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Díaz de León-Martínez L, Grimaldo-Galeana JM, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Díaz-Barriga F, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of cytokines in exhaled breath condensate in an occupationally exposed population to pneumotoxic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:59872-59884. [PMID: 35397024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The quarrying is considered a precarious occupation with high toxicity, is an informal economic activity that employs low technology, limited protection, and poses a risk to workers and their families. In quarrying, silica dust is generated and there is also occupational exposure to significant mixtures of pneumotoxic pollutants, including mineral dust (crystalline silica, carbon or cement, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), solvents, and others, which are aggravated by the lack of use of protective equipment, causing irreversible damage to the worker's respiratory health. Thus, the objective of this work focused on the evaluation of the respiratory health of artisan stonemasons in San Luis Potosí, Mexico through the study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) (pH, pro-inflammatory cytokines) as well as the study of the exposure to pollutants present in the work area (PAHs, toluene, and 2.5 µm particulate matter) through biomarkers of exposure (hippuric acid and hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs). The results show the presence of crystalline SiO2 in 100% of the samples analyzed; the PM2.5 concentrations were 5 to 10 times the permitted levels. Regarding exposure to PAHs, all the stonemasons presented urine concentrations of at least 5 of the OH-PAHs evaluated; 9-OH-FLU occurred at higher concentrations of 171.2 (122.7-279.4) µg L-1; hippuric acid, which was present in 100% of the workers evaluated in concentrations of 283.4 (27.72-1119) mg L-1, 100% of which were above the values established for occupational scenarios. The pH values obtained for the EBC samples were presented at an average of 7.07 (6.33-7.66). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were present in 86.1% of the study population. The cytokine that was found in higher concentrations was IL-2, with a mean of 178.01 pg mL-1 and 3124.01 pg mL-1 for the pH < 7 and pH > 7 groups, respectively. Some correlations between the cytokines and the exposure biomarkers were presented. Stonemasons are highly exposed to pneumotoxic pollutants and markers of inflammation at the pulmonary level; in addition, a high risk of developing silicosis. Quarrying should be addressed as a carcinogenic activity, which would imply the design of monitoring and control strategies for these pollutants that our country currently lacks, particularly in precarious occupations. It is necessary to develop strategies to protect the health of precarious workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - José Moisés Grimaldo-Galeana
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- Unidad de Innovación en Diagnóstico Celular Y Molecular, Coordinación Para La Innovación Y La Aplicación de La Ciencia Y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a Sección, 78120, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosi, CP, Mexico.
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Files DC, Tacke F, O’Sullivan A, Dorr P, Ferguson WG, Powderly WG. Rationale of using the dual chemokine receptor CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc for the treatment of COVID-19. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010547. [PMID: 35749425 PMCID: PMC9231801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created a global pandemic infecting over 230 million people and costing millions of lives. Therapies to attenuate severe disease are desperately needed. Cenicriviroc (CVC), a C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antagonist, an agent previously studied in advanced clinical trials for patients with HIV or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), may have the potential to reduce respiratory and cardiovascular organ failures related to COVID-19. Inhibiting the CCR2 and CCR5 pathways could attenuate or prevent inflammation or fibrosis in both early and late stages of the disease and improve outcomes of COVID-19. Clinical trials using CVC either in addition to standard of care (SoC; e.g., dexamethasone) or in combination with other investigational agents in patients with COVID-19 are currently ongoing. These trials intend to leverage the anti-inflammatory actions of CVC for ameliorating the clinical course of COVID-19 and prevent complications. This article reviews the literature surrounding the CCR2 and CCR5 pathways, their proposed role in COVID-19, and the potential role of CVC to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clark Files
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunology Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank Tacke
- Medical Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Dorr
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - William G. Powderly
- John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Tanshinone IIA prevents acute lung injury by regulating macrophage polarization. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:274-280. [PMID: 35181255 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogen or physical invasion. The strong induced inflammation often causes death. Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) is the major constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and has been shown to display anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Tan-IIA on ALI. METHODS A murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI was used. The lungs and serum samples of mice were extracted at 3 days after treatment. ALI-induced inflammatory damages were confirmed from cytokine detections and histomorphology observations. Effects of Tan-IIA were investigated using in vivo and in vitro ALI models. Tan-IIA mechanisms were investigated by performing Western blot and flow cytometry experiments. A wound-healing assay was performed to confirm the Tan-IIA function. RESULTS The cytokine storm induced by LPS treatment was detected at 3 days after LPS treatment, and alveolar epithelial damage and lymphocyte aggregation were observed. Tan-IIA treatment attenuated the LPS-induced inflammation and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines released not only by inhibiting neutrophils, but also by macrophage. Moreover, we found that macrophage activation and polarization after LPS treatment were abrogated after applying the Tan-IIA treatment. An in vitro assay also confirmed that including the Tan-IIA supplement increased the relative amount of the M2 subtype and decreased that of M1. Rebalanced macrophages and Tan-IIA inhibited activations of the nuclear factor-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways. Including Tan-IIA and macrophages also improved alveolar epithelial repair by regulating macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION This study found that while an LPS-induced cytokine storm exacerbated ALI, including Tan-IIA could prevent ALI-induced inflammation and improve the alveolar epithelial repair, and do so by regulating macrophage polarization.
