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Yamamoto T, Alimu Y, Takahashi H, Kusuya Y, Hosoya K, Shigemune N, Nagai S, Yaguchi T. Isolation and Characterization of the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Hydrochloride-Resistant Fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 26:157-166. [PMID: 34556618 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a fungus from a 20% (= 200,000 µg/mL) aqueous solution of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), a widely used antimicrobial and examined its morphology and drug resistance profile. Based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, the fungus was identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum. Although the P. lilacinum type and resistant strains showed similar morphology, the latter had extremely low PHMB susceptibility and was able to grow in 20% aqueous solution of PHMB, which eliminated the type strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PHMB for the resistant strain was significantly higher than that of the type strain and other pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeasts. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and antifungal agents other than PHMB was similar to that of the type strain, therefore the drug resistance of the isolate was specific to PHMB. Furthermore, we sequenced the genome of the isolate to predict PHMB resistance-related genes. Despite its high resistance to PHMB, no well-known genes homologous to fungal PHMB-resistant genes were detected in the genome of the resistant strain. In summary, P. lilacinum was found to be significantly more resistant to PHMB than previously reported, via an unidentified mechanism of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University.,Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University
| | - Yoko Kusuya
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University
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Sprute R, Salmanton-García J, Sal E, Malaj X, Ráčil Z, Ruiz de Alegría Puig C, Falces-Romero I, Barać A, Desoubeaux G, Kindo AJ, Morris AJ, Pelletier R, Steinmann J, Thompson GR, Cornely OA, Seidel D, Stemler J. Invasive infections with Purpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1593-1603. [PMID: 33599275 PMCID: PMC8120338 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a basis for clinical management decisions in Purpureocillium lilacinum infection. METHODS Unpublished cases of invasive P. lilacinum infection from the FungiScope® registry and all cases reported in the literature were analysed. RESULTS We identified 101 cases with invasive P. lilacinum infection. Main predisposing factors were haematological and oncological diseases in 31 cases (30.7%), steroid treatment in 27 cases (26.7%), solid organ transplant in 26 cases (25.7%), and diabetes mellitus in 19 cases (18.8%). The most prevalent infection sites were skin (n = 37/101, 36.6%) and lungs (n = 26/101, 25.7%). Dissemination occurred in 22 cases (21.8%). Pain and fever were the most frequent symptoms (n = 40/101, 39.6% and n = 34/101, 33.7%, respectively). Diagnosis was established by culture in 98 cases (97.0%). P. lilacinum caused breakthrough infection in 10 patients (9.9%). Clinical isolates were frequently resistant to amphotericin B, whereas posaconazole and voriconazole showed good in vitro activity. Susceptibility to echinocandins varied considerably. Systemic antifungal treatment was administered in 90 patients (89.1%). Frequently employed antifungals were voriconazole in 51 (56.7%) and itraconazole in 26 patients (28.9%). Amphotericin B treatment was significantly associated with high mortality rates (n = 13/33, 39.4%, P = <0.001). Overall mortality was 21.8% (n = 22/101) and death was attributed to P. lilacinum infection in 45.5% (n = 10/22). CONCLUSIONS P. lilacinum mainly presents as soft-tissue, pulmonary or disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Owing to intrinsic resistance, accurate species identification and susceptibility testing are vital. Outcome is better in patients treated with triazoles compared with amphotericin B formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Sprute
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ertan Sal
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xhorxha Malaj
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Ráčil
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Iker Falces-Romero
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Barać
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Tours University hospital, France
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, SriRamachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arthur J Morris
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - René Pelletier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg Hospital, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Danila Seidel
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Stemler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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