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Gu W, Li Q, Wang R, Zhang L, Liu Z, Jiao T. Recent Progress in the Applications of Langmuir-Blodgett Film Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1039. [PMID: 38921915 PMCID: PMC11207038 DOI: 10.3390/nano14121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film technology is an advanced technique for the preparation of ordered molecular ultra-thin films at the molecular level, which transfers a single layer of film from the air/water interface to a solid substrate for the controlled assembly of molecules. LB technology has continually evolved over the past century, revealing its potential applications across diverse fields. In this study, the latest research progress of LB film technology is reviewed, with emphasis on its latest applications in gas sensors, electrochemical devices, and bionic films. Additionally, this review evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of LB technology in the application processes and discusses the promising prospects for future application of LB technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qing Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Safety Monitoring of Mining Equipment, School of Emergency Equipment, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Langfang 065201, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Lexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Tifeng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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2
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Ahmed I, Das N, Islam AKMM, Plaisier JR, Parisse P, Bal JK. Interfacial Interactions of a Myoglobin/DOPC Hybrid System at the Air-Water Interface and Its Physicochemical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30199-30212. [PMID: 37636970 PMCID: PMC10448488 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the intermolecular interactions between a water-insoluble phospholipid (DOPC) and water-soluble protein (myoglobin) and the interaction among themselves were investigated at the air-water interface using the Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques. The effects of changes in physicochemical factors, like pH and temperature, on these interactions were also examined. Surface pressure-molecular area (π-A) isotherms of the DOPC monolayer at the air-water interface, with and without myoglobin (Myo) revealed the evolution of various physical properties, such as elastic, thermodynamic, and hysteric properties, in response to changes in subphase pH and temperature. With the increment of subphase pH from 5 to 7 at a fixed temperature (20 °C), the DOPC isotherm expanded, and the in-plane elasticity (CS-1) decreased, but no significant presence of hysteresis was encountered in either of the pH values. On the other hand, a diminution of temperature (from 20 to 5 °C) leads to an expansion of monolayers yielding low elasticity and significant hysteresis. The incorporation of Myo molecules within the DOPC monolayer decreased the CS-1 value of the DOPC monolayer. Such a decrement in CS-1 was also encountered while increasing the pH and decreasing the temperature (T) of the subphase in the absence of Myo. Systematic expansion of DOPC isotherm and increased hysteric area with the increase in Myo proportion were observed and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations suggested a strong conjugation between Myo and DOPC in the mixed monolayer. The denaturation effect of Myo molecules was studied using AFM at different temperatures. Furthermore, the Myo molecules were found to be most surface active at pH = 7, which is very close to its isoelectric point. These observations come up with the interaction mechanism between biomolecules under dynamically varied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikbal Ahmed
- Department
of Physics, Aliah University, Kolkata 700160, India
- International
Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute
of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Nilanjan Das
- Abhedananda
Mahavidyalaya, University of Burdwan, Sainthia 731234, India
| | | | - Jasper Rikkert Plaisier
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S.
14 Km 163,5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Pietro Parisse
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S.
14 Km 163,5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Istituto
Officina dei Materiali—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14 Km 163,5 in Area Science
Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Jayanta Kumar Bal
- Abhedananda
Mahavidyalaya, University of Burdwan, Sainthia 731234, India
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Felsztyna I, Perillo MA, Clop EM. Nanoarchitectonic approaches for measuring the catalytic behavior of a membrane anchored enzyme. From Langmuir-Blodgett to a novel Langmuir-Schaefer based nanofilm building device. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184177. [PMID: 37225031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-organized lipid monolayers at the air-water interface (Langmuir films, LF) are commonly used for measuring the catalytic properties of membrane-bound enzymes. This methodology allows to provide a consistent flat topography molecular density, packing defects and thickness. The aim of the present work was to show the methodological advantages of using the horizontal transfer method (Langmuir-Schaefer) with respect to the vertical transfer method (Langmuir-Blodgett) when mounting a device to measure catalytic activity of membrane enzymes. Based on the results obtained we can conclude that it is possible to prepare stable Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) films from Bovine Erythrocyte Membranes (BEM) preserving the catalytic activity of its native Acetylcholinesterase (BEA). In comparison, the LS films showed Vmax values more similar to the enzyme present in the vesicles of natural membranes. In addition, it was much easier to produce large amounts of transferred areas with the horizontal transfer methodology. It was possible to decrease the time required to mount an assay with numerous activity points, such as building activity curves as a function of substrate concentration. The present results show that LSBEM provides a proof of concept for the development of biosensors based on transferred purified membrane for the screening of new products acting on an enzyme embedded on its natural milieu. In the case of BEA, the application of these enzymatic sensors could have medical interest, providing drug screening tools for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Felsztyna
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A Perillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo M Clop
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina.
