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Pedra-Rezende Y, Fernandes MC, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Stiebler R, Bombaça ACS, Pinho N, Cuervo P, De Castro SL, Menna-Barreto RFS. Starvation and pH stress conditions induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and autophagy in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166028. [PMID: 33248274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected illness endemic in Latin America that mainly affects rural populations. The etiological agent of Chagas disease is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which has three different parasite stages and a dixenous life cycle that includes colonization of the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. During its life cycle, T. cruzi is subjected to stress conditions, including variations in nutrient availability and pH, which impact parasite survival and differentiation. The plasticity of mitochondrial function in trypanosomatids has been defined as mitochondrial activity related to substrate availability. Thus, mitochondrial remodeling and autophagy, which is a constitutive cellular process of turnover and recycling of cellular components, may constitute a response to the nutritional and pH stress in the host. To assess these processes, epimastigotes were subjected to acidic, alkaline, and nutritional stress conditions, and mitochondrial function and its influence on the autophagic process were evaluated. Our data demonstrated that the three stress conditions affected the mitochondrial structure, inducing organelle swelling and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Stressed epimastigotes produced increased ROS levels and overexpressed antioxidant enzymes. The stress conditions resulted in an increase in the number of autophagosomes and exacerbated the expression of different autophagy-related genes (Atgs). A correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic phenotypes was also observed. After 24 h, acid stress and nutritional deprivation induced metacyclogenesis phenotypes (mitochondrial remodeling and autophagy). On the other hand, alkaline stress was transient due to insect blood feeding and culminated in an increase in autophagic flux as a survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pedra-Rezende
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle C Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Diretoria de Extensão, Fundação Centro de Educação a Distância do Cecierj Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Mesquita-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Stiebler
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange L De Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Cascabulho CM, Meuser-Batista M, Moura KCGD, Pinto MDC, Duque TLA, Demarque KC, Guimarães ACR, Manso PPDA, Pelajo-Machado M, Oliveira GM, Castro SLD, Menna-Barreto RF. Antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of ß-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazoles in experimental acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190389. [PMID: 32074167 PMCID: PMC7029714 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma
cruzi, is endemic to Latin America and mainly affects
low-income populations. Chemotherapy is based on two nitrocompounds, but
their reduced efficacy encourages the continuous search for alternative
drugs. Our group has characterised the trypanocidal effect of
naphthoquinones and their derivatives, with naphthoimidazoles derived from
β-lapachone (N1, N2 and N3) being the most active in
vitro. OBJECTIVES In the present work, the effects of N1, N2 and N3 on acutely infected mice
were investigated. METHODS in vivo activity of the compounds was assessed by
parasitological, biochemical, histopathological, immunophenotypical,
electrocardiographic (ECG) and behavioral analyses. FINDINGS Naphthoimidazoles led to a decrease in parasitaemia (8 dpi) by reducing the
number of bloodstream trypomastigotes by 25-50% but not by reducing
mortality. N1 protected mice from heart injury (15 dpi) by decreasing
inflammation. Bradycardia was also partially reversed after treatment with
N1 and N2. Furthermore, the three compounds did not reverse hepatic and
renal lesions or promote the improvement of other evaluated parameters. MAIN CONCLUSION N1 showed moderate trypanocidal and promising immunomodulatory activities,
and its use in combination with benznidazole and/or anti-arrhythmic drugs as
well as the efficacy of its alternative formulations must be investigated in
the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Cascabulho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Departamento de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Kelly Cristina G de Moura
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria do Carmo Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Kelly C Demarque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Ramos Guimarães
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Pedro Paulo de Abreu Manso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriel M Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Solange L De Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rubem Fs Menna-Barreto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Salomão K, De Santana NA, Molina MT, De Castro SL, Menna-Barreto RFS. Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondrial swelling and membrane potential collapse as primary evidence of the mode of action of naphthoquinone analogues. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:196. [PMID: 24004461 PMCID: PMC3848626 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naphthoquinones (NQs) are privileged structures in medicinal chemistry due to the biological effects associated with the induction of oxidative stress. The present study evaluated the activities of sixteen NQs derivatives on Trypanosoma cruzi. RESULTS Fourteen NQs displayed higher activity against bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi than benznidazole. Further assays with NQ1, NQ8, NQ9 and NQ12 showed inhibition of the proliferation of axenic epimastigotes and intracelulluar amastigotes interiorized in macrophages and in heart muscle cells. NQ8 was the most active NQ against both proliferative forms of T. cruzi. In epimastigotes the four NQs induced mitochondrial swelling, vacuolization, and flagellar blebbing. The treatment with NQs also induced the appearance of large endoplasmic reticulum profiles surrounding different cellular structures and of myelin-like membranous contours, morphological characteristics of an autophagic process. At IC50 concentration, NQ8 totally disrupted the ΔΨm of about 20% of the parasites, suggesting the induction of a sub-population with metabolically inactive mitochondria. On the other hand, NQ1, NQ9 or NQ12 led only to a discrete decrease of TMRE + labeling at IC50 values. NQ8 led also to an increase in the percentage of parasites labeled with DHE, indicative of ROS production, possibly the cause of the observed mitochondrial swelling. The other three NQs behaved similarly to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS NQ1, NQ8, NQ9 and NQ12 induce an autophagic phenotype in T. cruzi epimastigoted, as already observed with others NQs. The absence of oxidative stress in NQ1-, NQ9- and NQ12-treated parasites could be due to the existence of more than one mechanism of action involved in their trypanocidal activity, leaving ROS generation suppressed by the detoxification system of the parasite. The strong redox effect of NQ8 could be associated to the presence of the acetyl group in its structure facilitating quinone reduction, as previously demonstrated by electrochemical analysis. Further experiments using biochemical and molecular approaches are needed to better characterize ROS participation in the mechanism of action of these NQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Salomão
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av, Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
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Menna-Barreto RF, Beghini DG, Ferreira AT, Pinto AV, De Castro SL, Perales J. A proteomic analysis of the mechanism of action of naphthoimidazoles in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes in vitro. J Proteomics 2010; 73:2306-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Daliry A, Da Silva PB, Da Silva CF, Batista MM, De Castro SL, Tidwell RR, Soeiro MDNC. In vitro analyses of the effect of aromatic diamidines upon Trypanosoma cruzi. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:747-50. [PMID: 19671588 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aromatic diamidines (ADs) have been recognized as promising antiparasitic agents. Therefore, in the present work, the in vitro trypanocidal effect of 11 ADs upon the relevant clinical forms of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated, as well as determining their toxicity to mammalian cells and their subcellular localization. METHODS The trypanocidal effect upon trypomastigotes and amastigotes was evaluated by light microscopy through the determination of the IC(50) values. The cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT colorimetric assay against mouse cardiomyocytes. For the subcellular localization, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence approaches were used. The fluorescence intensity within the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) of treated parasites was determined using the Image J program. RESULTS Compounds 2, 5 and 7 showed the lowest IC(50) values (micromolar range) against intracellular amastigotes and trypomastigotes. In the presence of blood, all the tested ADs exhibited a reduction of their activity. The compounds did not exhibit toxicity to cardiac cells and the highest selectivity index (SI) was achieved by compound 5 with an SI of >137 for trypomastigotes and compound 7 with an SI of >107 for intracellular parasites. The subcellular effects upon bloodstream forms treated with compounds 5 and 7 were mainly on kDNA, leading to its disorganization. The higher accumulation in the kDNA observed for all tested ADs was not directly related to their efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the high activity of this new series of ADs against both trypomastigote and amastigote forms, with excellent SIs, especially compound 7, which merits further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Daliry
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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da Silva EN, Menna-Barreto RFS, Pinto MDCFR, Silva RSF, Teixeira DV, de Souza MCBV, De Simone CA, De Castro SL, Ferreira VF, Pinto AV. Naphthoquinoidal [1,2,3]-triazole, a new structural moiety active against Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1774-80. [PMID: 18045742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
[1,2,3]-Triazole derivatives of nor-beta-lapachone were synthesized and assayed against the infective bloodstream trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. All the derivatives were more active than the original quinones, with IC(50)/1 day values in the range of 17 to 359 microM, the apolar phenyl substituted triazole 6 being the most active compound. These triazole derivatives of nor-beta-lapachone emerge as interesting new lead compounds in drug development for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eufrânio N da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UFF, Campus do Valouguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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7
