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Kulmann-Leal B, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. CCR5Δ32 in Brazil: Impacts of a European Genetic Variant on a Highly Admixed Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758358. [PMID: 34956188 PMCID: PMC8703165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of Brazilians encompasses Amerindian, African, and European components as a result of the colonization of an already Amerindian inhabited region by Europeans, associated to a massive influx of Africans. Other migratory flows introduced into the Brazilian population genetic components from Asia and the Middle East. Currently, Brazil has a highly admixed population and, therefore, the study of genetic factors in the context of health or disease in Brazil is a challenging and remarkably interesting subject. This phenomenon is exemplified by the genetic variant CCR5Δ32, a 32 base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene. CCR5Δ32 originated in Europe, but the time of origin as well as the selective pressures that allowed the maintenance of this variant and the establishment of its current frequencies in the different human populations is still a field of debates. Due to its origin, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is high in European-derived populations (~10%) and low in Asian and African native human populations. In Brazil, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is intermediate (4-6%) and varies on the Brazilian States, depending on the migratory history of each region. CCR5 is a protein that regulates the activity of several immune cells, also acting as the main HIV-1 co-receptor. The CCR5 expression is influenced by CCR5Δ32 genotypes. No CCR5 expression is observed in CCR5Δ32 homozygous individuals. Thus, the CCR5Δ32 has particular effects on different diseases. At the population level, the effect that CCR5Δ32 has on European populations may be different than that observed in highly admixed populations. Besides less evident due to its low frequency in admixed groups, the effect of the CCR5Δ32 variant may be affected by other genetic traits. Understanding the effects of CCR5Δ32 on Brazilians is essential to predict the potential use of pharmacological CCR5 modulators in Brazil. Therefore, this study reviews the impacts of the CCR5Δ32 on the Brazilian population, considering infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions, and cancer. Finally, this article provides a general discussion concerning the impacts of a European-derived variant, the CCR5Δ32, on a highly admixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a summary of the current data on the global HIV subtype diversity and distribution by region. HIV is one of the most genetically diverse pathogens due to its high-mutation and recombination rates, large population size and rapid replication rate. This rapid evolutionary process has resulted in several HIV subtypes that are heterogeneously globally distributed. RECENT FINDINGS Subtype A remains the most prevalent strain in parts of East Africa, Russia and former Soviet Union countries; subtype B in Europe, Americas and Oceania; subtype C in Southern Africa and India; CRF01_AE in Asia and CRF02_AG in Western Africa. Recent studies based on near full-length genome sequencing highlighted the growing importance of recombinant variants and subtype C viruses. SUMMARY The dynamic change in HIV subtype distribution presents future challenges for diagnosis, treatment and vaccine design and development. An increase in recombinant viruses suggests that coinfection and superinfection by divergent HIV strains has become more common necessitating continuous surveillance to keep track of the viral diversity. Cheaper near full-length genome sequencing approaches are critical in improving HIV subtype estimations. However, missing subtype data and low sequence sampling levels are still a challenge in some geographical regions. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COHA/A14.