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4
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Gorbachev I, Smirnov A, Ivanov GR, Venelinov T, Amova A, Datsuk E, Anisimkin V, Kuznetsova I, Kolesov V. Langmuir-Blodgett Films with Immobilized Glucose Oxidase Enzyme Molecules for Acoustic Glucose Sensor Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115290. [PMID: 37300021 DOI: 10.3390/s23115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a sensitive coating based on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films containing monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) with an immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme was created. The immobilization of the enzyme in the LB film occurred during the formation of the monolayer. The effect of the immobilization of GOx enzyme molecules on the surface properties of a Langmuir DPPE monolayer was investigated. The sensory properties of the resulting LB DPPE film with an immobilized GOx enzyme in a glucose solution of various concentrations were studied. It has shown that the immobilization of GOx enzyme molecules into the LB DPPE film leads to a rising LB film conductivity with an increasing glucose concentration. Such an effect made it possible to conclude that acoustic methods can be used to determine the concentration of glucose molecules in an aqueous solution. It was found that for an aqueous glucose solution in the concentration range from 0 to 0.8 mg/mL the phase response of the acoustic mode at a frequency of 42.7 MHz has a linear form, and its maximum change is 55°. The maximum change in the insertion loss for this mode was 18 dB for a glucose concentration in the working solution of 0.4 mg/mL. The range of glucose concentrations measured using this method, from 0 to 0.9 mg/mL, corresponds to the corresponding range in the blood. The possibility of changing the conductivity range of a glucose solution depending on the concentration of the GOx enzyme in the LB film will make it possible to develop glucose sensors for higher concentrations. Such technological sensors would be in demand in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The developed technology can become the basis for creating a new generation of acoustoelectronic biosensors in the case of using other enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gorbachev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Smirnov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - George R Ivanov
- University Laboratory "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tony Venelinov
- University Laboratory "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Amova
- University Laboratory "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elizaveta Datsuk
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Anisimkin
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iren Kuznetsova
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kolesov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia
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Scholl FA, Oliveira DA, Siqueira JR, Caseli L. Exploring Langmuir-Blodgett Films with Phospholipid-Graphene Oxide/MnO2 as a Hybrid Nanostructured Interface for Supercapacitor Applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Schmidt TF, Caseli L. Molecular organization of dengue fusion peptide in phospholipid monolayers revealed by tensiometry and vibrational spectroscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 215:112477. [PMID: 35381500 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Dengue fusion peptide (FLAg) in selected lipid Langmuir monolayers was characterized with surface pressure-area isotherms and infrared spectroscopy to investigate the role of the membrane charge and molecular organization in the peptide-lipid binding. Surface pressure-area isotherms were employed to analyze the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the FLAg-lipid monolayer, showing that charged lipid monolayers showed different peptide adsorption patterns for an optimized peptide concentration (maximum membrane adsorption). Polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy pointed out that incorporating FLAg changed the dipole orientations for the lipid polar head groups, as confirmed in PG-containing monolayers. Also, FLAg reorients the lipid film when it interacts with the phosphate and choline groups. Finally, analysis of the 310-helix bands suggests that FLAg assumes a configuration as a hairpin, an essential premise for the beginning of the membrane fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Schmidt
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil.