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Zhu L, Liu L, Zhang Y, Pu L, Liu J, Li X, Chen Z, Hao Y, Wang B, Han J, Li G, Liang S, Xiong H, Zheng H, Li A, Xu J, Zeng H. High Level of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Correlates With Poor Prognosis of Severe Influenza A Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:428-437. [PMID: 29325098 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most patients with severe infection with influenza A virus (IAV) progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and even multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can be induced by pathogens and are responsible for immune tissue damage. We conducted a prospective study on the production and effects of NETs in H7N9 and H1N1 patients. Methods We investigated NET production in plasma and supernatant of cultured neutrophils by measuring cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complexes with PicoGreen dye and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, respectively. We also observed NET structure by immunofluorescence staining. Results We found that patients with severe influenza showed elevated plasma NET level on the day of admission. Neutrophils from these patients showed higher capacity to release MPO-DNA complex in response to interleukin-8 or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. We also found that NETs from H7N9 and H1N1 patients increased the permeability of alveolar epithelial cells, and, consequently, NET production was positively correlated with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score and MODS. Conclusions These data indicate that high level of NETs contributes to lung injury and is correlated with severity of disease. Thus, NETs might be a key factor to predict the poor prognosis in IAV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuluan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Lin Pu
- Intensive Care Unit, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- The National Clinical Key Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- The National Clinical Key Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yu Hao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Junyan Han
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Shuntao Liang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Intensive Care Unit, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ang Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
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Jin J, Xu W, Wan B, Wang X, Zhou Z, Miao Y, Lv T, Song Y. Topotecan Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Acute Lung Injury Via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Surg Res 2019; 235:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Desflurane Attenuates Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury in Rats with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7507314. [PMID: 29670906 PMCID: PMC5833253 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7507314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ventilator-induced lung injury aggravates the existing lung injury. This study investigated the effect of desflurane on VILI in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Forty-eight rats were randomized into a sham (S) group, control (C) group, lipopolysaccharide/ventilation (LV) group, lipopolysaccharide/ventilation/desflurane (LVD) group, or lipopolysaccharide/low ventilation with and without desflurane (LLV and LLVD) groups. Rats in the S group received anesthesia only. Rats in the LV and LVD groups received lipopolysaccharide and were ventilated with a high tidal volume. Rats in LLV and LLVD groups were treated as the LV and LVD groups and ventilated with a low tidal volume. PaO2/FiO2, lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, concentrations of inflammatory factors in serum and BALF, histopathologic analysis of lung tissue, and levels of nuclear factor- (NF-) κB protein in lung tissue were investigated. PaO2/FiO2 was significantly increased by desflurane. Total cell count, macrophages, and neutrophils in BALF and proinflammatory factors in BALF and serum were significantly decreased by desflurane, while IL-10 was increased. The histopathological changes and levels of NF-κB protein in lung tissue were decreased by desflurane. The results indicated that desflurane ameliorated VILI in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Bi J, Cui R, Li Z, Liu C, Zhang J. Astaxanthin alleviated acute lung injury by inhibiting oxidative/nitrative stress and the inflammatory response in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:974-982. [PMID: 28915539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of astaxanthin (ASX) treatment on the acute lung injury (ALI) induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Mice were randomly allocated into the following groups: (1) the saline control group, in which mice were given saline before sham operation; (2) the ASX control group, in which mice received ASX