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Liu M, Zhang Y, Li Q, Zhou X, Yan T, Li J, Zhang H, Wang L, Wang G, Li R, Tong Y, Zeng X. Spatial distribution and environmental correlations of Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Haidian district, Beijing. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:948-958. [PMID: 38747350 PMCID: PMC11239791 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett, 1898 (Diptera: Culicidae) was the dominant health threat to mosquito species in Beijing, and it is important to unravel the spatial distribution and environmental correlations of Cx. pipiens pallens in Beijing. 3S technology methods and spatial statistics were used to clarify the distribution pattern. Subsequently, linear and spatial regression were performed to detect the environmental factors linked with the density of Cx. pipiens pallens. The same "middle peak" spatial distribution pattern was observed for Cx. pipiens pallens density at the community, subdistrict, and loop area levels in our study area. In addition, there were various correlated environmental factors at the community and subdistrict scales. At the community scale, the summary values of the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) in 2 km buffer zone (MNDWI_2K) were negatively correlated, and the summary values of Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) in 800 m buffer zone (NDBI_800) was positively correlated to the Cx. pipiens pallens density. However, the summary values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Nighttime Light Index significantly affected Cx. pipiens pallens density at the subdistrict scale. Our findings provide insight into the spatial distribution pattern of Cx. pipiens pallens density and its associated environmental risk factors at different spatial scales in the Haidian district of Beijing for the first time. The results could be used to predict the Cx. pipiens pallens density as well as the risk of lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection, which would help implement prevention and control measures to prevent future risks of biting and LF transmission in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meide Liu
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hongjiang Zhang
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Disinfection and Sanitation, Haidian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Guangwen Wang
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Fangshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102446, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zeng
- Institute for Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Zhong Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100013, China
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Lizuain AA, Maffey L, Leporace M, Garzón M, Schweigmann N, Santini MS. Culicidae assemblages of artificial containers and possible biotic interactions affecting Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:793-804. [PMID: 37540520 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In Argentina, the distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is limited to two provinces with a subtropical climate and few records. This study aims to describe and compare assemblies of Culicidae that breed in artificial containers in two areas with different degrees of urbanisation where Ae. albopictus is present and to evaluate possible biotic interactions. We sampled container larval habitats of an urban (Eldorado city) and a rural environment (Colonia Aurora village). We performed generalized linear mixed models to evaluate which variables (containers characteristics or environment) are associated with the presence and abundance of Ae. albopictus, Aedes aegypti Linneaus and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and the presence of mosquito predators (Lutzia bigoti (Bellardi) and Toxorhynchites spp.). Also, the relationship between the most abundant species was quantified in each environment using Hurlbert's C8 association coefficient. Ae. aegypti was the most abundant species in the urban environment, while Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus were the most abundant in the rural area. Predators were more present in the rural environment and affected the abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. Regarding the C8 index, Ae. aegypti was negatively associated with Ae. albopictus in the urban area, whereas in the rural area these species presented a significantly positive relationship. These results show that in urban environments the high abundance of Ae. aegypti could be affecting the Asian tiger mosquito as evidenced by local studies of food larval competition. Also a greater presence of predators could be affecting Ae. albopictus in rural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Andrés Lizuain
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CeNDIE)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Maffey
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Leporace
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H. A. Barceló, Laboratorio de Control de Vectores Entomológicos de Importancia Sanitaria (LaCVEIS), Santo Tomé, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Garzón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Schweigmann
