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Rothe J, Becker JM, Charchinezhadamouei M, Mähr S, Lembeck F, Dannemann N, Nagy M. Expanding the scope of methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (MSRE) PCR for forensic identification of body fluids through the novel use of methylation-dependent restriction enzymes (MDRE) and the combination of autosomal and Y-chromosomal markers. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:375-393. [PMID: 37875742 PMCID: PMC10861701 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Methylation-sensitive/-dependent restriction enzyme (MSRE/MDRE) PCR can be performed to detect hypomethylated or hypermethylated CpG sites. With the combined use of different tissue-specific CpG markers, MSRE/MDRE-PCR leads to tissue-specific methylation patterns (TSMPs), enabling the correlation of DNA samples to their source tissue. MSRE/MDRE assays can use the same platform as forensic STR typing and offer many advantages in the field of forensic body fluid detection. In the present study, we aimed to establish MSRE assays for the detection of blood, saliva, vaginal secretion, and semen, using markers from literature and from our own database search. We designed two different MSRE test-sets, which include two novel Y-chromosomal non-semen markers, and enable differentiation between female and male non-semen samples. Furthermore, we established an MSRE/MDRE semen approach, which includes only Y-chromosomal non-semen and semen markers. This Y-semen multiplex PCR utilizes the novel combination of the methylation-sensitive enzyme SmaI and the methylation-dependent enzyme GlaI, which enables more sensitive detection of male body fluids within male/female DNA mixtures. Our validation tests confirmed that MSRE/MDRE assays exhibit high sensitivity, similar to that of STR typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rothe
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessica Maria Becker
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maral Charchinezhadamouei
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Mähr
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felizitas Lembeck
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Dannemann
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Nagy
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Over the last years, epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications detected in early tumorigenesis and cancer progression, have been proposed as biomarkers for cancer detection, tumor prognosis, and prediction to treatment response. Importantly for the clinical use of DNA methylation biomarkers, specific methylation signatures can be detected in many body fluids including serum/plasma samples. Several of these potential epigenetic biomarkers detected in women's cancers, colorectal cancers, prostate, pancreatic, gastric, and lung cancers are discussed. Studies conducted in breast cancer, for example, found that aberrant methylation detection of several genes in serum DNA and genome-wide epigenetic change could be used for early breast cancer diagnosis and prediction of breast cancer risk. In colorectal cancers, numerous studies have been conducted to identify specific methylation markers important for CRC detection and in fact clinical assays evaluating the methylation status of SEPT19 gene and vimentin, became commercially available. Furthermore, some epigenetic changes detected in gastric washes have been suggested as potential circulating noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of gastric cancers. For the early detection of prostate cancer, few epigenetic markers have shown a better sensitivity and specificity than serum PSA, indicating that the inclusion of these markers together with current screening tools, could improve early diagnosis and may reduce unnecessary repeat biopsies. Similarly, in pancreatic cancers, abnormal DNA methylation of several genes including NPTX2, have been suggested as a diagnostic biomarker. Epigenetic dysregulation was also observed in several tumor suppressor genes and miRNAs in lung cancer patients, suggesting the important role of these changes in cancer initiation and progression. In conclusion, epigenetic changes detected in biological fluids could play an essential role in the early detection of several cancer types and this may have a great impact for the cancer precision medicine field.
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Zhang X, Shi S, Zhang B, Ni Q, Yu X, Xu J. Circulating biomarkers for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: facts and hopes. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:332-353. [PMID: 29636993 PMCID: PMC5883088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by extremely high mortality and poor prognosis, which are largely ascribed to difficulties in early diagnosis and limited therapeutics. Although there is a sufficient window for intervention before preneoplastic lesions progress to invasive disease, effective early detection of PC remains difficult using current biomarkers and imaging techniques. Biomarkers with satisfactory diagnostic efficacy and convenient analysis methods are urgently required. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the identification of biomarkers in circulation for early detection of PC. A number of novel circulating biomarkers, such as metabolites, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), noncoding RNA, and exosomes, that show promising diagnostic value have been discovered using advances in sequencing techniques and "omics" analyses. Panels comprising several biomarkers may also exhibit better diagnostic performance. In the future, we need more efficient circulating biomarkers for the identification of noninvasive precursor lesions and early disease. Collaborative large-scale studies are also required to show the clinical validity and applicability of potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai, China
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Li Y, Melnikov AA, Levenson V, Guerra E, Simeone P, Alberti S, Deng Y. A seven-gene CpG-island methylation panel predicts breast cancer progression. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:417. [PMID: 25986046 PMCID: PMC4438505 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation regulates gene expression, through the inhibition/activation of gene transcription of methylated/unmethylated genes. Hence, DNA methylation profiling can capture pivotal features of gene expression in cancer tissues from patients at the time of diagnosis. In this work, we analyzed a breast cancer case series, to identify DNA methylation determinants of metastatic versus non-metastatic tumors. Methods CpG-island methylation was evaluated on a 56-gene cancer-specific biomarker microarray in metastatic versus non-metastatic breast cancers in a multi-institutional case series of 123 breast cancer patients. Global statistical modeling and unsupervised hierarchical clustering were applied to identify a multi-gene binary classifier with high sensitivity and specificity. Network analysis was utilized to quantify the connectivity of the identified genes. Results Seven genes (BRCA1, DAPK1, MSH2, CDKN2A, PGR, PRKCDBP, RANKL) were found informative for prognosis of metastatic diffusion and were used to calculate classifier accuracy versus the entire data-set. Individual-gene performances showed sensitivities of 63–79 %, 53–84 % specificities, positive predictive values of 59–83 % and negative predictive values of 63–80 %. When modelled together, these seven genes reached a sensitivity of 93 %, 100 % specificity, a positive predictive value of 100 % and a negative predictive value of 93 %, with high statistical power. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering independently confirmed these findings, in close agreement with the accuracy measurements. Network analyses indicated tight interrelationship between the identified genes, suggesting this to be a functionally-coordinated module, linked to breast cancer progression. Conclusions Our findings identify CpG-island methylation profiles with deep impact on clinical outcome, paving the way for use as novel prognostic assays in clinical settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1412-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Rush University Medical Center, 653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | | | - Victor Levenson
- US Biomarkers, Inc, 29 Buckingham Ln., Buffalo Grove, IL, 60089, USA. .,Currently at Center for Translational Research, Catholic Health Initiatives, Englewood, USA.