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Chalmpes N, Patila M, Kouloumpis A, Alatzoglou C, Spyrou K, Subrati M, Polydera AC, Bourlinos AB, Stamatis H, Gournis D. Graphene Oxide-Cytochrome c Multilayered Structures for Biocatalytic Applications: Decrypting the Role of Surfactant in Langmuir-Schaefer Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26204-26215. [PMID: 35608556 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional single-layer carbon allotrope, has attracted tremendous scientific interest due to its outstanding physicochemical properties. Its monatomic thickness, high specific surface area, and chemical stability render it an ideal building block for the development of well-ordered layered nanostructures with tailored properties. Herein, biohybrid graphene-based layer-by-layer structures are prepared by means of conventional and surfactant-assisted Langmuir-Schaefer layer deposition techniques, whereby cytochrome c molecules are accommodated within ordered layers of graphene oxide. The biocatalytic activity of the as-developed nanobio-architectures toward the enzymatic oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and decolorization of pinacyanol chloride is tested. The results show that the multilayer structures exhibit high biocatalytic activity and stability in the absence of surfactant molecules during the deposition of the monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Chalmpes
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michaela Patila
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonios Kouloumpis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christina Alatzoglou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mohammed Subrati
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki C Polydera
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gournis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Oliveira ON, Caseli L, Ariga K. The Past and the Future of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6459-6513. [PMID: 35113523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, through which monolayers are transferred from the air/water interface onto a solid substrate, was the first method to allow for the controlled assembly of organic molecules. With its almost 100 year history, it has been the inspiration for most methods to functionalize surfaces and produce nanocoatings, in addition to serving to explore concepts in molecular electronics and nanoarchitectonics. This paper provides an overview of the history of Langmuir monolayers and LB films, including the potential use in devices and a discussion on why LB films are seldom considered for practical applications today. Emphasis is then given to two areas where these films offer unique opportunities, namely, in mimicking cell membrane models and exploiting nanoarchitectonics concepts to produce sensors, investigate molecular recognitions, and assemble molecular machines. The most promising topics for the short- and long-term prospects of the LB technique are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0827, Japan
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9
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Xu M, Tsona NT, Cheng S, Li J, Du L. Unraveling interfacial properties of organic-coated marine aerosol with lipase incorporation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146893. [PMID: 33848860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols are believed to have an organic surface coating on which fatty acids act as an important component due to their high surface activity. In addition, various kinds of enzyme species are abundantly found in seawater, some of which have been identified to exist in marine aerosols. Herein, from the perspective of marine aerosol interface simulation, we investigate the effect of Burkholderia cepacia lipase on the surface properties of stearic acid (SA) monolayer at the air-water interface by using surface-sensitive techniques of Langmuir trough and Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). Our findings indicate that the stearic acid film undergoes a significant expansion, especially when the lipase concentration is 500 nM, because of the incorporation of lipase as observed from the surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms. IRRAS spectra also show reduced intensities and ordering in the methylene stretching vibration region of stearic acid as a result of low surface density and disordered packing as the enzyme concentration increases. In particular, when the concentration of lipase is 500 nM, the lowest Ias/Is values are shown on both pure water subphase and artificial seawater subphase, indicating more gauche conformations for SA. Furthermore, SA films with lipase incorporation were also studied at three different pH of subphase environment, considering the decrease of pH caused by the reaction with acidic gases during the aerosol aging process. The results reflect a more pronounced expansion of SA monolayer in acidic environment at pH 2.5, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction plays an important role in the disorder of the SA monolayer. In view of the coexistence of fatty acids and enzymes in the marine environment, this study provides a further understanding of the surface organization and behavior of organic-coated marine aerosols and deepen the knowledge of lipid-enzyme interfacial interactions occurring in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shumin Cheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
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da Silva RLCG, Sharma SK, Paudyal S, Mintz KJ, Leblanc RM, Caseli L. Surface Chemistry Studies on the Formation of Mixed Stearic Acid/Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7771-7779. [PMID: 34125555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the physicochemical properties of mixed stearic acid (HSt)/phenylalanine dehydrogenase enzyme (PheDH) Langmuir films and their immobilization onto solid supports as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. PheDH from the aqueous subphase enters the surfactant matrix up to an exclusion surface pressure of 25.3 mN/m, leading to the formation of stable and highly condensed mixed Langmuir monolayers. Hydrophobic interactions between the enzyme and HSt nonpolar groups tuned the secondary structure of PheDH, evidenced by the presence of β-sheet structures as demonstrated by infrared and circular dichroism spectra. The floating monolayers were successfully transferred to solid quartz supports, yielding Y-type LB films, and then characterized employing fluorescence, circular dichroism, and microscopic techniques, which indicated that PheDH was co-immobilized with HSt proportionally to the number of transferred layers. The enzyme fluidized the HSt monolayers, reducing their maximum dipoles when condensed to their maximum, and disorganized the alkyl chains of the fatty acid, as detected with infrared spectroscopy. The stability of the mixed floating monolayers enabled their transfer to solid supports as LB films, which is important for producing optical and electrochemical sensors for phenylalanine whose molecular architecture can be controlled with precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Suraj Paudyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09920-540, Brazil
