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de Freitas VLT, Piotto MR, Esper HR, Nakanishi EYS, Fonseca CDA, Assy JGPL, Berreta OCP, França FODS, Lopes MH. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs TcI and TcIV in two outbreaks of orally-transmitted Chagas disease in the Northern region of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e7. [PMID: 36651468 PMCID: PMC9870254 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the laboratory investigation of two acute Chagas disease outbreaks that occurred in the riverside communities of Marimarituba and Cachoeira do Arua, in the Santarem municipality, Para State, located in the Northern region of Brazil, and occurred in March 2016 and August 2017, respectively. The generation of data regarding the diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites circulating in the Amazon region is key for understanding the emergence and expansion of Chagas disease. This study aimed to identify T. cruzi Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) involved in two outbreaks of acute Chagas disease (ACD) directly from the patient's biological sample. Nested and multiplex PCR targeting the 24Sα (rRNA) and mini-exon genes, respectively, were used to identify T. cruzi DTU in blood samples from patients diagnosed with ACD. The samples with positive cPCR were submitted for analysis for T. cruzi DTUs, which included 13 samples from the patients with ACD by oral transmission and two samples collected from two newborns of two women with ACD, from Marimarituba and Cachoeira do Arua. The samples were classified as T. cruzi TcIV, from Marimarituba's outbreak, and T. cruzi TcI, from Cachoeira do Arua's outbreak. The molecular identification of T. cruzi may increase understanding of the role of this parasite in Chagas disease's emergence within the Amazon region, contributing to the improvement of the management of this important, but also neglected, disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lúcia Teixeira de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Piotto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Rangel Esper
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Santarém, Hospital Municipal de Santarém, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Erika Yoshie Shimoda Nakanishi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Imunologia (LIM48), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia de Abreu Fonseca
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Imunologia (LIM48), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Pontes Lima Assy
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Santarém, Hospital Municipal de Santarém, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Olívia Campos Pinheiro Berreta
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Santarém, Hospital Municipal de Santarém, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Francisco Oscar de Siqueira França
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Imunologia (LIM48), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Heloísa Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Imunologia (LIM48), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Arias AR, Monroy C, Guhl F, Sosa-Estani S, Santos WS, Abad-Franch F. Chagas disease control-surveillance in the Americas: the multinational initiatives and the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210130. [PMID: 35830010 PMCID: PMC9261920 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives’ aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlota Monroy
- Universidad de San Carlos, Laboratorio de Entomología y Parasitología Aplicadas, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Souza Santos
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Leishmanioses, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Julião GR, Bragança MAH, Torres PG, Lima L, Neves RDA, Nobre JMS, Vergara-Meza JG, Basano SDA, Moraes FA, Baldez MADG, Tada MS, Lima AAD, Costa JDN, Gil LHS, Cunha AEFLD, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG. Acute Chagas Disease Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi TcIV and Transmitted by Panstrongylus geniculatus: Molecular Epidemiological Insights Provided by the First Documented Autochthonous Case in Rondônia, Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:244-251. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genimar Rebouças Julião
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Laboratório de Entomologia-I, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental—INCT EpiAmO, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luciana Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental—INCT EpiAmO, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - José Gabriel Vergara-Meza
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental—INCT EpiAmO, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sérgio de Almeida Basano
- Centro de Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, Brasil
| | | | | | - Mauro Shugiro Tada
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental—INCT EpiAmO, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Patologias Tropicais de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