before sham operation; (3) the ALI group, in which mice were given saline before CLP operation; and (4) the ALI+ASX group, in which mice received ASX before CLP operation. ASX was dissolved in olive oil and administrated by oral gavage for 14days consecutively before the CLP or sham operation. In experiment 1, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted for 72h after CLP. In experiment 2, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected at 24h after the CLP or sham operation to determine the severity of lung injury. The results showed that ASX treatment could significantly decrease the CLP-induced mortality rate in mice. Meanwhile, ASX treatment significantly attenuated CLP-induced lung histopathological injury, inflammatory infiltration, total protein and albumin concentration, and total cell and neutrophil counts in the BALF. Furthermore, ASX treatment alleviated oxidative/nitrative stress, inflammation levels and pulmonary apoptosis in lung tissues. In addition, ASX treatment markedly down-regulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), nitrotyrosine (NT) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-Κb) P65 in the lung tissues compared with that in the ALI group. Astaxanthin treatment had markedly protective effect against ALI in mice, and the potential mechanism is associated with its ability to inhibit the inflammatory response, oxidative/nitrative stress, and pulmonary apoptosis, as well as down-regulate NF-κB P65 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Gao W, Ju YN. Budesonide Attenuates Ventilator-induced Lung Injury in a Rat Model of Inflammatory Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:275-84. [PMID: 27664487 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are particularly susceptible to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). This study investigated the effect of budesonide on VILI in a rat model of inflammatory ARDS. METHODS Forty eight rats were randomized into three groups (n = 16 each): sham group (S), endotoxin/ventilation group (LV), endotoxin/ventilation/budesonide group (LVB). Rats in the S group received anesthesia only. Rats in the LV and LVB groups received endotoxin to simulate ARDS and were mechanically ventilated for 4 h (tidal volume 30 mL/kg). Rats in the LVB group received budesonide 1 mg, and rats in the LV group received saline in airway. PaO2/FiO2, lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, inflammatory factors in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), histopathologic analysis of lung tissue, and survival were examined. RESULTS PaO2/FiO2 was significantly increased in rats in the LVB group compared to the LV group. Total cell count, macrophages, and neutrophils in BALF, and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-8 in BALF and serum were significantly decreased in rats in the LVB group compared to the LV group, whereas levels of IL-10 in BALF and serum were significantly increased. Histopathological changes of lung injury and apoptosis were reduced, and survival was increased in rats in the LVB group compared to the LV group. CONCLUSIONS Budesonide ameliorated VILI in a rat model of inflammatory ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ying-Nan Ju
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Lung-Protective Ventilation Strategies for Relief from Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Bicenter Randomized, Parallel, and Controlled Trial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6501248. [PMID: 28757912 PMCID: PMC5516714 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6501248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that conventional mechanical ventilation often leads to lung inflammatory response and oxidative stress, while lung-protective ventilation (LPV) minimizes the risk of ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI). This study evaluated the effects of LPV on relief of pulmonary injury, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress among patients undergoing craniotomy. Sixty patients undergoing craniotomy received either conventional mechanical (12 mL/kg tidal volume [VT] and 0 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP]; CV group) or protective lung (6 mL/kg VT and 10 cm H2O PEEP; PV group) ventilation. Hemodynamic variables, lung function indexes, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were assessed. The PV group exhibited greater dynamic lung compliance and lower respiratory index than the CV group during surgery (P < 0.05). The PV group exhibited higher plasma interleukin- (IL-) 10 levels and lower plasma malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and superoxide dismutase levels (P < 0.05) than the CV group. There were no significant differences in hemodynamic variables, blood loss, liquid input, urine output, or duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups (P > 0.05). Patients receiving LPV during craniotomy exhibited low perioperative inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and VALI.