| | - Emanuela Guerra
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI, 'G. d'Annunzio' University Foundation, Via L. Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI, 'G. d'Annunzio' University Foundation, Via L. Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI, 'G. d'Annunzio' University Foundation, Via L. Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy. .,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Unit of Physiology and Physiopathology, 'G. d'Annunzio' University, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Youping Deng
- Rush University Medical Center, 653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Kristiansen S, Nielsen D, Sölétormos G. Methylated DNA for monitoring tumor growth and regression: how do we get there? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:149-59. [PMID: 24611610 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.893279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of protein cancer biomarkers is currently recommended in international guidelines for monitoring the growth and regression of solid tumors. However, a number of these markers are also present in low concentrations in blood obtained from healthy individuals and from patients with benign diseases. In contrast, evidence has accumulated that suggests that modified methylated DNA is strongly related to the cancer phenotype. The modifications found in modified methylated DNA include a global loss of methylation in the genomes of the tumor cells as well as focal hypermethylation of gene promoters. Because tumor cells naturally secrete DNA and upon cell death leak DNA, modified methylated DNA can be detected in blood, urine, sputum and other body fluids. At present international guidelines do not include recommendations for monitoring modified methylated DNA. The low level of evidence can partly be explained by incomplete collection of serial blood samples, by analytical challenges, and by lack of knowledge of how monitoring studies should be designed and how serial marker data obtained from individual patients should be interpreted. Here, we review the clinical validity and utility of methylated DNA for monitoring the activity of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Kristiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North Zealand Hospital - Hillerød, University of Copenhagen , Hillerød , Denmark and
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Sandoval J, Peiró-Chova L, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Epigenetic biomarkers in laboratory diagnostics: emerging approaches and opportunities. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:457-71. [PMID: 23782253 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics has emerged as a new and promising field in recent years. Lifestyle, stress, drugs, physiopathological situations and pharmacological interventions have a great impact on the epigenetic code of the cells by altering the methylome, miRNA expression and the covalent histone modifications. Since there exists a need to find new biomarkers and improve diagnosis for several diseases, the research on epigenetic biomarkers for molecular diagnostics encourages the translation of this field from the bench to clinical practice. In this context, deciphering intricate epigenetic modifications involved in several molecular processes is a challenge that will be solved in the near future. In this review, the authors present an overview of the high-throughput technologies and laboratory techniques available for epigenetic studies, and also discuss which of them are more reliable to be used in a clinical diagnostic laboratory. In addition, the authors describe the most promising epigenetic biomarkers in lung, colorectal and prostate cancer, in which most advances have been achieved. Finally, the authors describe epigenetic biomarkers in some rare diseases; these rare syndromes are paradigms for a specific impaired molecular pathway, thus providing valuable information on the discovery of new epigenetic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sandoval
- Epigenetics and Cancer Biology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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Levenson VV, Melnikov AA. Molecular biomarkers in 2013. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:773-6. [PMID: 24151845 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.850419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Levenson
- US Biomarkers, Inc., 2201 W. Campbell Park Drive, Ste. 118, Chicago, IL 60612, USA +1 312 626 2886
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Kaur S, Baine MJ, Jain M, Sasson AR, Batra SK. Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: challenges and new developments. Biomark Med 2012; 6:597-612. [PMID: 23075238 PMCID: PMC3546485 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with its incidence almost equivalent to mortality. The complex pathophysiology, absence of early diagnostic and prognostic markers and unresponsiveness to radiation and chemotherapies are major barriers against successful therapy. Poor performance of therapeutic agents, even in the initial stage of invasive cases, emphasizes the importance of early detection for improved survival. The present review discusses the challenges and advances in biomarkers including serological signatures, circulating tumor cells, autoantibodies, epigenetic markers and miRNAs that are being explored to detect this cancer at early stages. Considering the long time gap between the development of malignant lesions and full-blown primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer, unique opportunities are being contemplated for the development of potential diagnostic and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Baine