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11
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Pereira MS, Maximino MD, Martin CS, Aoki PHB, Oliveira ON, Alessio P. Lipid-matrix effects on tyrosinase immobilization in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200019. [PMID: 33787687 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of the enzyme tyrosinase (Tyr) in lipid matrices can be explored to produce biosensors for detecting polyphenols, which is relevant for the food industry. Herein, we shall demonstrate the importance of the lipid composition to immobilize the enzyme tyrosinase in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. Tyr could be incorporated into Langmuir monolayers of arachidic acid (AA), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt) (DPPG), having as the main effect an expansion in the monolayers. Results from polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) pointed to electrostatic interactions between the charged residues of Try and the lipid headgroups, in addition to changes in the order of lipid chains. The interaction between Tyr and DPPC in Langmuir monolayers can be correlated with the superior performance of DPPC/Tyr LB films used as biosensors to detect catechol by cyclic voltammetry. The molecular-level interactions assessed via PM-IRRAS are therefore believed to drive an immobilization process for Tyr in the lipid LB matrix and may serve as a general criterion to identify matrices that preserve enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Pereira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Física, Rua Roberto Símonsen, 305, Centro Educacional, Caixa Postal 467, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus D Maximino
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Física, Rua Roberto Símonsen, 305, Centro Educacional, Caixa Postal 467, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibely S Martin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Física, Rua Roberto Símonsen, 305, Centro Educacional, Caixa Postal 467, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro H B Aoki
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, Caixa Postal 65, 19806-900 Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, Caixa Postal 369, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Alessio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Física, Rua Roberto Símonsen, 305, Centro Educacional, Caixa Postal 467, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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12
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Rodrigues RT, Siqueira JR, Caseli L. Structural and viscoelastic properties of floating monolayers of a pectinolytic enzyme and their influence on the catalytic properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:568-577. [PMID: 33497895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The catalytic activity of enzymes immobilized in self-assembly systems as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films is influenced by molecular interactions dictated by the composition and viscoelasticity of the previous floating monolayers. We believe that the insertion of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in mixed polygalacturonase/lipid monolayers may influence intermolecular interactions and viscoelastic properties, being then possible to tune system stability and rheological properties, driving catalytic properties of the films for biosensing. EXPERIMENTS The physicochemical properties of the monolayers were investigated by tensiometry, surface potential, Brewster angle microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and dilatational rheology. The monolayers were transferred to solid supports LB films and characterized by atomic force microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of the LB films was verified by colorimetric assay. FINDINGS The enzyme-CNT-lipid film had a catalytic activity at least twice as high as the pure enzyme owing to the synergy between the components, with the lipid acting as a protector matrix for the enzyme and the CNTs acting as an energy transfer facilitator. These results point to a proof-of-concept system, through which we can propose an alternative to achieve enhanced bio-inspired films with high control of the molecular architecture by using the LB approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul T Rodrigues
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - José R Siqueira
- Laboratory of Applied Nanomaterials and Nanostructures (LANNA), Institute of Exact Sciences, Natural and Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Nunes JCF, Cristóvão RO, Freire MG, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Faria JL, Silva CG, Tavares APM. Recent Strategies and Applications for l-Asparaginase Confinement. Molecules 2020; 25:E5827. [PMID: 33321857 PMCID: PMC7764279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
l-asparaginase (ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1) is an aminohydrolase enzyme with important uses in the therapeutic/pharmaceutical and food industries. Its main applications are as an anticancer drug, mostly for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treatment, and in acrylamide reduction when starch-rich foods are cooked at temperatures above 100 °C. Its use as a biosensor for asparagine in both industries has also been reported. However, there are certain challenges associated with ASNase applications. Depending on the ASNase source, the major challenges of its pharmaceutical application are the hypersensitivity reactions that it causes in ALL patients and its short half-life and fast plasma clearance in the blood system by native proteases. In addition, ASNase is generally unstable and it is a thermolabile enzyme, which also hinders its application in the food sector. These drawbacks have been overcome by the ASNase confinement in different (nano)materials through distinct techniques, such as physical adsorption, covalent attachment and entrapment. Overall, this review describes the most recent strategies reported for ASNase confinement in numerous (nano)materials, highlighting its improved properties, especially specificity, half-life enhancement and thermal and operational stability improvement, allowing its reuse, increased proteolysis resistance and immunogenicity elimination. The most recent applications of confined ASNase in nanomaterials are reviewed for the first time, simultaneously providing prospects in the described fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. F. Nunes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Raquel O. Cristóvão
