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Boros LG, Kyriakopoulos AM, Brogna C, Piscopo M, McCullough PA, Seneff S. Long-lasting, biochemically modified mRNA, and its frameshifted recombinant spike proteins in human tissues and circulation after COVID-19 vaccination. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1218. [PMID: 38867495 PMCID: PMC11169277 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the CDC, both Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines contain nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by corona virus (SARS-CoV-2), administered via intramuscular injections. Despite their worldwide use, very little is known about how nucleoside modifications in mRNA sequences affect their breakdown, transcription and protein synthesis. It was hoped that resident and circulating immune cells attracted to the injection site make copies of the spike protein while the injected mRNA degrades within a few days. It was also originally estimated that recombinant spike proteins generated by mRNA vaccines would persist in the body for a few weeks. In reality, clinical studies now report that modified SARS-CoV-2 mRNA routinely persist up to a month from injection and can be detected in cardiac and skeletal muscle at sites of inflammation and fibrosis, while the recombinant spike protein may persist a little over half a year in blood. Vaccination with 1-methylΨ (pseudouridine enriched) mRNA can elicit cellular immunity to peptide antigens produced by +1 ribosomal frameshifting in major histocompatibility complex-diverse people. The translation of 1-methylΨ mRNA using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified nine peptides derived from the mRNA +1 frame. These products impact on off-target host T cell immunity that include increased production of new B cell antigens with far reaching clinical consequences. As an example, a highly significant increase in heart muscle 18-flourodeoxyglucose uptake was detected in vaccinated patients up to half a year (180 days). This review article focuses on medical biochemistry, proteomics and deutenomics principles that explain the persisting spike phenomenon in circulation with organ-related functional damage even in asymptomatic individuals. Proline and hydroxyproline residues emerge as prominent deuterium (heavy hydrogen) binding sites in structural proteins with robust isotopic stability that resists not only enzymatic breakdown, but virtually all (non)-enzymatic cleavage mechanisms known in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- László G. Boros
- Sub‐Molecular Medical Sciences Deutenomics CoreVrije University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Carlo Brogna
- Department of ResearchCraniomed Group Facility SrlItaly
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | - Stephanie Seneff
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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2
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Zhao X, Yang H, Duley WW, Zheng S, Guo T, Zhou NY. Simple Self-Powered Sensor for the Detection of D 2O and Other Isotopologues of Liquid Water. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3973-3984. [PMID: 37725347 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing between heavy water and regular water has been a continuing challenge since these isotopologues of water have very similar physical and chemical properties. We report the development and evaluation of a simple, inexpensive sensor capable of detecting liquid D2O and other isotopologues of liquid water through the measurement of electrical signals generated from a nanoporous alumina film. This electrical output, consisting of a sharp voltage pulse followed by a separate broad voltage pulse, is present during the application of microliter volumes of liquid. The amplitude and temporal characteristics of these pulses have been combined to enable four diagnostic parameters for sensing D2O and H218O. The sensing mechanism is based on different modification effects on the alumina surface by H2O and D2O, spatially localized variations in the surface potential of alumina induced by isotopically substituted water molecules, combined with the effect of isotopic composition on charge transfer. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a sensing system has been developed that provides real-time detection of liquid D2O in a stand-alone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanwen Yang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter W Duley
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuo Zheng
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Guo
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norman Y Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Niu Y, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Zhu J, Zhang F, Chen F. Release effect of aroma compounds of Keemun black tea brewed with deuterium-depleted water with different deuterium content. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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4
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Euliano EM, Sklavounos AA, Wheeler AR, McHugh KJ. Translating diagnostics and drug delivery technologies to low-resource settings. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm1732. [PMID: 36223447 PMCID: PMC9716722 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics and drug delivery technologies engineered for low-resource settings aim to meet their technical design specifications using strategies that are compatible with limited equipment, infrastructure, and operator training. Despite many preclinical successes, very few of these devices have been translated to the clinic. Here, we identify factors that contribute to the clinical success of diagnostics and drug delivery systems for low-resource settings, including the need to engage key stakeholders at an early stage, and provide recommendations for the clinical translation of future medical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Euliano
