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Hu Z, Gu L, Li CL, Shu T, Lowrie DB, Fan XY. The Profile of T Cell Responses in Bacille Calmette-Guérin-Primed Mice Boosted by a Novel Sendai Virus Vectored Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1796. [PMID: 30123219 PMCID: PMC6085409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinds of vaccine-induced T cell responses that are beneficial for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are not adequately defined. We had shown that a novel Sendai virus vectored vaccine, SeV85AB, was able to enhance immune protection induced by bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) in a prime-boost model. However, the profile of T cell responses boosted by SeV85AB was not determined. Herein, we show that the antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were both enhanced by the SeV85AB boost after BCG. Different profiles of antigen-specific po T cell subsets were induced in the local (lung) and systemic (spleen) sites. In the spleen, the CD4+ T cell responses that were enhanced by the SeV85AB boost were predominately IL-2 responses, whereas in the lung the greater increases were in IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells; in CD8+ T cells, although IFN-γ was enhanced in both the spleen and lung, only IL-2+TNF-α+CD8+ T subset was boosted in the latter. After a challenge Mtb infection, there were significantly higher levels of recall IL-2 responses in T cells. In contrast, IFN-γ-producing cells were barely boosted by SeV85AB. After Mtb challenge a central memory phenotype of responding CD4+ T cells was a prominent feature in SeV85AB-boosted mice. Thus, our data strongly suggest that the enhanced immune protection induced by SeV85AB boosting was associated with establishment of an increased capacity to recall antigen-specific IL-2-mediated T cell responses and confirms this Sendai virus vector system as a promising candidate to be used in a heterologous prime-boost immunization regimen against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen H, Liu X, Ma X, Wang Q, Yang G, Niu H, Li S, He B, He S, Dannenberg AM, Zhu B, Zhang Y. A New Rabbit-Skin Model to Evaluate Protective Efficacy of Tuberculosis Vaccines. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:842. [PMID: 28567030 PMCID: PMC5434645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: BCG protection is suboptimal and there is significant interest to develop new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. However, there are significant limitations of the current vaccine evaluation systems in the mouse model. Here, we developed a BCG-challenge rabbit skin model as a new way to evaluate the protective efficacy of selected TB subunit vaccine candidates. Methods: Rabbits were immunized with subunit vaccines, including EAMM (ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190−198>-Mtb8.4), MH (Mtb10.4-HspX), and LT70 (ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190−198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c) three times subcutaneously every 3-weeks and challenged with the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG intradermally 6-weeks after last immunization. The immune response induced by the vaccine candidates was measured, the histopathology induced by the BCG challenge was studied, and the number of bacilli in the liquefied caseum was determined. Results: The subunit vaccines generated high antigen-specific IgG antibodies and fastened the liquefaction and healing process, and significantly reduced the viable BCG load. The subunit vaccine LT70 and EAMM-MH reduced BCG bacterial load in comparison to proteins EAMM, MH, Rv2626c, and also BCG itself. The Koch phenomena induced by the LT70 and combination of EAMM-MH were the same as that produced by BCG itself and were more rapid than those induced by the other proteins and the saline controls. Conclusions: The subunit vaccines LT70 and the combination of EAMM-MH showed promising protective efficacy as expected in the rabbit skin model, which can serve as a visual and convenient new model for evaluating TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Xingming Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Shuaixiang Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Bingzheng He
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Arthur M Dannenberg
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
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Sendai Virus Mucosal Vaccination Establishes Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Immunity and Boosts BCG-Primed Protection against TB in Mice. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1222-1233. [PMID: 28342639 PMCID: PMC5417795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown the protective role of CD8+ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) despite controversy over their role in natural immunity. However, the current vaccine BCG is unable to induce sufficient CD8+ T cell responses, especially in the lung. Sendai virus, a respiratory RNA virus, is here engineered firstly as a novel recombinant anti-TB vaccine (SeV85AB) that encodes Mtb immuno-dominant antigens, Ag85A and Ag85B. A single mucosal vaccination elicited potent antigen-specific T cell responses and a degree of protection against Mtb challenge similar to the effect of BCG in mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells abrogated the protective immunity afforded by SeV85AB vaccination. Interestingly, only SeV85AB vaccination induced high levels of lung-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells, and this led to a rapid and strong recall of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses against Mtb challenge infection. Furthermore, when used in a BCG prime-SeV85AB boost strategy, SeV85AB vaccine significantly enhanced protection above that seen after BCG vaccination alone. Our findings suggest that CD8+ TRM cells that arise in lungs responding to this mucosal vaccination might help to protect against TB, and SeV85AB holds notable promise to improve BCG’s protective efficacy in a prime-boost immunization regimen.
