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Lin H, Li H. How does cigarette smoking affect airway remodeling in asthmatics? Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:13. [PMID: 36741543 PMCID: PMC9881586 DOI: 10.18332/tid/156047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a prevalent chronic airway inflammatory disease involving multiple cells, and the prolonged course of the disease can cause airway remodeling, resulting in irreversible or partial irreversible airflow limitation and persistent airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthmatics. Therefore, we must ascertain the factors that affect the occurrence and development of airway remodeling in asthmatics. Smokers are not uncommon in asthmatics. However, there is no systematic description of how smoking promotes airway remodeling in asthmatics. This narrative review summarizes the effects of smoking on airway remodeling in asthmatics, and the progress of the methods for evaluating airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hequan Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang M, Chen G, Wang Y, Wu SQ, Sandford AJ, He JQ. Polymorphisms in the airway epithelium related genes CDHR3 and EMSY are associated with asthma susceptibility. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:305. [PMID: 33213402 PMCID: PMC7678090 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a main line of defense of the respiratory tract, the airway epithelium plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. CDHR3 and EMSY were reported to be expressed in the human airway epithelium. Although previous genome-wide association studies found that the two genes were associated with asthma susceptibility, similar observations have not been made in the Chinese Han population. METHODS A total of 300 asthma patients and 418 healthy controls unrelated Chinese Han individuals were enrolled. Tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (Tag-SNPs) were genotyped and the associations between SNPs and asthma risk were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, the A allele of rs3847076 in CDHR3 was associated with increased susceptibility to asthma (OR = 1.407, 95% CI: 1.030-1.923). For the EMSY gene, the T alleles of both rs2508746 and rs12278256 were related with decreased susceptibility to asthma (additive model: OR = 0.718, 95% CI: 0.536-0.961; OR = 0.558, 95% CI: 0.332-0.937, respectively). In addition, the GG genotype of rs1892953 showed an association with increased asthma risk under the recessive model (OR = 1.667, 95% CI: 1.104-2.518) and the GATCTGAGT haplotype in EMSY was associated with reduced asthma risk (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS This study identified novel associations of rs3847076 in CDHR3, as well as rs1892953, rs2508746 and rs12278256 in EMSY with adult asthma susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. Our observations suggest that CDHR3 and EMSY may play important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma in Chinese individuals. Further study with larger sample size is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Quan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew J Sandford
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jian-Qing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Wieczfinska J, Kowalczyk T, Sitarek P, Skała E, Pawliczak R. Analysis of Short-Term Smoking Effects in PBMC of Healthy Subjects-Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1021. [PMID: 29783661 PMCID: PMC5982060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early structural changes exist in the small airways before the establishment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). These changes are believed to be induced by oxidation. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of short-term smoking on the expression of the genes contributing to airway remodeling and their relationship with the oxidative status of human blood cells. Blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 16 healthy volunteers and treated with cigarette smoke ingredients (CSI): nicotine, 1-Nitrosodimethylamine, N-Nitrosopyrrolidyne, vinyl chloride, acetone, and acrolein. The expression of TGF-β1, TIMP-1, SOD1, and arginase I was determined by qPCR. Additionally, thiol groups and TBARs were assessed. CSI induced TGF and TIMP-1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and apocynin alleviated this effect. The changes were more noticeable in the smoking group (p < 0.05). TBARs concentrations were higher in smokers, and in this group, apocynin acted more effectively. SOD1 correlated with arginase expression in smokers (p < 0.05). MMP-9 showed a significant correlation with SOD1 in both groups, but only on the protein level. Blood cells appear to mirror the general changes caused by cigarette smoke ingredients, which seem to be connected with the oxidative status of the cell. Our findings indicate that a short period of smoking influences the gene expression and oxidative balance of blood cells, which might result in the development of serious disorders such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-752, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-151, Poland.
| | - Ewa Skała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-151, Poland.
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-752, Poland.
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4
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Pathogenesis of asthma: implications for precision medicine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1723-1735. [PMID: 28667070 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of asthma is complex and multi-faceted. Asthma patients have a diverse range of underlying dominant disease processes and pathways despite apparent similarities in clinical expression. Here, we present the current understanding of asthma pathogenesis. We discuss airway inflammation (both T2HIGH and T2LOW), airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airways remodelling as four key factors in asthma pathogenesis, and also outline other contributory factors such as genetics and co-morbidities. Response to current asthma therapies also varies greatly, which is probably related to the inter-patient differences in pathogenesis. Here, we also summarize how our developing understanding of detailed pathological processes potentially translates into the targeted treatment options we require for optimal asthma management in the future.