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Mara G. Freire
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Joaquim L. Faria
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Cláudia G. Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Ana P. M. Tavares
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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14
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da Rocha Rodrigues R, da Silva RLCG, Caseli L, Péres LO. Conjugated polymers as Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films: Challenges and applications in nanostructured devices. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 285:102277. [PMID: 32992077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Initially developed for classic systems composed of fatty acids and phospholipids, the Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) techniques allow the fabrication of nanometer-scale devices at self-assembly interfaces with high control over the thickness and molecular architecture. Their application in the research and production of new plastic materials has grown considerably over the past few decades due to the efficiency of conjugated polymers (CPs) for the production of light-emitting diodes, flexible displays, solar cells, and other photoelectronic devices. The structuring of polymers at different interfaces is not trivial as this class of macromolecules can undergo through different processes of folding/unfolding, which hinders the formation of stable Langmuir monolayers and, consequently, the production of Langmuir-Blodgett films. With these ideas in mind, the present article aims to review a series of elements related to the formation of stable Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of CPs, especially those based on poly(phenylene vinylene)s, polyfluorenes, and polythiophenes. This review is divided into two parts where we first discuss the formation of neat CP films, and then the strategies for the formation of stable CP films based on the co-immobilization with fatty acids, other polymers, and enzymes as mixed films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca da Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Caseli
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Laura Oliveira Péres
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Makinde ZO, van der Heijden NJ, Domigan LJ, McGillivray DJ, Williams DE. Aligned Assembly in a 2-D Gel of a Water-Soluble Peptide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11292-11302. [PMID: 32882136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the assembly of a compact, gel-like Langmuir-Blodgett film of rods formed by self-assembly of a β-sheet-forming water-soluble peptide, Ac-IKHLSVN-NH2, at the surface of aqueous electrolytes. We characterize surface pressure hysteresis and demonstrate shear stiffening of the surface caused by area cycling, which we interpret as due to rearrangement and alignment of the rods. We show strong effects of the electrolyte on the assembly of the elementary rods, which can be related to the Hofmeister series and interpreted by effects on the interaction energies mediated by ions and water. Formation of β-sheet structures and assembly of these into surface-segregated semicrystalline gels was strongly promoted by ammonium sulfate electrolyte. With ammonium sulfate electrolyte as subphase for Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition, shear stiffening by surface area cycling resulted in very compact films on transfer to a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab O Makinde
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Nadine J van der Heijden
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Laura J Domigan
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Duncan J McGillivray
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David E Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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16
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Possarle LHRR, Siqueira Junior JR, Caseli L. Insertion of carbon nanotubes in Langmuir-Blodgett films of stearic acid and asparaginase enhancing the catalytic performance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:111032. [PMID: 32330820 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNT) were adsorbed on stearic acid (SA) Langmuir monolayers to serve as matrices for the incorporation of asparaginase. The interaction between the components at the air-water interface was evaluated by surface pressure-area isotherms, surface potential-area isotherms, polarization-modulation reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The enzyme expanded the monolayers and changed the thermodynamic and electrical properties of the SA-CNT monolayers, as detected with the isotherms. PM-IRRAS spectra showed that the enzyme keeps its secondary structure when adsorbed at the monolayers and also alters the morphology of the air-water interface, as identified with BAM. The hybrid floating films were transferred to solid supports through the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, and the cotransfer of the enzyme was confirmed with fluorescence spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of asparaginase in the LB films was studied with UV-vis spectroscopy, which showed that the presence of CNT in the enzyme-lipid LB film not only tuned the catalytic activity, but also helped conserve its enzyme activity after weeks, showing higher persisting values of activity. UV-vis spectroscopy also showed that the catalytic activity is dependent basically on the enzyme molecules present on the surface of the LB films since multilayer films did not provide a proportional increase of enzyme activity. These results are related to the synergism between the compounds on the active layer, leading to a molecular architecture that allowed the adequate molecular accommodation of the analyte with the catalytic sites of the enzyme, which also preserved the asparaginase activity. This work then demonstrates the feasibility of employing LB films composed of fatty acids, CNT, and enzymes as devices for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Roberto Siqueira Junior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Natural and Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Furtado FADS, Escobar JFBO, Martinez AM, Giordani C, Caiut JMA, Caseli L, Molina C. Molecular Information on the Potential of Europium Complexes for Local