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Novel lipopeptides of ESAT-6 induce strong protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Routes of immunization and TLR agonists critically impact vaccine's efficacy. Vaccine 2016; 34:5677-5688. [PMID: 27693020 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterial cause of tuberculosis, is a leading infectious agent worldwide. The development of a new vaccine against Mtb is essential to control global spread of tuberculosis, since the current vaccine BCG is not very effective and antibiotic resistance is a serious, burgeoning problem. ESAT-6 is a secreted protein of Mtb, which is absent in BCG but has been implicated in inducing protective immunity against Mtb. Peptide based subunit vaccines are attractive due to their safety and high specificity in eliciting immune responses, but small synthetic peptides are usually not very immunogenic. We have designed a novel subunit vaccine for Mtb by using simple lipid (palmitic acid) modified derivatives of peptides from ESAT-6 protein corresponding to dominant human T cell epitopes and examined their ability to stimulate protective immunity against Mtb by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization in mice. We also investigated how individual TLR agonists as adjuvants (PolyI:C, MPL and GDQ) contribute to enhancing the induced immune responses and resulting protective efficacy of our vaccine. We observed that single C-terminal palmitoyl-lysine modified lipopeptides derived from ESAT-6 induce significant cellular immune responses on their own upon mucosal and subcutaneous immunizations. Intriguingly, a combination of immunogenic lipopeptides of ESAT-6 antigen exhibited local (pulmonary) and systemic immune responses along with efficient protective efficacy when administered intranasally or subcutaneously. Surprisingly, combination of ESAT-6 derived lipopeptides with a TLR-4 agonist (MPL) enhanced protection, whereas TLR-3 (Poly I:C) and TLR-7/8 agonists (gardiquimod, GDQ) led to reduced protection associated with specific local and systemic immune modulation. Our studies demonstrate the potential of ESAT-6 derived lipopeptides as a promising vaccine candidate against Mtb, and emphasize that selection of adjuvant is critical for the success of vaccines. These findings demonstrate the promise of synthetic lipopeptides as the basis of a subunit vaccine for TB.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide despite the availability of effective chemotherapy for over 60 years. Although Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination protects against active TB disease in some populations, its efficacy is suboptimal. Development of an effective TB vaccine is a top global priority that has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of protective immunity to TB. Thus far, preventing TB disease, rather than infection, has been the primary target for vaccine development. Several areas of research highlight the importance of including preinfection vaccines in the development pipeline. First, epidemiology and mathematical modeling studies indicate that a preinfection vaccine would have a high population-level impact for control of TB disease. Second, immunology studies support the rationale for targeting prevention of infection, with evidence that host responses may be more effective during acute infection than during chronic infection. Third, natural history studies indicate that resistance to TB infection occurs in a small percentage of the population. Fourth, case-control studies of BCG indicate that it may provide protection from infection. Fifth, prevention-of-infection trials would have smaller sample sizes and a shorter duration than disease prevention trials and would enable opportunities to search for correlates of immunity as well as serve as a criterion for selecting a vaccine product for testing in a larger TB disease prevention trial. Together, these points support expanding the focus of TB vaccine development efforts to include prevention of infection as a primary goal along with vaccines or other interventions that reduce the rate of transmission and reactivation.