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Price D, Harrow B, Small M, Pike J, Higgins V. Establishing the relationship of inhaler satisfaction, treatment adherence, and patient outcomes: a prospective, real-world, cross-sectional survey of US adult asthma patients and physicians. World Allergy Organ J 2015; 8:26. [PMID: 26417397 PMCID: PMC4564954 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-015-0075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhaled asthma medications are the mainstay of treatment for chronic asthma. However, nonadherence rates for long-term inhaler therapy among adults are estimated to exceed 50 %. Nonadherence is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and diminished quality of life. Research suggests that adherence is associated with patients’ satisfaction with their treatment regimen and other factors, such as concomitant allergic rhinitis and tobacco use. Methods This prospective, cross-sectional survey of physicians and their patients evaluated the relationship between patient satisfaction with attributes of inhaler devices, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes. Primary care and specialist physicians completed a physician-reported patient record form for patients with a confirmed asthma diagnosis. Patients for whom a physician-reported form was completed were invited to complete a patient-reported form. Both surveys collected information about demographics, symptoms, exacerbation history, treatment, smoking status, comorbidities, type of inhaler device, and treatment adherence. Patients also indicated the degree to which they were satisfied with attributes of their currently prescribed inhaler device(s). Partial least squares path modeling quantified relationships between latent variables and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 243 patients were included in our analysis and 41 % had poorly controlled asthma. More favorable clinical outcomes were significantly associated with greater patient satisfaction with drug delivery (P = 0.002), higher medication adherence (P = 0.049), no history of tobacco use (P < 0.001), and absence of comorbid allergic rhinitis (P = 0.005). Attributes associated with device satisfaction included patient perceptions of consistency in the amount of drug delivery to the lungs, ease of use, and feedback about the number of remaining doses. Conclusions Higher patient satisfaction with their asthma drug delivery inhaler device is a significant predictor of more favorable clinical outcomes while allergic rhinitis and smoking history were negatively associated with optimal control of asthma. These findings provide clinicians with opportunities to improve patients’ clinical outcomes by tailoring choice of inhaler device therapy and providing education about the correct way to use the device to ensure optimal outcomes. Patients will likely benefit from medical therapy to manage comorbid allergic rhinitis and smoking cessation interventions. Patients unable to stop smoking may require alternative medical therapies to improve their clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Price
- Professor of Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Brooke Harrow
- Meda Pharmaceuticals, 265 Davidson Avenue, Suite 400, Somerset, NJ 08873-4120 USA
| | - Mark Small
- Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK
| | - James Pike
- Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK
| | - Victoria Higgins
- Adelphi Real World, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK
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Platz EA, Drake CG, Wilson KM, Sutcliffe S, Kenfield SA, Mucci LA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Camargo CA, Giovannucci E. Asthma and risk of lethal prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:949-58. [PMID: 25648070 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, and more generally, the immune response are thought to influence the development of prostate cancer. To determine the components of the immune response that are potentially contributory, we prospectively evaluated the association of immune-mediated conditions, asthma and hayfever, with lethal prostate cancer risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We included 47,880 men aged 40-75 years with no prior cancer diagnosis. On the baseline questionnaire in 1986, the men reported diagnoses of asthma and hayfever and year of onset. On the follow-up questionnaires, they reported new asthma and prostate cancer diagnoses. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate relative risks (RRs). In total, 9.2% reported ever having been diagnosed with asthma. In all, 25.3% reported a hayfever diagnosis at baseline. During 995,176 person-years of follow-up by 2012, we confirmed 798 lethal prostate cancer cases (diagnosed with distant metastases, progressed to distant metastasis or died of prostate cancer [N = 625]). Ever having a diagnosis of asthma was inversely associated with risk of lethal (RR = 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51-1.00) and fatal (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.42-0.96) disease. Hayfever with onset in the distant past was possibly weakly positively associated with risk of lethal (RR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.92-1.33) and fatal (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.91-1.37) disease. Men who were ever diagnosed with asthma were less likely to develop lethal and fatal prostate cancer. Our findings may lead to testable hypotheses about specific immune profiles in the etiology of lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Urology, and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charles G Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Urology, and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,The Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stacey A Kenfield
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Hernández-Alvídrez E, Alba-Reyes G, Muñoz-Cedillo BC, Arreola-Ramírez JL, Furuya MEY, Becerril-Ángeles M, Vargas MH. Passive smoking induces leukotriene production in children: influence of asthma. J Asthma 2013; 50:347-53. [PMID: 23398266 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.773009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive smoking is associated with poor asthma control in children, but the mechanism is unknown. Leukotrienes are involved in the asthma pathogenesis and their synthesis is increased in adult subjects who actively smoke. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether passive smoking, as assessed by urinary cotinine levels, increases leukotriene production in children with or without asthma. METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which children with stable intermittent asthma (without exacerbation) and healthy control children were studied through spirometry and urinary concentrations of cotinine and leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)). Both groups were balanced to include children with and without passive smoking. RESULTS Ninety children (49 with asthma and 41 controls, 54.4% females) aged 9 years (range, 5-13 years) were studied. Urinary LTE(4) concentrations were progressively higher as cotinine levels increased (r(S) = 0.23, p = .03). LTE(4) also correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r(S) = 0.30, p = .004), and multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI was even more influential than cotinine for determining LTE(4) levels. LTE(4) concentrations were unrelated with gender, age, or spirometry. In turn, cotinine inversely correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) (r(S) = -0.22, p = .04) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (r(S) = -0.25, p = .02), but when analyzed by groups, these relationships were statistically significant only in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine levels, was associated with an increased urinary concentration of LTE(4), although BMI exerted more influence in determining its concentration. Urinary cotinine was associated with decreased lung function, mainly in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hernández-Alvídrez
- Departamento de Neumopediatría, Hospital General Gaudencio González Garza, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico DF, Mexico
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is commonly seen in the emergency department (ED). This article provides an evidence-based review of diagnosis and management of asthma. Early recognition of asthma exacerbations and initiation of treatment are essential. Treatment is dictated by the severity of the exacerbation. Treatment involves bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Other treatment modalities including magnesium, heliox, and noninvasive ventilator support are discussed. Safe disposition from the ED can be considered after stabilization of the exacerbation, response to treatment and attaining peak flow measures.
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