| | - Alzemar Alves de Lima
- Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
| | - Joana D'Arc Neves Costa
- Agência Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
| | | | | | - Erney Plessmann Camargo
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental—INCT EpiAmO, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental—INCT EpiAmO, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brasil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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de Moura Ferraz LR, Tabosa AÉGA, da Silva Nascimento DDS, Ferreira AS, Silva JYR, Junior SA, Rolim LA, Rolim-Neto PJ. Benznidazole in vitro dissolution release from a pH-sensitive drug delivery system using Zif-8 as a carrier. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:59. [PMID: 33999312 PMCID: PMC8128829 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Endemic in underdeveloped and developed countries, due to the migratory movement, it is considered a serious public health problem. Endemic in underdeveloped countries and due to the migratory movement, in developed countries as well, it is considered a serious public health problem. One of the reasons for this is a weak therapeutic arsenal, represented only by the drug benznidazole (BNZ) which, although it promotes significant cure rates in the acute phase of the disease, presents serious problems of toxicity and bioavailability, mainly due to its low aqueous solubility. Several studies have presented several drug delivery systems (DDS) based on BNZ aiming at enhancing its solubility in aqueous medium and, with this, promoting an increase in the dissolution rate and, consequently, in its bioavailability. However, the present work is a pioneer in using a zeolitic imidazolate framework as a carrier agent for a DDS in order to promote a pH-sensitive modulation of the drug. Thus, this work aimed to develop a novel DDS based on BNZ and the ZIF-8 to use it in development of prolonged-release dosage forms to alternative treatment of Chagas disease. The BNZ@ZIF-8 system was obtained through an ex situ method selected due to its higher incorporation efficiency (38%). Different characterization techniques corroborated the obtainment and drug release data were analyzed by in vitro dissolution assay under sink and non-sink conditions and setting the kinetic results through both model dependent and independent methods. Under sink conditions, at pH 4.5, BNZ and BNZ@ZIF-8 showed similar release profile, but the DDS was effective in promoting a prolonged release. At pH 7.6, after 7 h, BNZ showed a lower release than BNZ@ZIF-8. On the other hand, in non-sink conditions at pH 4.5 the BNZ presented 80% of drug release in 3 h, while the DDS in 6 h. At pH 7.6, BNZ presented a release of 80% in 2 h, while the DDS reaches it in only at 12 h. Therefore, at pH 4.5 the DDS BNZ@ZIF-8 showed a faster release with a burst effect, while at pH 7.6 it showed a prolonged and controlled release. Finally, it is evident that a promising DDS pH-sensitive was obtained as a novel carrier that might be able to prolongs BNZ release in dosage forms intended for the alternative treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Raphael de Moura Ferraz
- Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos (LTM), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Alinne Élida Gonçalves Alves Tabosa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos (LTM), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Débora Dolores Souza da Silva Nascimento
- Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos (LTM), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos (LTM), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Yago Rodrigues Silva
- Laboratório de Terras Raras (BSTR), Fundamental Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Severino Alves Junior
- Laboratório de Terras Raras (BSTR), Fundamental Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Central Analítica de Fármaco, Medicamentos e Alimentos (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, Centro, 56304-917, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Pedro Jose Rolim-Neto
- Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos (LTM), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Pedra-Rezende Y, Fernandes MC, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Stiebler R, Bombaça ACS, Pinho N, Cuervo P, De Castro SL, Menna-Barreto RFS. Starvation and pH stress conditions induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and autophagy in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166028. [PMID: 33248274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected illness endemic in Latin America that mainly affects rural populations. The etiological agent of Chagas disease is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which has three different parasite stages and a dixenous life cycle that includes colonization of the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. During its life cycle, T. cruzi is subjected to stress conditions, including variations in nutrient availability and pH, which impact parasite