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van Meijgaarden KE, Haks MC, Caccamo N, Dieli F, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. Human CD8+ T-cells recognizing peptides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) presented by HLA-E have an unorthodox Th2-like, multifunctional, Mtb inhibitory phenotype and represent a novel human T-cell subset. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004671. [PMID: 25803478 PMCID: PMC4372528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial antigens are not exclusively presented to T-cells by classical HLA-class Ia and HLA-class II molecules, but also through alternative antigen presentation molecules such as CD1a/b/c, MR1 and HLA-E. We recently described mycobacterial peptides that are presented in HLA-E and recognized by CD8+ T-cells. Using T-cell cloning, phenotyping, microbiological, functional and RNA-expression analyses, we report here that these T-cells can exert cytolytic or suppressive functions, inhibit mycobacterial growth, yet express GATA3, produce Th2 cytokines (IL-4,-5,-10,-13) and activate B-cells via IL-4. In TB patients, Mtb specific cells were detectable by peptide-HLA-E tetramers, and IL-4 and IL-13 were produced following peptide stimulation. These results identify a novel human T-cell subset with an unorthodox, multifunctional Th2 like phenotype and cytolytic or regulatory capacities, which is involved in the human immune response to mycobacteria and demonstrable in active TB patients' blood. The results challenge the current dogma that only Th1 cells are able to inhibit Mtb growth and clearly show that Th2 like cells can strongly inhibit outgrowth of Mtb from human macrophages. These insights significantly expand our understanding of the immune response in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariëlle C. Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Vaure C, Liu Y. A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species. Front Immunol 2014; 5:316. [PMID: 25071777 PMCID: PMC4090903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an immediate immune response to them, followed by a long-lasting adaptive immune response. Activation of TLRs leads to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. TLR4 specifically recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide, along with several other components of pathogens and endogenous molecules produced during abnormal situations, such as tissue damage. Evolution across species can lead to substantial diversity in the TLR4’s affinity and specificity to its ligands, the TLR4 gene and cellular expression patterns and tissue distribution. Consequently, TLR4 functions vary across different species. In recent years, the use of synthetic TLR agonists as adjuvants has emerged as a realistic therapeutic goal, notably for the development of vaccines against poorly immunogenic targets. Given that an adjuvanted vaccine must be assessed in pre-clinical animal models before being tested in humans, the extent to which an animal model represents and predicts the human condition is of particular importance. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the critical points of divergence between human and the mammalian species commonly used in vaccine research and development (non-human primate, mouse, rat, rabbit, swine, and dog), in terms of molecular, cellular, and functional properties of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vaure
- Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy L'Etoile , France
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy L'Etoile , France
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8
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Head MG, Fitchett JR, Cooke MK, Wurie FB, Hayward AC, Lipman MC, Atun R. Investments in respiratory infectious disease research 1997-2010: a systematic analysis of UK funding. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004600. [PMID: 24670431 PMCID: PMC3975787 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory infections are responsible for a large global burden of disease. We assessed the public and philanthropic investments awarded to UK institutions for respiratory infectious disease research to identify areas of underinvestment. We aimed to identify projects and categorise them by pathogen, disease and position along the research and development value chain. SETTING The UK. PARTICIPANTS Institutions that host and carry out infectious disease research. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The total amount spent and number of studies with a focus on several different respiratory pathogens or diseases, and to correlate these against the global burden of disease; also the total amount spent and number of studies relating to the type of science, the predominant funder in each category and the mean and median award size. RESULTS We identified 6165 infectious disease studies with a total investment of £2·6 billion. Respiratory research received £419 million (16.1%) across 1192 (19.3%) studies. The Wellcome Trust provided greatest investment (£135.2 million; 32.3%). Tuberculosis received £155 million (37.1%), influenza £80 million (19.1%) and pneumonia £27.8 million (6.6%). Despite high burden, there was relatively little investment in vaccine-preventable diseases including diphtheria (£0.1 million, 0.03%), measles (£5.0 million, 1.2%) and drug-resistant tuberculosis. There were 802 preclinical studies (67.3%) receiving £273 million (65.2%), while implementation research received £81 million (19.3%) across 274 studies (23%). There were comparatively few phase I-IV trials or product development studies. Global health research received £68.3 million (16.3%). Relative investment was strongly correlated with 2010 disease burden. CONCLUSIONS The UK predominantly funds preclinical science. Tuberculosis is the most studied respiratory disease. The high global burden of pneumonia-related disease warrants greater investment than it has historically received. Other priority areas include antimicrobial resistance (particularly within tuberculosis), economics and proactive investments for emerging infectious threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Head
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mary K Cooke
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fatima B Wurie
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Hayward
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marc C Lipman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Imperial College Business School and the Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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McHugh TD. World TB Day 2014: Reach the three million: a TB test, treatment and cure for all. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:119-20. [PMID: 24535148 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2QG