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University; Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Alexandros A. Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Kevin J. McHugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University; Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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5
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Deuterium and its impact on living organisms. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:673-681. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Huijuan Y, Xiaohu D, Ze L, Wei C, Jian Z, Lei M, Shaohui S, Weidong L, Guoyang L. Role of phenol red in the stabilization of the Sabin type 2 inactivated polio vaccine at various pH values. J Med Virol 2018; 91:22-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huijuan
- Sixth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Dai Xiaohu
- Fifth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Liu Ze
- Fifth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Cai Wei
- Fourth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Zhou Jian
- Sixth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Ma Lei
- Fifth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Song Shaohui
- Fifth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Li Weidong
- Department of Production AdministrationInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
| | - Liao Guoyang
- Fifth Department of Biological ProductsInstitute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming Yunnan China
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7
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Stadmiller SS, Pielak GJ. Enthalpic stabilization of an SH3 domain by D 2 O. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1710-1716. [PMID: 30052291 PMCID: PMC6194290 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The stability of a protein is vital for its biological function, and proper folding is partially driven by intermolecular interactions between protein and water. In many studies, H2 O is replaced by D2 O because H2 O interferes with the protein signal. Even this small perturbation, however, affects protein stability. Studies in isotopic waters also might provide insight into the role of solvation and hydrogen bonding in protein folding. Here, we report a complete thermodynamic analysis of the reversible, two-state, thermal unfolding of the metastable, 7-kDa N-terminal src-homology 3 domain of the Drosophila signal transduction protein drk in H2 O and D2 O using one-dimensional 19 F NMR spectroscopy. The stabilizing effect of D2 O compared with H2 O is enthalpic and has a small to insignificant effect on the temperature of maximum stability, the entropy, and the heat capacity of unfolding. We also provide a concise summary of the literature about the effects of D2 O on protein stability and integrate our results into this body of data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
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8
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Buchachenko AL, Breslavskaya NN. An Insight into the Helicase Functioning Through the Hydrogen Isotope Effects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793117060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Weng L, Tessier SN, Smith K, Edd JF, Stott SL, Toner M. Bacterial Ice Nucleation in Monodisperse D2O and H2O-in-Oil Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9229-36. [PMID: 27495973 PMCID: PMC5501280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is of fundamental significance in many areas, including atmospheric science, food technology, and cryobiology. In this study, we investigated the ice-nucleation characteristics of picoliter-sized drops consisting of different D2O and H2O mixtures with and without the ice-nucleating bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. We also studied the effects of commonly used cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trehalose on the nucleation characteristics of D2O and H2O mixtures. The results show that the median freezing temperature of the suspension containing 1 mg/mL of a lyophilized preparation of P. syringae is as high as -4.6 °C for 100% D2O, compared to -8.9 °C for 100% H2O. As the D2O concentration increases every 25% (v/v), the profile of the ice-nucleation kinetics of D2O + H2O mixtures containing 1 mg/mL Snomax shifts by about 1 °C, suggesting an ideal mixing behavior of D2O and H2O. Furthermore, all of the cryoprotectants investigated in this study are found to depress the freezing phenomenon. Both the homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing temperatures of these aqueous solutions depend on the water activity and are independent of the nature of the solute. These findings enrich our fundamental knowledge of D2O-related ice nucleation and suggest that the combination of D2O and ice-nucleating agents could be a potential self-ice-nucleating formulation. The implications of self-nucleation include a higher, precisely controlled ice seeding temperature for slow freezing that would significantly improve the viability of many ice-assisted cryopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Shannon N. Tessier
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Kyle Smith
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jon F. Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Shannon L. Stott
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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10