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Zhao Z, Wang S, Lin Y, Miao Y, Zeng Y, Nie Y, Guo P, Jiang G, Wu J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: Role of the IL-8/IL-8R axis. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4577-4584. [PMID: 28599458 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that is associated with cancer metastasis and invasion. In cancer, EMT promotes cell motility, invasion and distant metastasis. Interleukin (IL)-8 is highly expressed in tumors and may induce EMT. The IL-8/IL-8R axis has a vital role in EMT in carcinoma, which is regulated by several signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor β-spleen associated tyrosine kinase/Src-AKT/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38/Jun N-terminal kinase-activating transcription factor-2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT, nuclear factor-κB and Wnt signaling pathways. Blocking the IL-8/IL-8R signaling pathway may be a novel strategy to reduce metastasis and improve patient survival rates. This review will cover IL-8-IL-8R signaling pathway in tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhao
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Wang
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Cancer Centre Karolinska, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yali Miao
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zeng
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Nie
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guangyao Jiang
- Outpatient Building, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Francis M, Groves AM, Sun R, Cervelli JA, Choi H, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Editor's Highlight: CCR2 Regulates Inflammatory Cell Accumulation in the Lung and Tissue Injury following Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:474-484. [PMID: 27837169 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone-induced lung injury is associated with an accumulation of activated macrophages in the lung. Chemokine receptor CCR2 mediates the migration of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages to sites of tissue injury. It is also required for monocyte egress from the bone marrow. In the present studies, we analyzed the role of CCR2 in inflammatory cell trafficking to the lung in response to ozone. Treatment of mice with ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) resulted in increases in proinflammatory CCR2+ macrophages in the lung at 24 h, as well as proinflammatory CD11b + Ly6CHi and iNOS+ macrophages at 24 and 48 h. Mannose receptor+ anti-inflammatory macrophages were also observed in the lung 24 and 48 h post-ozone. Loss of CCR2 was associated with reduced numbers of proinflammatory macrophages in the lung and decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNFα. Decreases in anti-inflammatory CD11b + Ly6CLo macrophages were also observed in lungs of CCR2-/- mice treated with ozone, whereas mannose receptor+ macrophage accumulation was delayed; conversely, CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 were upregulated. Changes in lung macrophage subpopulations and inflammatory gene expression in CCR2-/- mice were correlated with reduced ozone toxicity and oxidative stress, as measured by decreases in bronchoalveolar lavage protein content and reduced lung expression of heme-oxygenase-1, 4-hydroxynonenal and cytochrome b5. These data demonstrate that CCR2 plays a role in both pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage accumulation in the lung following ozone exposure. The fact that ozone-induced lung injury and oxidative stress are reduced in CCR2-/- mice suggests more prominent effects on proinflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Angela M Groves
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Richard Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854;
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Zhao J, Yu H, Liu Y, Gibson SA, Yan Z, Xu X, Gaggar A, Li PK, Li C, Wei S, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Protective effect of suppressing STAT3 activity in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L868-L880. [PMID: 27638904 PMCID: PMC5130536 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00281.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are diseases with high mortality. Macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for inflammatory responses in ALI and ARDS, which are characterized by excessive production of proinflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma. Aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is critical for persistent inflammation in many conditions such as infection and autoimmunity. Given the importance of the STAT3 transcription factor in activating macrophages and neutrophils and augmenting inflammation, we investigated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting STAT3 activity using the small-molecule STAT3 inhibitor, LLL12. Our results demonstrate that LPS induces STAT3 activation in macrophages in vitro and in CD45+CD11b+ cells from BALF in the LPS-induced ALI model in vivo. LLL12 treatment inhibits LPS-induced lung inflammation in the ALI model, which is accompanied by suppression of LPS-induced STAT3 activation and an inhibition of macrophage and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung and BALF. LLL12 treatment also suppresses expression of proinflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CCL2, and MHC class II in macrophages and inflammatory cells from BALF and serum as determined by ELISA. Furthermore, hyperactivation of STAT3 in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice accelerates the severity of inflammation in the ALI model. Both pre- and post-LPS treatment with LLL12 decrease LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice with ALI. Importantly, LLL12 treatment attenuates STAT3 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by plasma from patients with ARDS, which suggests the feasibility of targeting the STAT3 pathway therapeutically for patients with ALI and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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13