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aaron R Sasson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Essaghir A, Demoulin JB. A minimal connected network of transcription factors regulated in human tumors and its application to the quest for universal cancer biomarkers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39666. [PMID: 22761861 PMCID: PMC3382591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal cancer biomarker candidate for diagnosis is supposed to distinguish, within a broad range of tumors, between healthy and diseased patients. Recently published studies have explored the universal usefulness of some biomarkers in human tumors. In this study, we present an integrative approach to search for potential common cancer biomarkers. Using the TFactS web-tool with a catalogue of experimentally established gene regulations, we could predict transcription factors (TFs) regulated in 305 different human cancer cell lines covering a large panel of tumor types. We also identified chromosomal regions having significant copy number variation (CNV) in these cell lines. Within the scope of TFactS catalogue, 88 TFs whose activity status were explained by their gene expressions and CNVs were identified. Their minimal connected network (MCN) of protein-protein interactions forms a significant module within the human curated TF proteome. Functional analysis of the proteins included in this MCN revealed enrichment in cancer pathways as well as inflammation. The ten most central proteins in MCN are TFs that trans-regulate 157 known genes encoding secreted and transmembrane proteins. In publicly available collections of gene expression data from 8,525 patient tissues, 86 genes were differentially regulated in cancer compared to inflammatory diseases and controls. From TCGA cancer gene expression data sets, 50 genes were significantly associated to patient survival in at least one tumor type. Enrichment analysis shows that these genes mechanistically interact in common cancer pathways. Among these cancer biomarker candidates, TFRC, MET and VEGFA are commonly amplified genes in tumors and their encoded proteins stained positive in more than 80% of malignancies from public databases. They are linked to angiogenesis and hypoxia, which are common in cancer. They could be interesting for further investigations in cancer diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Essaghir
- de Duve institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of cell-free serum DNA in esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett esophagus. Neoplasia 2012; 14:29-33. [PMID: 22355271 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation (DNAm) is a feature of most types of cancers. Genome-wide DNAm profiling has been performed successfully on tumor tissue DNA samples. However, the invasive procedure limits the utility of tumor tissue for epidemiological studies. While recent data indicate that cell-free circulating DNAm (cfDNAm) profiles reflect DNAm status in corresponding tumor tissues, no studies have examined the association of cfDNAm with cancer or precursors on a genome-wide scale. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the putative significance of genome-wide cfDNAm profiles in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) and Barrett esophagus (BE, EA precursor). We performed genome-wide DNAm profiling in EA tissue DNA (n = 8) and matched serum DNA (n = 8), in serum DNA of BE (n = 10), and in healthy controls (n = 10) using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip that covers 27,578 CpG loci in 14,495 genes. We found that cfDNAm profiles were highly correlated to DNAm profiles in matched tumor tissue DNA (r = 0.92) in patients with EA. We selected the most differentially methylated loci to perform hierarchical clustering analysis. We found that 911 loci can discriminate perfectly between EA and control samples, 554 loci can separate EA from BE samples, and 46 loci can distinguish BE from control samples. These results suggest that genome-wide cfDNAm profiles are highly consistent with DNAm profiles detected in corresponding tumor tissues. Differential cfDNAm profiling may be a useful approach for the noninvasive screening of EA and EA premalignant lesions.
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Levenson VV, Melnikov AA. DNA methylation as clinically useful biomarkers-light at the end of the tunnel. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:94-113. [PMID: 24288045 PMCID: PMC3763627 DOI: 10.3390/ph5010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent expansion of our knowledge about epigenetic changes strongly suggests that epigenetic rather than genetic features better reflect disease development, and consequently, can become more conclusive biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of different diseases. In this paper we will concentrate on the current advances in DNA methylation studies that demonstrate a direct link between abnormal DNA methylation and a disease. This link can be used to develop diagnostic biomarkers that will precisely identify a particular disease. It also appears that disease-specific DNA methylation patterns undergo unique changes in response to treatment with a particular drug, thus raising the possibility of DNA methylation-based biomarkers for the monitoring of treatment efficacy, for prediction of response to treatment, and for the prognosis of outcome. While biomarkers for oncology are the most obvious applications, other fields of medicine are likely to benefit as well. This potential is demonstrated by DNA methylation-based biomarkers for neurological and psychiatric diseases. A special requirement for a biomarker is the possibility of longitudinal testing. In this regard cell-free circulating DNA from blood is especially interesting because it carries methylation markers specific for a particular disease. Although only a few DNA methylation-based biomarkers have attained clinical relevance, the ongoing efforts to decipher disease-specific methylation patterns are likely to produce additional biomarkers for detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of different diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Levenson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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