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Kumru OS, Joshi SB, Smith DE, Middaugh CR, Prusik T, Volkin DB. Vaccine instability in the cold chain: mechanisms, analysis and formulation strategies. Biologicals 2014; 42:237-59. [PMID: 24996452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Instability of vaccines often emerges as a key challenge during clinical development (lab to clinic) as well as commercial distribution (factory to patient). To yield stable, efficacious vaccine dosage forms for human use, successful formulation strategies must address a combination of interrelated topics including stabilization of antigens, selection of appropriate adjuvants, and development of stability-indicating analytical methods. This review covers key concepts in understanding the causes and mechanisms of vaccine instability including (1) the complex and delicate nature of antigen structures (e.g., viruses, proteins, carbohydrates, protein-carbohydrate conjugates, etc.), (2) use of adjuvants to further enhance immune responses, (3) development of physicochemical and biological assays to assess vaccine integrity and potency, and (4) stabilization strategies to protect vaccine antigens and adjuvants (and their interactions) during storage. Despite these challenges, vaccines can usually be sufficiently stabilized for use as medicines through a combination of formulation approaches combined with maintenance of an efficient cold chain (manufacturing, distribution, storage and administration). Several illustrative case studies are described regarding mechanisms of vaccine instability along with formulation approaches for stabilization within the vaccine cold chain. These include live, attenuated (measles, polio) and inactivated (influenza, polio) viral vaccines as well as recombinant protein (hepatitis B) vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan S Kumru
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Dawn E Smith
- Temptime Corporation, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ted Prusik
- Temptime Corporation, Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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11
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Balamurugan V, Sen A, Venkatesan G, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK. Protective immune response of live attenuated thermo-adapted peste des petits ruminants vaccine in goats. Virusdisease 2014; 25:350-7. [PMID: 25674603 PMCID: PMC4188212 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulent isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) of Indian origin (PPRV Jhansi 2003) initially adapted in Vero cells was further propagated in thermo-adapted (Ta) Vero cells grown at 40 °C for attaining thermo-adaption and attenuation of virus for development of Ta vaccine against PPR in goats and sheep. The virus was attenuated up to 50 passages in Ta Vero cells, at which, the virus was found sterile, innocuous in mice and guinea pigs and safe in seronegative goats and sheep. The developed vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity in goats and sheep by subcutaneous inoculation of 100 TCID50 (0.1 field dose), 10(3) TCID50 (one field dose) and 10(5) TCID50 (100 field doses) of the attenuated virus along with controls as per OIE described protocols for PPR vaccine testing and were assessed for PPRV-specific antibodies 7-28 days post vaccination (dpv) by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization tests. The PPRV antibodies were detected in all immunized goats and sheep and goats were protective when challenged with virulent PPRV at 28th dpv along with controls for potency testing of the vaccine. The attenuated vaccine did not induce any adverse reaction at high dose (10(5) TCID50) in goats and sheep and provided complete protection even at low dose (10(2) TCID50) in goats when challenged with virulent virus. There was no shedding and horizontal transmission of the attenuated virus to in-contact controls. The results indicate that the developed PPR Ta attenuated virus is innocuous, safe, immunogenic and potent or efficacious vaccine candidate alternative to the existing vaccines for the protection of goats and sheep against PPR in the tropical countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- />Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
- />National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) (formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance-PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - A. Sen
- />Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
- />Animal Health Division, ICAR-NEH Region, Umiam, 793 103 Meghalaya India
| | - G. Venkatesan
- />Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V. Bhanuprakash
- />Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
- />Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore Campus, Bangalore, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - R. K. Singh
- />Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
- />Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 Uttar Pradesh India
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12
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Maloney A, Herskowitz LJ, Koch SJ. Effect of (2)H and (18)O water isotopes in kinesin-1 gliding assay. PeerJ 2014; 2:e284. [PMID: 24711961 PMCID: PMC3970804 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show for the first time the effects of heavy-hydrogen water (2H2O) and heavy-oxygen water (H218O) on the gliding speed of microtubules on kinesin-1 coated surfaces. Increased fractions of isotopic waters used in the motility solution decreased the gliding speed of microtubules by a maximum of 21% for heavy-hydrogen and 5% for heavy-oxygen water. We also show that gliding microtubule speed returns to its original speed after being treated with heavy-hydrogen water. We discuss possible interpretations of these results and the importance for future studies of water effects on kinesin and microtubules. We also discuss the implication for using heavy waters in biomolecular devices incorporating molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Maloney
