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Sakamuru S, Ma D, Pierro JD, Baker NC, Kleinstreuer N, Cali JJ, Knudsen TB, Xia M. Development and validation of CYP26A1 inhibition assay for high-throughput screening. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300659. [PMID: 38863121 PMCID: PMC11338008 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is an endogenous ligand of the retinoic acid receptors, which heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors. AtRA is generated in tissues from vitamin A (retinol) metabolism to form a paracrine signal and is locally degraded by cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26) enzymes. The CYP26 family consists of three subtypes: A1, B1, and C1, which are differentially expressed during development. This study aims to develop and validate a high throughput screening assay to identify CYP26A1 inhibitors in a cell-free system using a luminescent P450-Glo assay technology. The assay performed well with a signal to background ratio of 25.7, a coefficient of variation of 8.9%, and a Z-factor of 0.7. To validate the assay, we tested a subset of 39 compounds that included known CYP26 inhibitors and retinoids, as well as positive and negative control compounds selected from the literature and/or the ToxCast/Tox21 portfolio. Known CYP26A1 inhibitors were confirmed, and predicted CYP26A1 inhibitors, such as chlorothalonil, prochloraz, and SSR126768, were identified, demonstrating the reliability and robustness of the assay. Given the general importance of atRA as a morphogenetic signal and the localized expression of Cyp26a1 in embryonic tissues, a validated CYP26A1 assay has important implications for evaluating the potential developmental toxicity of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongping Ma
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jocylin D. Pierro
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Che X, Huang Y, Zhong K, Jia K, Wei Y, Meng Y, Yuan W, Lu H. Thiophanate-methyl induces notochord toxicity by activating the PI3K-mTOR pathway in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120861. [PMID: 36563988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thiophanate-methyl (TM), a typical pesticide widely used worldwide, was detected in rivers, soil, fruits, and vegetables. Thus, it is urgent to identify the potential harm of TM residual to non-target organisms and its molecular mechanisms. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) in this study to evaluate TM toxicity. TM exposure induced developmental toxicity, including inhibited hatchability, reduced heart rates, restrained spontaneous locomotion, and decreased body length. Furthermore, we observed obvious toxicity in the notochord and detected increased expression levels of notochord-related genes (shha, col2a, and tbxta) by in situ hybridization in zebrafish larvae. In addition, calcein staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity analysis, and anatomic analysis indicated that TM induced notochord toxicity. We used rescue experiments to verify whether the PI3K-mTOR pathway involved in the notochord development was the cause of notochord abnormalities. Rapamycin and LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K) relieve notochord toxicity caused by TM, including morphological abnormalities. In summary, TM might induce notochord toxicity by activating the PI3K-mTOR pathway in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Che
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Keyuan Zhong
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kun Jia
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - You Wei
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunlong Meng
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, China.
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Pierro JD, Ahir BK, Baker NC, Kleinstreuer NC, Xia M, Knudsen TB. Computational model for fetal skeletal defects potentially linked to disruption of retinoic acid signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:971296. [PMID: 36172177 PMCID: PMC9511990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) gradients determine skeletal patterning morphogenesis and can be disrupted by diverse genetic or environmental factors during pregnancy, leading to fetal skeleton defects. Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) frameworks for ATRA metabolism, signaling, and homeostasis allow for the development of new approach methods (NAMs) for predictive toxicology with less reliance on animal testing. Here, a data-driven model was constructed to identify chemicals associated with both ATRA pathway bioactivity and prenatal skeletal defects. The phenotype data was culled from ToxRefDB prenatal developmental toxicity studies and produced a list of 363 ToxRefDB chemicals with altered skeletal observations. Defects were classified regionally as cranial, post-cranial axial, appendicular, and other (unspecified) features based on ToxRefDB descriptors. To build a multivariate statistical model, high-throughput screening bioactivity data from >8,070 chemicals in ToxCast/Tox21 across 10 in vitro assays relevant to the retinoid signaling system were evaluated and compared to literature-based candidate reference chemicals in the dataset. There were 48 chemicals identified for effects on both in vivo skeletal defects and in vitro ATRA pathway targets for computational modeling. The list included 28 chemicals with prior evidence of skeletal defects linked to retinoid toxicity and 20 chemicals without prior evidence. The combination of thoracic cage defects and DR5 (direct repeats of 5 nucleotides for RAR/RXR transactivation) disruption was the most frequently occurring phenotypic and target disturbance, respectively. This data model provides valuable AOP elucidation and validates current mechanistic understanding. These findings also shed light on potential avenues for new mechanistic discoveries related to ATRA pathway disruption and associated skeletal dysmorphogenesis due to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocylin D. Pierro
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Computational Toxicology and Bioinformatics Branch (CTBB), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Bhavesh K. Ahir
- Eurofins Medical Device Testing, Lancaster, PA, United States
| | - Nancy C. Baker
- Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division (SCDCD), Leidos Contractor, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), USEPA/ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Computational Toxicology and Bioinformatics Branch (CTBB), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas B. Knudsen, , orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-596x
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Milesi MM, Lorenz V, Durando M, Rossetti MF, Varayoud J. Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672532. [PMID: 34305812 PMCID: PMC8293380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate base herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely applied pesticides in the world and are mainly used in association with GBH-tolerant crop varieties. Indiscriminate and negligent use of GBHs has promoted the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, and consequently the rise in the use of these herbicides. Glyphosate, the active ingredient of all GBHs, is combined with other chemicals known as co-formulants that enhance the herbicide action. Nowadays, the safety of glyphosate and its formulations remain to be a controversial issue, as evidence is not conclusive whether the adverse effects are caused by GBH or glyphosate, and little is known about the contribution of co-formulants to the toxicity of herbicides. Currently, alarmingly increased levels of glyphosate have been detected in different environmental matrixes and in foodstuff, becoming an issue of social concern. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glyphosate and its formulations exhibit estrogen-like properties, and growing evidence has indicated they may disrupt normal endocrine function, with adverse consequences for reproductive health. Moreover, multigenerational effects have been reported and epigenetic mechanisms have been proved to be involved in the alterations induced by the herbicide. In this review, we provide an overview of: i) the routes and levels of human exposure to GBHs, ii) the potential estrogenic effects of glyphosate and GBHs in cell culture and animal models, iii) their long-term effects on female fertility and mechanisms of action, and iv) the consequences on health of successive generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Virginia Lorenz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Rossetti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
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