survival and differentiation. The plasticity of mitochondrial function in trypanosomatids has been defined as mitochondrial activity related to substrate availability. Thus, mitochondrial remodeling and autophagy, which is a constitutive cellular process of turnover and recycling of cellular components, may constitute a response to the nutritional and pH stress in the host. To assess these processes, epimastigotes were subjected to acidic, alkaline, and nutritional stress conditions, and mitochondrial function and its influence on the autophagic process were evaluated. Our data demonstrated that the three stress conditions affected the mitochondrial structure, inducing organelle swelling and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Stressed epimastigotes produced increased ROS levels and overexpressed antioxidant enzymes. The stress conditions resulted in an increase in the number of autophagosomes and exacerbated the expression of different autophagy-related genes (Atgs). A correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic phenotypes was also observed. After 24 h, acid stress and nutritional deprivation induced metacyclogenesis phenotypes (mitochondrial remodeling and autophagy). On the other hand, alkaline stress was transient due to insect blood feeding and culminated in an increase in autophagic flux as a survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pedra-Rezende
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle C Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Diretoria de Extensão, Fundação Centro de Educação a Distância do Cecierj Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Mesquita-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Stiebler
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange L De Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Cardoso LP, Paiva TR, Nogueira LMV, Guimarães RJDPSE, Rodrigues ILA, André SR. Spatial distribution of Chagas disease and its correlation with health services. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2020; 54:e03565. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2018058603565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution of Acute Chagas Disease (ACD) cases in a riverside municipality and make relationships with the notifying health services. Method: Longitudinal, ecological, quantitative study with use of geoprocessing techniques, conducted with cases of acute Chagas disease in the municipality of Abaetetuba/Pará. Results: Inclusion of 204 disease cases. Predominance of the male sex, mixed race and primary education as educational level. The highest incidence of cases was found in rural areas and the infection via oral transmission predominated. ACD is not randomly distributed in the geographic space and the diagnosis is centralized in the Epidemiological Surveillance service of the municipality. Conclusion: Acute Chagas disease is closely related to the sociodemographic conditions of the population. The spatial analysis of cases allowed to observe the disease spatial pattern and the need for Primary Care network organization for timely care near the residence of people affected.
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Trypanosoma cruzi Mexican Strains Differentially Modulate Surface Markers and Cytokine Production in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7214798. [PMID: 31636507 PMCID: PMC6766131 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7214798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in the immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the modulation of these cells by this parasite can directly affect the innate and acquired immune response of the host in order to facilitate its biological cycle and the spreading of the species. Many studies show the mechanisms by which T. cruzi modulates DCs, but the interaction of these cells with the Mexican strains of T. cruzi such as Ninoa and INC5 has not yet been properly investigated. Here, we evaluated whether Ninoa and INC5 strains evaded the immunity of their hosts by modulating the biology and function of murine DCs. The CL-Brener strain was used as the reference strain. Herein, it was demonstrated that Ninoa was more infective toward bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) than INC5 and CL-Brener strains in both BMDCs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Mexican strains of T. cruzi induced different cytokine patterns. In BMDCs obtained from BALB/c mice, Ninoa strain led to the reduction in IL-6 and increased IL-10 production, while in C57BL/6 mice Ninoa strain considerably increased the productions of TNF-α and IL-10. Also, Ninoa and INC5 differentially modulated BMDC expressions of MHC-II, TLR2, and TLR4 in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice compared to Brazilian strain CL-Brener. These results indicate that T. cruzi Mexican strains differentially infect and modulate MHC-II, toll-like receptors, and cytokine production in DCs obtained from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, suggesting that these strains have developed particular modulatory strategies to disrupt DCs and, consequently, the host immune responses.