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10
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Liu L, Zhang WJ, Zheng J, Fu H, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Chen X, Zhou B, Feng L, Liu H, Jin Q. Exploration of novel cellular and serological antigen biomarkers in the ORFeome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:897-906. [PMID: 24447912 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.032623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity plays an indispensable role in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Antigen is a key element in the development of a successful diagnostic method and vaccine. However, few antigens are available, and a systemic study on M. tuberculosis ORFeome-based antigen screening is still lacking. In the current study, a genome-wide examination was conducted on high-throughput M. tuberculosis encoding proteins and novel antigens were identified via a comprehensive investigation of serological and antigen-specific cellular responses. The serological immunoglobulin G level of each protein was detected in pooled sera from 200 pulmonary tuberculosis patients by means of semi-quantitative Western blot. Of the 1,250 detected proteins, 29 were present at a higher level relative to the commercialized 38-kDa protein. Furthermore, the top 12 of the 29 proteins had not been previously reported, and their antigenicity was validated in serum from each individual patient. Results confirmed that the 12 proteins displayed nearly identical immunoglobulin G antibody levels in patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Antigen-specific cellular interferon-γ secretion was also evaluated using a cell-based ELISPOT assay. Thirty-four of the proteins were able to induce positive interferon-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pulmonary tuberculosis patients as judged by positive (commercial ESAT-6 antigen) and negative controls. The top 4 candidates out of the 34 proteins displayed good accuracy ranging from 50% to 80% compared with the commercial ESAT-6 antigen. Subsequent epitope examination confirmed that a pool of peptides, including a 25aa peptide from Rv1198, demonstrated significant tuberculosis-specific cellular interferon-γ production. Overall, the current study draws significant attention to novel M. tuberculosis antigens, many of which have not been previously reported. This discovery provides a large amount of useful information for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and the development of vaccines to provide protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
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11
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Orr MT, Beebe EA, Hudson TE, Moon JJ, Fox CB, Reed SG, Coler RN. A dual TLR agonist adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the tuberculosis vaccine antigen ID93. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83884. [PMID: 24404140 PMCID: PMC3880254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With over eight million cases of tuberculosis each year there is a pressing need for the development of new vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Subunit vaccines consisting of recombinant proteins are an attractive vaccine approach due to their inherent safety compared to attenuated live vaccines and the uniformity of manufacture. Addition of properly formulated TLR agonist-containing adjuvants to recombinant protein vaccines enhances the antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response characterized by IFN-γ and TNF, both of which are critical for the control of TB. We have developed a clinical stage vaccine candidate consisting of a recombinant fusion protein ID93 adjuvanted with the TLR4 agonist GLA-SE. Here we examine whether ID93+GLA-SE can be improved by the addition of a second TLR agonist. Addition of CpG containing DNA to ID93+GLA-SE enhanced the magnitude of the multi-functional TH1 response against ID93 characterized by co-production of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2. Addition of CpG also improved the protective efficacy of ID93+GLA-SE. Finally we demonstrate that this adjuvant synergy between GLA and CpG is independent of TRIF signaling, whereas TRIF is necessary for the adjuvant activity of GLA-SE in the absence of CpG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elyse A. Beebe
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Hudson
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James J. Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Head MG, Fitchett JR, Cooke MK, Wurie FB, Atun R, Hayward AC, Holmes A, Johnson AP, Woodford N. Systematic analysis of funding awarded for antimicrobial resistance research to institutions in the UK, 1997-2010. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:548-54. [PMID: 24038777 PMCID: PMC3886928 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the level of research funding awarded to UK institutions specifically for antimicrobial resistance-related research and how closely the topics funded relate to the clinical and public health burden of resistance. Methods Databases and web sites were systematically searched for information on how infectious disease research studies were funded for the period 1997–2010. Studies specifically related to antimicrobial resistance, including bacteriology, virology, mycology and parasitology research, were identified and categorized in terms of funding by pathogen and disease and by a research and development value chain describing the type of science. Results The overall dataset included 6165 studies receiving a total investment of £2.6 billion, of which £102 million was directed towards antimicrobial resistance research (5.5% of total studies, 3.9% of total spend). Of 337 resistance-related projects, 175 studies focused on bacteriology (40.2% of total resistance-related spending), 42 focused on antiviral resistance (17.2% of funding) and 51 focused on parasitology (27.4% of funding). Mean annual funding ranged from £1.9 million in 1997 to £22.1 million in 2009. Conclusions Despite the fact that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens our future ability to treat many infections, the proportion of the UK infection-research spend targeting this important area is small. There are encouraging signs of increased investment in this area, but it is important that this is sustained and targeted at areas of projected greatest burden. Two areas of particular concern requiring more investment are tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Head
- University College London, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
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