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Wang H, Zhao J, Xue G, Wang J, Wu J, Wang D, Dong L. Regulatory effect of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on pulmonary neutrophil aggregation mediated by nuclear factor-κB in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1785-1794. [PMID: 27602092 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the regulatory effect of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) on pulmonary neutrophil (PMN) accumulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mice, and the therapeutic effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), was investigated. BALB/c mice were divided into control, LPS and PDTC + LPS groups using a random number table. The phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was detected using a western blot, and the mRNA expression levels of CINC were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of NF-κB, CINC and ENA-78 was detected using immunohistochemistry. The production of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10 in serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The total number of leukocytes and proportion of PMNs in BALF was also determined. Following injection with LPS (20 mg/kg), the expression levels of p-NF-κB, CINC and ENA-78 were increased in lung tissue, and the expression levels of IL-8, IL-10 and the number of PMNs increased in serum and BALF. However, in comparison with the LPS group, the degree of lung injury was reduced in ARDS mice that were treated with PDTC. In addition, the expression level of p-NF-κB and the production of chemokines in lung tissue decreased in ARDS mice that were treated with PDTC, and the number of PMNs in BALF also decreased. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that the LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB may result in the synthesis and release of CINC and ENA-78, which induce the accumulation of PMNs in the lung. Therefore, PDTC may be used to reduce the production of chemokines and cytokines, thereby decreasing the activation of PMNs in lung tissue and reducing the damage of lung tissue in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongman Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guansheng Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 205 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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14
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Shi JX, Li JS, Hu R, Li XM, Wang H. CAF1-knockout mice are more susceptive to lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:115-21. [PMID: 27358572 PMCID: PMC4912320 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbon catabolite repressor protein 4 (CCR4)–negative on TATA (NOT) complex includes multiple subunits and is conserved in the eukaryotic cells. The CCR4–NOT complex can regulate gene expression at different levels. Two subunits of the CCR4–NOT complex, CCR4 and CCR4-associated factor 1 (CAF1), possess deadenylase activity. In yeast, the deadenylase activity is mainly provided by the CCR4 subunit; however, the deadenylase activity is provided by both CCR4 and CAF1 in other eukaryotes. A previous study reported that CAF1 but not CCR4 is required for the decay of a reporter mRNA with AU-rich elements. Our previous study showed that CAF1 is involved in the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. Both ICAM-1 and IL-8 play crucial roles in acute lung injury. In the present study, we examined the effects of CAF1 deficiency on IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression and acute lung injury in mice. Here we showed that there were no differences between the wild-type and CAF1-knockout mice on phenotypes. The lung histology and protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 and ICAM-1 in unstimulated wild-type mice were comparable to those in unstimulated CAF1-knockout mice. However, lipopolysaccharide stimulation led to more severe lung histological injury and greatly higher IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in CAF1-knockout mice compared to the wild-type mice. These results, together with our previous study, suggest that CAF1 is involved in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in vivo and affects the progression of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of the Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Clinical Medical School of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang
| | - Jia-Shu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of the Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Clinical Medical School of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of the Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Clinical Medical School of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang
| | - Xiao-Min Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of the Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Clinical Medical School of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ariga SK, Abatepaulo FB, Melo ESA, Velasco IT, Pinheiro da Silva F, de Lima TM, Soriano FG. Endotoxin tolerance drives neutrophil to infectious site. Shock 2015; 42:168-73. [PMID: 24667625 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this randomized animal study and laboratory investigation was to investigate whether lipopolysaccharide tolerance redirects neutrophil migration between organs. Male BALB/c mice received subcutaneous injections of lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) for 5 days, followed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Cytokines and adhesion molecules were measured after tolerance and CLP challenge. Increased numbers of neutrophils were observed in the peritoneal cavity of tolerant mice, which was associated with increased levels of adhesion molecules and chemokines. In contrast, nontolerant mice accumulated higher numbers of neutrophils in the lungs compared with those in the peritoneal cavity. Neutrophil function accessed by hydrogen peroxide production from neutrophils recovered from peritoneal cavity showed that tolerance increased the capacity to produce hydrogen peroxide. Mortality was reduced in tolerant animals. This study demonstrated that tolerance reduces leukocyte accumulation in the lung after CLP by redirecting neutrophils to the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suely Kubo Ariga
