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Yi Y, Li Z, Sun R, Yin Z, Zhang F, Wang X, Li K, Zhang S, Ren X. Digital anatomical features of morphological development in C 2-C 7 neurocentral synchondrosis in children aged 1-6 years: a retrospective study of CT images. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:424. [PMID: 39160634 PMCID: PMC11334320 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the continuous improvement of diagnosis and treatment technology for cervical spine-related diseases in children at home and abroad, the demand for exploring the developmental anatomy and function of children's cervical spine of different ages is increasing. So the aim of this study was to investigate the changes of anatomical indicators in neurocentral synchondrosis (NCS) of C2-C7 with age and the developmental characteristics of different vertebrae in children aged 1-6 years old. METHOD A retrospective collection of 160 cases of normal cervical spine CT images of children aged 1-6 years old in provincial tertiary hospitals, according to the age group of 1-year-old into 6 groups. The original data of continuously scanned cervical spine tomography images were imported into Mimics16.0 software, under the two-dimensional image window, selected the measurement tool under the Measurements toolbar to measure and statistically analyzed the anatomical indicators such as cross diameter, sagittal diameter, height, perimeter and area of NCS in the C2-C7 segment of the cervical spine on the coronal plane and cross-section. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the anatomical indexes of cervical spine NCS in children compared with the left and right sides of the same vertebrae (P > 0.05). The same cervical spine generally had differences between the age groups of 1-4 years old and 5-6 years old (P < 0.05).The transverse diameter and circumference gradually decreased with age; the sagittal diameter and height showed a slight increase trend; there was a maximum area at 2 years of age. In different cervical vertebrae of the same age group, the NCS values of C3, C4, and C5 varied greatly, which showed that the ossification process of cervical cartilage was faster than that at the upper and lower ends. There were obvious differences between C2 and the rest of the cervical vertebral segments' NCS ossification process. C7 was also very different from the rest of the cervical vertebrae segments, presumably more similar to the thoracic spine. CONCLUSIONS The anatomical indexes of C2-C7 NCS in children have obvious developmental regularities at different ages, and there are also regularities between cervical segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yi
- Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruifen Sun
- Imaging Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhaozheng Yin
- Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fengzhen Zhang
- Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University Digital Medical Center, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University Digital Medical Center, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Inner Mongolia Medical University Digital Medical Center, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Zhong YJ, Cui D, Wen PYF, Wong HM. Charting facial growth and development for Bantu Africans: Central tendencies, variational properties and sexual dimorphisms. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38922713 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Current studies on facial growth and development have been largely based on European populations. Less studied are African populations, who because of their distinct genetic makeup and environmental conditions, provide deeper insights into patterns of facial development. Patterns of facial shape development in African populations remain largely uncharacterised. Our study aimed to establish facial growth and development trajectories based on a cohort of 2874 Bantu Africans from Tanzania aged 6-18 years, with particular focus on identifying morphogenetic processes that lead to observed developmental shape changes. Procrustes ANCOVA suggested sexually dimorphic patterns of facial shape development (p = 0.0036). The forehead was relatively contracted during development in both sexes. The glabella region was more anteriorly displaced in females due to expansion in the region laterosuperior to the eyes. Nasal protrusion increased with development, which was found to arise from local expansion in the nasal alae and columella. Local expansion in the upper and lower labial regions resulted in forward displaced lips in both sexes, with the effect more pronounced in males. The mentum was displaced more anteriorly in females due to comparatively more expanded mental regions with development. The lateral facial region corresponding to the underlying body of the mandible were developmentally expanded but were posteriorly positioned due to protrusive growth of surrounding structures. Generalised additive modelling of Procrustes variance suggested that facial variation decreased non-linearly with age (p < 0.05). Relative principal component analysis suggested that variations in facial outline shape were developmentally constrained, whereas nasolabial and mental regions, where developmental changes were significant, became morphologically diversified with development. In contrast to simple descriptive illustration of facial shape development, we gained transformative insights into patterns of facial shape development by analysing morphogenetic processes and variational properties. Our analytical framework is broadly applicable to morphometric studies on ontogenetic shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jie Zhong
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Hai Ming Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong
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Filho ÍTO, Botelho RV. The role of sphenoid bone in basilar invagination pathophysiology. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:322. [PMID: 38040961 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Basilar invagination (BI) is characterized by rostral dislocation of the cervical spine toward the skull base. The craniometrics of the skull base have shown significant differences among craniocervical junction malformations. The sphenoid bone is the center of the skull base; however, no study has evaluated this bone in cases of BI. This was a cross-sectional study of MRI databanks from two institutions of the author's practice between 1985 and 2020. The craniometrics of the sphenoid bone were measured in BI patients and controls. Fifty-eight MRIs were selected, including 28 BI patients and 30 controls. The mean sphenoid crest-clivus length was 32.66 ± 4.7 mm in the BI group and 29.98 ± 3.0 mm in the control group (p = 0.01). The mean sphenoid planum-top of Dorsum sellae length was 28.53 ± 3.7 mm in the BI group and 26.45 ± 3.2 mm in the control group (p = 0.02). The mean tuberculum sellae-sphenoid floor height was 18.52 ± 4.4 mm in the BI group and 21.32 ± 2.9 mm in the control group (p = 0.00). The mean sella turcica-sphenoid floor height was 10.35 ± 3.8 mm in the BI group and 12.24 ± 3.5 mm in the control group (p = 0.05). The mean clivus length was 29.81 ± 6.3 mm in the BI group and 40.86 ± 4.2 mm in the control group (p = 0.00). The mean sphenoid length was 58.34 ± 7.4 mm in the BI group and 67.31 ± 6.0 mm in the control group (p = 0.00). The mean sphenoid angle was 116.33 ± 8.7° in the BI group and 112.36 ± 6.9° in the control group (p = 0.05). The BI sphenoid bone has shorter vertical dimensions and longer horizontal measures. This morphology promotes a flattening of the sphenoid angle. The sphenoid bone is significantly altered in BI, favoring the congenital hypothesis in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo T Oliveira Filho
- Health Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual - IAMSPE, Av. Ibirapuera, 91. 2nd Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04029-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo V Botelho
- Health Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual - IAMSPE, Av. Ibirapuera, 91. 2nd Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04029-000, Brazil.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Mandaqui, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Servidor Público Estadual - HSPE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Botelho RV, Botelho PB, Hernandez B, Sales MB, Rotta JM. Association between Brachycephaly, Chiari Malformation, and Basilar Invagination. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 84:329-333. [PMID: 34929749 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that Chiari malformation (CM) and basilar invagination (BI) are largely due to disproportion between the content and volume of the posterior fossa. A recent study identified an increased association between brachycephaly and BI. In several types of craniosynostosis, the posterior fossa volume is smaller than normal, and this is more pronounced in coronal synostosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between CM and BI. METHODS The cephalic index (CI) measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from a sample of patients with craniocervical malformation was compared with that of normal subjects. RESULTS The average CI in the craniovertebral junction malformation (CVJM) group was significantly higher in BI patients than in normal subjects. The BI patients also had the highest CI among the whole sample of patients (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS In this study, BI patients had the highest CI among patients with CVJM and a significantly higher CI than those in the control group. Our data confirm the association between BI and brachycephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vieira Botelho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inst Assistencia Med Ao Serv Publ Estadual Sao Pa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mauricio Bezerra Sales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inst Assistencia Med Ao Serv Publ Estadual Sao Pa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Marcus Rotta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inst Assistencia Med Ao Serv Publ Estadual Sao Pa, São Paulo, Brazil
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