Recognition of a Nucleoside-Based Drug by Using Nanostructured Interfaces Assembled as Langmuir-Blodgett Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3843-3852. [PMID: 32207954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of nanostructured materials for biological and medical applications may be applied toward the conjugation of adequate substances to boost the stimulus response of sensors and diagnostic probes. In this sense, Langmuir-Blodgett films constituted of bioinspired and biomimetic materials have attracted attention because of the ease of manipulation of the molecular architecture. In this paper, we employed a nucleoside-based drug, which was linked with a sterol hydrophobic moiety (3',4'-acetonide-uridine-succinate-cholesterol conjugate) to provide it an amphiphilic character. The drug was spread on the air-water interface, alone or mixed with stearic acid, forming Langmuir monolayers, and the complex Eu(tta)3(H2O)2 was incorporated in the drug-containing monolayer. Interactions at the air-water interface between stearic acid, the drug, and the europium complex were then investigated with tensiometry, surface potential, infrared spectroscopy, and Brewster angle microscopy. The Langmuir films were transferred to solid supports as Langmuir-Blodgett films, which presented luminescent properties that could be tuned according to the molecular architecture. We believe that these results can serve as a novel approach to characterize and assemble materials organized in the molecular scale for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jhon Fernando Berrı O Escobar
- Marine Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharamaceutiacal and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Martinez Martinez
- Marine Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharamaceutiacal and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia
| | - Cristiano Giordani
- Marine Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharamaceutiacal and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia
- Institute of Physics, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Antioquia 050010, Colombia
| | - José Maurício Almeida Caiut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Celso Molina
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
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18
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Araujo FT, Peres LO, Caseli L. Conjugated Polymers Blended with Lipids and Galactosidase as Langmuir-Blodgett Films To Control the Biosensing Properties of Nanostructured Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7294-7303. [PMID: 31081634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of enzymes must be conserved when incorporated in nanoelectronic devices because their activity determines the function of the device as sensors. Among the systems that can retain their conformational structures, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films can be useful to exploit the construction of bioelectronic devices organized at the molecular level because biological and polymeric materials can be coupled as ultrathin films for biosensors and actuators. In this paper, we immobilized a β-galactosidase enzyme in the LB films of stearic acid and the conjugated polymer poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene)- co-thiophene]. After the characterization of the floating films using tensiometry, vibrational spectroscopy, and Brewster angle microscopy, they were transferred to solid supports as LB films, and the catalytic activity of the enzyme could be preserved as analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy. We noted that the presence of a supramolecular structure formed in the LB films not only conserved the enzyme activity but also exhibited regular and distinctive output signals in all molecular architectures employed in this work. These results are related to the synergism between the compounds on the active layer associated with a surface morphology that facilitated the analyte diffusion because of an adequate molecular accommodation of all components. This work then demonstrates the viability of employing LB films composed of lipids, enzymes, and synthetic polymers as devices for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciano Caseli
- Federal University of Sao Paulo , Diadema 09913-030 , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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19
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Krajewska M, Dopierała K, Weiss M, Prochaska K. Temperature, pH, and Molecular Packing Effects on the Penetration of Oleic Acid Monolayer by α-Lactalbumin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3183-3193. [PMID: 30706714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported on the interfacial behavior of mixed oleic acid (OA)-α-lactalbumin monolayer and its relevance in the formation of tumoricidal HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells)-like complex. This complex is probably formed in the gastrointestinal tract, but it has not been proved so far. The molecular base and the underlying physicochemical forces leading to such complexation remain to be known as well. There are also several other issues related with the complex stoichiometry that need to be fully explained. This study provides insight into the mechanism of temperature, pH, and physical state of monolayer-dependent binding of OA by the milk protein- apo-α-lactalbumin. Using the Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett approaches, we investigated the interactions between the OA monolayer and the apo-bovine α-lactalbumin (BLA III) at different pH, temperatures, and molecular packing. We found that the most favorable conditions for the formation of mixed OA-BLA III film are relevant to the gastric environment. The stabilization of OA-BLA III at the interface is associated with the conformational changes of protein in the presence of fatty acids induced by low pH and high temperature in the expanded monolayer. Our approach helps to understand the molecular mechanism of HAMLET/bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Krajewska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering , Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4 , 60-965 Poznań , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dopierała
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering , Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4 , 60-965 Poznań , Poland
| | - Marek Weiss
- Institute of Physics , Poznan University of Technology , Piotrowo 3 , 60-965 Poznań , Poland
| | - Krystyna Prochaska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering , Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4 , 60-965 Poznań , Poland
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