliment, is a popular health supplement for patients with cancers or other diseases in Asia. As a major functional component of chicken meat extract, carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine, has been shown to have strong antioxidant activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of carnosine on hematopoietic suppression in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. As expected, we found that cyclophosphamide administration (with a single dose of 150 mg/kg) induced a rapid (within 24 hours) and severe hematopoietic suppression in mice. We further showed that carnosine administration (100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day for continuous seven days) could substantially improve suppressed hematopoietic functions and accelerate the recovery of leukocyte counts, bone marrow spontaneous proliferation, colony stimulating activity (CSA) in serum, and production of endogenous cytokines such as interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF). These results indicate that carnosine has the potential to promote the recovery from hematopoietic suppression induced by cyclophosphamide. Our data suggest that carnosine holds a potential in clinical application to minimize the side effects induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide and thus will substantially improve the overall anti-tumor effects of the standard chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Keiichi Abe
- BRAND'S Foundation Health Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Qiu Y, Jiang L, Wang C, Wang Y, Li T, Xing B, Zhou M, Kong T, Dong W. Scorpion venom peptide SPVII promotes irradiated cells proliferation and increases the expression of the IL-3 receptor. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:28. [PMID: 23835458 PMCID: PMC3708784 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The previous investigation demonstrated the radioprotective efficacy of peptides isolated from the venom of Buthus Martti Karsch. In this study, the effect of isolated scorpion venom peptide II (SVPII) on irradiated M-NFS-60 cells and mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) was observed. The AlamarBlue cell viability assay, a colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, flow cytometry (FCM), immunofluorescence, and Western blotting were used to evaluate cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and the expression of the IL-3 receptor (IL-3R) protein in non-irradiated and irradiated cells. Results Proliferation of irradiated M-NFS-60 cells was significantly accelerated by SPVII, and this effect was further enhanced by co-application of IL-3. Similarly, SPVII increased the number of BM-MNC CFUs and this proliferative effect was greater in the presence of SVPII plus IL-3. In addition, SPVII significantly altered cell cycle progression; SVPII enhanced the fraction of unirradiated M-NFS-60 cells in S phase and the fraction of irradiated M-NFS-60 cells arrested in G2/M. The expression of IL-3R protein by unirradiated M-NFS-60 cells was enhanced significantly by SVPII, and SVPII-induced IL-3R overexpression was 10-fold greater in irradiated M-NFS-60 cells. Conclusions These results indicated the hematopoietic growth factor (HGF)-like effects of SVPII on irradiated cells, possibly mediated by upregulation of IL-3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Qiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China.
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Lee AS, Kim D, Wagle SR, Lee JE, Jung YJ, Kang KP, Lee S, Park SK, Kim W. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces in vitro lymphangiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:565-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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