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Sayan M, Özgüler M, Sarıgül Yıldırım F, Yıldırmak T, Gündüz A, Dokuzoğuz B, Çelen MK, İnan D, Heper Y, Ersöz G, Karaoğlan İ, Ceran N, Deveci A, Öztürk S, Sayın Kutlu S, Özkan Özdemir H, Akbulut A, Yazıcı S, Şener A, Çağatay A, Ünal S. Molecular Identification of HIV-1 in the Presence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infections. Balkan Med J 2020; 37:125-130. [PMID: 32106666 PMCID: PMC7161615 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2019.5.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because of their similar modes of transmission, the simultaneous infection of viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus are increasingly seen as a big problem related to human health. Aims To determine the drug mutations in hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus co-infected human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients in Turkey. Study Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods The present study was conducted between 2010 and 2017. HBsAg, anti-hepatitis C virus, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus were tested with ELISA. All anti-human immunodeficiency virus positive results by ELISA were verified for anti-human immunodeficiency virus positivity by a Western blot test, and Anti-human immunodeficiency virus positive patients with HBsAg and/or anti-hepatitis C virus positivity were included in the study. Subtyping and genotypic resistance analyses were performed by population sequencing of the viral protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 pol gene. Results We detected 3896 human immunodeficiency virus-1 positive patients whose sera were sent from numerous hospitals across the country to our polymerase chain reaction unit for detection of drug resistance mutations and whose molecular laboratory tests were completed. Viral hepatitis co-infections were detected in 4.3% (n=170) of patients. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection were observed in 3.2% and 0.5% of all human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients, respectively. The major human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype detected was group M, subtype B (62.9%). However, 13.5% of drug resistance mutation motifs were found in human immunodeficiency virus-1 genomes of patients included in the study. Conclusion Due to similar transmission routes, HIV1 patients are at risk of hepatitis B and C virus co-infection. However, antiretroviral drug resistance mutation model is similar to patients with hepatitis negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sayan
- Clinical Laboratory, PCR Unit, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Research Center of Experimental, Health Sciences Near East University, Northern Cyprus
| | - Müge Özgüler
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Figen Sarıgül Yıldırım
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Taner Yıldırmak
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gündüz
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Başak Dokuzoğuz
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Çelen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Dilara İnan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Heper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Uludağ University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gülden Ersöz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin Turkey
| | - İlkay Karaoğlan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nurgül Ceran
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Deveci
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Servet Öztürk
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Sayın Kutlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hülya Özkan Özdemir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Akbulut
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Saadet Yazıcı
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medeniyet University, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Şener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Onsekiz Mart University School of Medicine, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Atahan Çağatay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Ünal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Silva CMD, Peder LDD, Thomazella MV, Teixeira JJV, Bertolini DA. PROFILE OF HCV GENOTYPES AND HIV-SUBTYPES AMONG HIV-COINFECTED PATIENTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2020; 56:344-350. [PMID: 31800733 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) are the two most common infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. OBJECTIVE To identify the frequency of HIV subtypes and HCV genotypes in HIV-coinfected patients. METHODS A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out into two reference centers in Southern Brazil between January 1, 2002 and June 30, 2016. The Abbott Real Time HCV Genotype II system was used for routine diagnostics to determine the HCV genotype based on dual-target real-time PCR. Proviral HIV-1 RNA was extracted from serum samples and fragments of the pol gene were generated by PCR. The HIV-1 PT and RT gene sequences were submitted to Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic analysis by collecting reference sequences from the HIV-1 group M subtype of the Los Alamos database. RESULTS During the study period, 3340 patients with HIV were diagnosed at both referral centers, of which 4.97% (166/3340) had HBV and/or HCV coinfection. Seroprevalence of HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV-HCV was 37.4%, 58.4%, and 4.2%, respectively. HIV-HCV-coinfected patients had a lower median nadir CD4+ T-cell count when compared to HIV-HBV-coinfected patients (P=0.01). Among those coinfected with HCV, HCV-1 (HCV-1) and HCV-3 (HCV-3) genotypes were the most prevalent, being detected in 73.8% and 21.4%, respectively. Among the HCV-1 coinfected patients, 79.3% and 20.1% had subtypes 1a and 1b, respectively. HIV subtype B was the most prevalent in HIV-coinfected patients. There was no significant difference regarding nadir CD4+ T-cell count and HIV viral load when compared to coinfected with HCV-1 with HCV-3, as well as those co-infected with HCV-1a with HCV-1b. CONCLUSION In the present study, a higher frequency of subtype B of HIV and HCV-1 were found in HIV-coinfected patients. Further larger-scale and long-term studies are needed to better understand the effect of HCV genotypes in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leyde Daiane de Peder
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Mateus Vailant Thomazella
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Dennis Armando Bertolini
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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