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX , USA
| | | | - Steven J Koch
- College of University Libraries & Learning Sciences, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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13
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Use of heavy water (D2O) in developing thermostable recombinant p26 protein based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia virus infection. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:620906. [PMID: 24523642 PMCID: PMC3913021 DOI: 10.1155/2014/620906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostabilizing effect of heavy water (D2O) or deuterium oxide has been demonstrated previously on several enzymes and vaccines like oral poliovirus vaccine and influenza virus vaccine. In view of the above observations, effect of heavy water on in situ thermostabilization of recombinant p26 protein on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection was investigated in the present study. The carbonate-bicarbonate coating buffer was prepared in 60% and 80% D2O for coating the p26 protein in 96-well ELISA plate and thermal stability was examined at 4°C, 37°C, 42°C, and 45°C over a storage time from 2 weeks to 10 months. A set of positive serum (n = 12) consisting of strong, medium, and weak titer strength (4 samples in each category) and negative serum (n = 30) were assessed in ELISA during the study period. At each time point, ELISA results were compared with fresh plate to assess thermal protective effect of D2O. Gradual increase in the stabilizing effect of 80% D2O at elevated temperature (37°C < 42°C < 45°C) was observed. The 80% D2O provides the thermal protection to rp26 protein in ELISA plate up to 2 months of incubation at 45°C. The findings of the present study have the future implication of adopting cost effective strategies for generating more heat tolerable ELISA reagents with extended shelf life.
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14
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Balamurugan V, Hemadri D, Gajendragad MR, Singh RK, Rahman H. Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review. Virusdisease 2014; 25:39-56. [PMID: 24426309 PMCID: PMC3889233 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by PPR virus. PPR is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and particularly severely affects poor farmer's economy. The disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and bronchopneumonia. The disease can be diagnosed from its clinical signs, pathological lesions, and specific detection of virus antigen/antibodies/genome in the clinical samples by various serological tests and molecular assays. PPR is the one of the priority animal diseases whose control is considered important for poverty alleviation in enzootic countries. Availability of effective and safe live attenuated cell culture PPR vaccines and diagnostics have boosted the recently launched centrally sponsored control programme in India and also in other countries. This review article primarily focus on the current scenario of PPR diagnosis and its control programme with advancement of research areas that have taken place in the recent years with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - D. Hemadri
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - M. R. Gajendragad
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - R. K. Singh
- />National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - H. Rahman
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
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15
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Qi W, Zeng Y, Orgel S, Francon A, Kim JH, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF, Russell Middaugh C. Preformulation Study of Highly Purified Inactivated Polio Vaccine, Serotype 3. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:140-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Heavy water reduces GFP expression in prokaryotic cell-free assays at the translation level while stimulating its transcription. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:592745. [PMID: 24455706 PMCID: PMC3886400 DOI: 10.1155/2013/592745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro proliferation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is remarkably hampered in the presence of heavy water (D2O). Impairment of gene expression at the transcription or translation level can be the base for this effect. However, insights into the underlying mechanisms are lacking. Here, we employ a cell-free expression system for the quantitative analysis of the effect of increasing percentages of D2O on the kinetics of in-vitro GFP expression. Experiments are designed to discriminate the rates of transcription, translation, and protein folding using pDNA and mRNA vectors, respectively. We find that D2O significantly stimulates GFP expression at the transcription level but acts as a suppressor at translation and maturation (folding) in a linear dose-dependent manner. At a D2O concentration of 60%, the GFP expression rate was reduced to 40% of an undisturbed sample. We observed a similar inhibition of GFP expression by D2O in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain, although the inhibitory effect is less pronounced. These results demonstrate the suitability of cell-free systems for quantifying the impact of heavy water on gene expression and establish a platform to further assess the potential therapeutic use of heavy water as antiproliferative agent.