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Moreira J, Bressan CS, Brasil P, Siqueira AM. Epidemiology of acute febrile illness in Latin America. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:827-835. [PMID: 29777926 PMCID: PMC7172187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The causes of acute febrile illness (AFI) in Latin America are diverse and their complexity increases as the proportion of fever due to malaria decreases, as malaria control measures and new pathogens emerge in the region. In this context, it is important to shed light on the gaps in the epidemiological characteristics and the geographic range for many AFI aetiologies. Objectives To review studies on community-acquired fever aetiology other than malaria in Latin America, and to highlight knowledge gaps and challenges needing further investigation. Sources PubMed from 2012 to April 2018. Content We found 17 eligible studies describing 13 539 patients. The median number of pathogens tested per individual was 3.5 (range 2–17). A causative pathogen could be determined for 6661 (49.2%) individuals. The most frequently reported pathogen during the study periods was dengue virus (DENV) (14 studies), followed by chikungunya virus (nine studies) and Zika virus (seven studies). Among the studies reporting concurrent infections, 296 individuals (2.2%) were found to have co-infections. In-hospital mortality was reported in eight (47%) studies, ranging between 0% and 18%. Implications DENV fever is the febrile illness most frequently reported, reflecting its importance, while chikungunya and zika viruses present increasing trends since their emergence in the region. Studies with systematic and harmonized approaches for detection of multiple pathogens are needed and would probably reveal a higher burden of neglected pathogens such as Rickettsia spp. and arenaviruses. The lack of point-of-care tests and harmonized approach limits the care provided by health professionals and the efficacy of surveillance for AFI in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pesquisa Clínica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C S Bressan
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pesquisa Clínica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pesquisa Clínica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pesquisa Clínica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Roman F, das Chagas Xavier S, Messenger LA, Pavan MG, Miles MA, Jansen AM, Yeo M. Dissecting the phyloepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi I (TcI) in Brazil by the use of high resolution genetic markers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006466. [PMID: 29782493 PMCID: PMC5983858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, is monophyletic but genetically heterogeneous. It is currently represented by six genetic lineages (Discrete Typing Units, DTUs) designated TcI-TcVI. TcI is the most geographically widespread and genetically heterogeneous lineage, this as is evidenced by a wide range of genetic markers applied to isolates spanning a vast geographic range in Latin America. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In total, 78 TcI isolated from hosts and vectors distributed in 5 different biomes of Brazil, were analyzed using 6 nuclear housekeeping genes, 25 microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial marker. Nuclear markers reveal substantial genetic diversity, significant gene flow between biomes, incongruence in phylogenies, and haplotypic analysis indicative of intra-DTU genetic exchange. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on mitochondrial and nuclear loci were incongruent, and consistent with introgression. Structure analysis of microsatellite data reveals that, amongst biomes, the Amazon is the most genetically diverse and experiences the lowest level of gene flow. Investigation of population structure based on the host species/genus, indicated that Didelphis marsupialis might play a role as the main disperser of TcI. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present work considers a large TcI sample from different hosts and vectors spanning multiple ecologically diverse biomes in Brazil. Importantly, we combine fast and slow evolving markers to contribute to the epizootiological understanding of TcI in five distinct Brazilian biomes. This constitutes the first instance in which MLST analysis was combined with the use of MLMT and maxicircle markers to evaluate the genetic diversity of TcI isolates in Brazil. Our results demonstrate the existence of substantial genetic diversity and the occurrence of introgression events. We provide evidence of genetic exchange in TcI isolates from Brazil and of the relative isolation of TcI in the Amazon biome. We observe the absence of strict associations with TcI genotypes to geographic areas and/or host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Roman
- Laboratório de Bleiologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Samanta das Chagas Xavier
- Laboratório de Bleiologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Louisa A. Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Márcio G. Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana María Jansen
- Laboratório de Bleiologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Matthew Yeo