- Emergency Medicine Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Hou S, Ding H, Lv Q, Yin X, Song J, Landén NX, Fan H. Therapeutic effect of intravenous infusion of perfluorocarbon emulsion on LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87826. [PMID: 24489970 PMCID: PMC3905038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the leading causes of death in critical care. Despite extensive efforts in research and clinical medicine, mortality remains high in these diseases. Perfluorocarbon (PFC), a chemical compound known as liquid ventilation medium, is capable of dissolving large amounts of physiologically important gases (mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide). In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous infusion of PFC emulsion on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI in rats and elucidate its mechanism of action. Forty two Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: 6 rats were treated with saline solution by intratracheal instillation (control group), 18 rats were treated with LPS by intratracheal instillation (LPS group) and the other 18 rats received PFC through femoral vein prior to LPS instillation (LPS+PFC group). The rats in the control group were sacrificed 6 hours later after saline instillation. At 2, 4 and 6 hours of exposure to LPS, 6 rats in the LPS group and 6 rats in LPS+PFC group were sacrificed at each time point. By analyzing pulmonary pathology, partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (PaO2) and lung wet-dry weight ratio (W/D) of each rat, we found that intravenous infusion of PFC significantly alleviated acute lung injury induced by LPS. Moreover, we showed that the expression of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) of endothelial cells and CD11b of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) induced by LPS were significantly decreased by PFC treatment in vivo. Our results indicate that intravenous infusion of PFC inhibits the infiltration of PMNs into lung tissue, which has been shown as the core pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Thus, our study provides a theoretical foundation for using intravenous infusion of PFC to prevent and treat ALI/ARDS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shike Hou
- Rescue Medical Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- Rescue Medical Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Qi Lv
- Rescue Medical Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- Rescue Medical Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jianqi Song
- Rescue Medical Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Molecular Dermatology Research Group, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haojun Fan
- Rescue Medical Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Lim DH, Jang J, Kim S, Kang T, Lee K, Choi IH. The effects of sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on inflammatory and stress genes in human macrophages using cDNA microarray analysis. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4690-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Li XJ, Peng LX, Shao JY, Lu WH, Zhang JX, Chen S, Chen ZY, Xiang YQ, Bao YN, Zheng FJ, Zeng MS, Kang TB, Zeng YX, Teh BT, Qian CN. As an independent unfavorable prognostic factor, IL-8 promotes metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of AKT signaling. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1302-9. [PMID: 22610073 PMCID: PMC3405654 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest metastatic potential among head and neck cancers. Distant metastasis is the major cause of treatment failure. The role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in NPC progression remains unknown. Our multivariate survival analyses of 255 patients with NPC revealed that higher IL-8 expression in primary NPC tissue was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival, disease-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival of the patients. In vitro study revealed that IL-8 was highly expressed in the established high-metastasis NPC clone S18 relative to the low-metastasis cells. Suppression of IL-8 by short-hairpin RNA reduced the expression of IL-8 in S18 cells and subsequently inhibited migration, invasion, and hepatic metastasis of the cells without influencing cellular growth. Overexpression of IL-8 in S26 cells resulted in increased migration, invasion, and metastasis capabilities of the cells without affecting cellular growth. Exogenous IL-8 enhanced the migration and invasion of low-metastasis CNE-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. An epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be induced by IL-8 in various NPC cell lines. The high level of phosphorylated AKT in S18 cells could be suppressed by knocking down IL-8 expression. Further, IL-8-promoted migration and invasion could be abolished by either the application of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or the knock down of AKT expression by using small-interfering RNA. In summary, IL-8 serves as an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival, disease-free survival, and metastasis-free survival for patients with NPC. IL-8 promotes NPC metastasis via autocrine and paracrine means, involving activation of AKT signaling and inducing EMT in NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P R China
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