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Balamurugan V, Sen A, Venkatesan G, Rajak KK, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK. Study on passive immunity: Time of vaccination in kids born to goats vaccinated against Peste des petits ruminants. Virol Sin 2012; 27:228-33. [PMID: 22899430 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids. Serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated, unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT). Maternal antibodies in kids were detectable up to 6 months with a decline trend from the third month onwards and receded below the protective level by the fourth month. The kid with an SN titre of 1:8 at the time of immunization showed significant PPRV specific antibody response (percentage inhibition of 76; SN titers >1:16), when tested on 21 day post-vaccination and was completely protected from infection upon virulent PPRV challenge. Similarly, the kid with 1:8 SN titers was completely protected from PPR infection on active challenge. Therefore, PPR vaccination is recommended in kids, aged 4 months and born to immunized or exposed goats. This could be a suitable period to avoid window of susceptibility in kids to PPRV and the effort to eliminate PPR infection from susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India.
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Sen A, Saravanan P, Balamurugan V, Rajak KK, Sudhakar SB, Bhanuprakash V, Parida S, Singh RK. Vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:785-96. [PMID: 20624051 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease affecting goats, sheep and wild ruminants. The disease is currently circulating in Asian and African countries, creating problems in small ruminant farming. Current control of the disease mainly includes isolation and disinfection of the contaminated environment, and administration of a live-attenuated vaccine, which provides a strong immunity. Maintenance of cold chain for vaccine efficacy has proven difficult in subtropical countries. A thermostable live-attenuated conventional or recombinant vaccine is a way to avoid cold chain-associated problems in tropical and subtropical countries. Mass vaccination of sheep and goats in endemic countries might be a pragmatic approach to control PPR in the first phase of disease eradication. In the future, the development of a marker vaccine with a robust companion test may help in serosurveillance to identify infection in vaccinated animals to control PPR disease. Here, we discuss available potent PPR vaccines and the future possibility of developing new-generation vaccines against PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sen
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Balamurugan V, Sen A, Venkatesan G, Yadav V, Bhanot V, Riyesh T, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the structural genes of virulent isolates and vaccine strains of peste des petits ruminants virus from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:352-64. [PMID: 20642492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats. In this study, sequence and phylogenetic analyses of structural protein genes, namely the nucleocapsid (N), the matrix (M), the fusion (F) and the haemagglutinin (H) coding sequences of virulent and vaccine strains of PPR virus (PPRV), were undertaken to determine the genetic variations between field isolates and vaccine strains. The open reading frame (ORF) of these genes of the isolates/strains was amplified by RT-PCR, cloned and sequenced. The ORF of N, M, F and H genes was 1578, 1008, 1641 and 1830 nucleotides (nt) in length and encodes polypeptides of 525, 335, 546 and 609 amino acids (aa), respectively, as reported earlier. Comparative sequence analyses of these four genes of isolates/strains were carried out with published sequences. It revealed an identity of 97.7-100% and 97.7-99.8% among the Asian lineage IV and 89.6-98.7% and 89.8-98.9% with other lineages of PPRV at nt and aa levels, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses of these isolates based on the aa sequences showed that all the viruses belonged to lineage IV along with other Asian isolates. This is in agreement with earlier observations that only PPRV lineage IV is in circulation in India since the disease was first reported. Further, sequence analysis of the thermostable/thermo-adapted vaccine strains showed no significant changes in the functional or structural surface protein-coding gene sequences. It is important to monitor the circulation of the PPRV in susceptible animals by H gene-based sequence comparisons in addition to the F gene- and N gene-based approaches to identify the distribution and spread of virus in the regular outbreaks that occur in endemic countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India.
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