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Performance of TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG2a for universal and genotype-specific serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005444. [PMID: 28333926 PMCID: PMC5380352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes have been considered relevant for patient management and therapeutic response of Chagas disease. However, typing strategies for genotype-specific serodiagnosis of Chagas disease are still unavailable and requires standardization for practical application. In this study, an innovative TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas Flow ATE-IgG2a technique was developed with applicability for universal and genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection. For this purpose, the reactivity of serum samples (percentage of positive fluorescent parasites-PPFP) obtained from mice chronically infected with TcI/Colombiana, TcVI/CL or TcII/Y strain as well as non-infected controls were determined using amastigote-AMA, trypomastigote-TRYPO and epimastigote-EPI in parallel batches of TcI, TcVI and TcII target antigens. Data demonstrated that “α-TcII-TRYPO/1:500, cut-off/PPFP = 20%” presented an excellent performance for universal diagnosis of T. cruzi infection (AUC = 1.0, Se and Sp = 100%). The combined set of attributes “α-TcI-TRYPO/1:4,000, cut-off/PPFP = 50%”, “α-TcII-AMA/1:1,000, cut-off/PPFP = 40%” and “α-TcVI-EPI/1:1,000, cut-off/PPFP = 45%” showed good performance to segregate infections with TcI/Colombiana, TcVI/CL or TcII/Y strain. Overall, hosts infected with TcI/Colombiana and TcII/Y strains displayed opposite patterns of reactivity with “α-TcI TRYPO” and “α-TcII AMA”. Hosts infected with TcVI/CL strain showed a typical interweaved distribution pattern. The method presented a good performance for genotype-specific diagnosis, with global accuracy of 69% when the population/prototype scenario include TcI, TcVI and TcII infections and 94% when comprise only TcI and TcII infections. This study also proposes a receiver operating reactivity panel, providing a feasible tool to classify serum samples from hosts infected with distinct T. cruzi genotypes, supporting the potential of this method for universal and genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection. Chagas disease remains a significant public health issue infecting 6–7 million people worldwide. The factors influencing the clinical heterogeneity of Chagas disease have not been elucidated, although it has been suggested that different clinical outcome may be associated with the genetic diversity of T. cruzi isolates. Moreover, differences in therapeutic response of distinct T. cruzi genotypes have been also reported. Typing strategies for genotype-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease to identify the T. cruzi discrete typing units (DTU) have already been developed, including biochemical and molecular methods, however the techniques have limitations. The majority of these methods can not directly be performed in biological and clinical samples. In addition, it has been proposed that parasite isolates from blood may not necessarily represent the full set of strains current in the individual as some strains can be confined to tissues. The improvement of genotype-specific serology to identify the T. cruzi DTU(s) present in a given host may provide a useful tool for clinical studies. In the present investigation, we developed an innovative TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas Flow ATE-IgG2a technique with applicability for universal and genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection that may contribute to add future insights for genotype-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease.
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11
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Oliveira MTD, Branquinho RT, Alessio GD, Mello CGC, Nogueira-de-Paiva NC, Carneiro CM, Toledo MJDO, Reis AB, Martins-Filho OAM, Lana MD. TcI, TcII and TcVI Trypanosoma cruzi samples from Chagas disease patients with distinct clinical forms and critical analysis of in vitro and in vivo behavior, response to treatment and infection evolution in murine model. Acta Trop 2017; 167:108-120. [PMID: 27908747 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The clonal evolution of Trypanosoma cruzi sustains scientifically the hypothesis of association between parasite's genetic, biological behavior and possibly the clinical aspects of Chagas disease in patients from whom they were isolated. This study intended to characterize a range of biological properties of TcI, TcII and TcVI T. cruzi samples in order to verify the existence of these associations. Several biological features were evaluated, including in vitro epimastigote-growth, "Vero"cells infectivity and growth, along with in vivo studies of parasitemia, polymorphism of trypomastigotes, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and response to treatment by nifurtimox during the acute and chronic murine infection. The global results showed that the in vitro essays (acellular and cellular cultures) TcII parasites showed higher values for all parameters (growth and infectivity) than TcVI, followed by TcI. In vivo TcII parasites were more virulent and originated from patients with severe disease. Two TcII isolates from patients with severe pathology were virulent in mice, while the isolate from a patient with the indeterminate form of the disease caused mild infection. The only TcVI sample, which displayed low values in all parameters evaluated, was also originated of an indeterminate case of Chagas disease. Response to nifurtimox was not associated to parasite genetic and biology, as well as to clinical aspects of human disease. Although few number of T. cruzi samples have been analyzed, a discreet correlation between parasite genetics, biological behavior in vitro and in vivo (murine model) and the clinical form of human disease from whom the samples were isolated was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon Tavares de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Tupinambá Branquinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Diniz Alessio
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Geraldo Campos Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nívia Carolina Nogueira-de-Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde-Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marta de Lana
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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