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Adade CM, Figueiredo RCBQ, De Castro SL, Soares MJ. Effect of L-leucine methyl ester on growth and ultrastructure of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2007; 101:69-79. [PMID: 17250794 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Amino acid methyl esters, such as L-leucine methyl ester (Leu-OMe), have been identified as agents targeting the lysosomal system of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes, by a mechanism that involves ester hydrolysis by parasite enzymes located inside megasomes. We have here analyzed the effect of Leu-OMe on all three evolutive forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, in a search for potential targets of the compound in this protozoan. Treatment of epimastigote forms resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition, with IC50/1 day = 0.55 +/- 0.21 mM. Incubation with 4-8mM/1 day led to 100% cell death. Treatment of bloodstream trypomastigotes resulted in cell lysis, with an IC50/1 day = 1.46 +/- 0.16 mM. Furthermore, infected macrophages treated with 0.125-1mM Leu-OMe showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease in the percent of amastigote infection. Morphological changes in macrophages were observed only at concentrations above 8mM, at the third day of treatment. Analysis of treated parasites by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated severe morphological alterations in cell shape, mitochondrion and nucleus, while kinetoplast and reservosomes (pre-lysosomal compartments) appeared to be not affected. Lysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes indicated that lysosomes of T. cruzi are the main target for the drug, since reservosomes occur only in epimastigote forms. The presence of lysosomes in T. cruzi epimastigotes was demonstrated by using ultrastructural cytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Adade
- Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Dantas AP, Olivieri BP, Gomes FHM, De Castro SL. Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice with propolis promotes changes in the immune response. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 103:187-93. [PMID: 16214301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol extract of Bulgarian propolis (Et-Blg) was administered by oral route in doses ranging from 25 to 100mg/kg body weight in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi-infected Swiss mice. Treatment with 50mg Et-Blg/kg body weight/day led to a decrease in parasitemia and showed no hepatic or renal toxic effect. Treatment with Et-Blg led to a decrease in the spleen mass and modulated the initial inflammatory reaction as demonstrated by analysis of the leukocyte profile in peripheral blood, quantification of T cells subsets, and phenotypic markers in the spleen. Preferential expansion of CD8(+) and partial inhibition in the increase of CD4(+)CD69(+) and CD8(+)CD69(+) in CD4(+)CD44(+) and CD8(+)CD44(+) and in the decrease of CD8(+)CD62L in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice were also observed. Taken together, our data indicate that treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice with Et-Blg interferes with the basic properties of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia P Dantas
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, DUBC, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Menna-Barreto RFS, Henriques-Pons A, Pinto AV, Morgado-Diaz JA, Soares MJ, De Castro SL. Effect of a beta-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazole on Trypanosoma cruzi: identification of target organelles. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:1034-41. [PMID: 16269551 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigation of the mode of action of the naphthoimidazole N1, obtained from the reaction of beta-lapachone with benzaldehyde, which among 45 semi-synthetic derivatives of naphthoquinones isolated from Tabebuia sp. was one of the most active compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. METHODS Quantification of the effect of N1 against the proliferative forms of T. cruzi, and investigation of potential targets in the parasite using electron microscopy and flow cytometry techniques. RESULTS N1 presented the following order of activity: amastigotes > trypomastigotes > epimastigotes. The effect on intracellular forms was approximately 25 times higher than on macrophages and heart muscle cells. N1-treated parasites presented an abnormal chromatin condensation and mitochondrial damage. In epimastigotes, alterations of reservosomes were observed, and in trypomastigotes, a decrease in the electron density of acidocalcisomes was observed. In epimastigotes, the naphthoimidazole inhibited the activity of succinate cytochrome c reductase. Labelling with rhodamine 123 or Acridine Orange was decreased in both forms treated with N1. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that epimastigotes, reservosomes, mitochondrion, and nucleus contain N1 targets. In trypomastigotes, in which reservosomes are absent, the organelles affected by the compound were also the mitochondrion and nucleus, as well as acidocalcisomes, in which the decrease in electron density could be due to the use of polyphosphate as an alternative energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Dept. de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Prytzyk E, Dantas AP, Salomão K, Pereira AS, Bankova VS, De Castro SL, Neto FRA. Flavonoids and trypanocidal activity of Bulgarian propolis. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88:189-193. [PMID: 12963141 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetone and ethanol extracts of two Bulgarian propolis samples (Bur and Lov) were investigated by high temperature high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HT-HRGC-MS), and their activity against Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated. The ethanol extracts--Et-Bur and Et-Lov--showed similar composition, with a high content of flavonoids, and strong inhibitory activity against T. cruzi proliferative epimastigotes, which were more susceptible than trypomastigotes. In the presence of blood, the activity of Et-Bur or Et-Lov against trypomastigotes was similar to that of the standard drug, crystal violet. Both extracts also showed similar and significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, while being inactive against Escherichia coli. The acetone extract, Ket-Bur, was more active than Et-Bur against both forms of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Prytzyk
- Ladetec, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, CT Bl. A, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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