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología (INP)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cardo MV, Carbajo AE, Mozzoni C, Kliger M, Vezzani D. Blood feeding patterns of the Culex pipiens complex in equestrian land uses and their implications for arboviral encephalitis risk in temperate Argentina. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 70:256-268. [PMID: 36575644 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes are a key component in the dynamics of arboviral encephalitides transmission. In temperate Argentina, the members of the Culex pipiens complex include Cx. pipiens molestus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and their hybrids. To characterize their blood feeding patterns, adult resting mosquitoes were collected monthly during the warm season in urban and rural equestrian fields. The availability of birds and domestic mammals per site was characterized. The blood source and the complex member were successfully identified for 89 specimens using PCR. Blood of 19 vertebrate species was isolated including four mammals (most common feeds from dog, Canus lupus 19% of the blood meals; and horse, Equus caballus 18%) and 15 birds (picazuro pigeon, Patagioenas picazuro 11%; eared dove, Zenaida auriculata 10%; chicken, Gallus gallus 9%). The Forage Ratio (FR), calculated as the proportion of feeds taken from a given host species with respect to that host availability in the environment, suggested preference for dog by all members of the complex (FR ≥4.5). On the contrary, FR values suggested avoidance for horse by Cx. quinquefasciatus and the hybrid (FR ≤0.8), and a use proportional to its abundance by Cx. pipiens molestus (FR = 1.1-1.2 in urban and rural sites, respectively). FR values suggesting preference were obtained for avian species of the orders Passeriformes (7 species in total) and Columbiformes (5) by all members of the complex (FR ≥ 3.3), whereas values for monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus, Psiitaciformes) suggested avoidance by Cx. quinquefasciatus in urban sites (FR = 0.4) and by Cx. pipiens molestus in rural sites (FR = 0.3) but not in urban sites (FR = 1.4). A mammal-bird index (MBI, from -1 all avian to +1 all mammalian blood meals) was calculated for each member of the complex and urbanization category. Values were negative for Cx. quinquefasciatus (MBIurban = -0.60, MBIrural = -0.33) and positive for Cx. pipiens molestus (MBIurban = 0.20, MBIrural = 0.60), indicating a higher proportion of feeds taken on birds and mammals, respectively, regardless of the urbanization category. In temperate Argentina, the members of the Cx. pipiens complex fed both on horses and on birds, thus representing a real risk of transmission of arboviral encephalitides from avian enzootic cycles to horse epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Cardo
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aníbal Eduardo Carbajo
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marlene Kliger
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Vezzani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNCPBA-CICPBA, Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Laurito M, Ayala AM, Arias-Builes DL, Almirón WR. Improving the DNA Barcode Library of Mosquito Species With New Identifications and Discoveries in North-Central Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:173-183. [PMID: 34661674 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The family Culicidae is represented by 244 species in Argentina, many of them with epidemiological importance. DNA barcodes are effective tools for identifying mosquito species, for knowing genetic variability, and for establishing phylogenetic relationships. This work aims to explore mosquito diversity employing different species delimitation approaches and to establish formally a DNA barcode library for the Argentinian mosquito fauna. Barcode fragments of 80 specimens of Argentinian mosquitoes of 28 species of the genera Aedeomyia Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae), Anopheles Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae), Coquillettidia Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex L. (Diptera: Culicidae), Haemagogus Williston (Diptera: Culicidae), Mansonia Blanchard (Diptera: Culicidae), Nyssorhynchus Blanchard (Diptera: Culicidae), Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arribálzaga (Diptera: Culicidae), Psorophora Robinneau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Culicidae) and Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribálzaga (Diptera: Culicidae) were sequenced. Another 82 sequences were obtained from public databases to establish the phylogenetic relationships using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, and the species boundaries based on three approaches (ABGD, GMYC, and mPTP). Sixteen of the 28 species sequenced were recovered as monophyletic, of which 12 were also recognized as molecular operational taxonomic units according to the three methodologies. The disparity between morphology and barcode-based identifications could be explained by synonymy, species complexes occurrence, hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, or the effect of the geographical scale of sampling. Twenty of the 28 sequenced species are new barcodes for Argentina and 11 are the first for science. This increases from 31 to 52 (12.7 to 21.31%) and from six to 10 (28.57 to 47.62%) the number of species and genera, respectively, with barcode sequences in Argentina. New species records are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laurito
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Avenida Velez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Avenida Velez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A M Ayala
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Avenida Velez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Avenida Velez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D L Arias-Builes
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (CENIIT), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Gdor. Luis Vernet and Apostol Felipe, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - W R Almirón
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Avenida Velez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Avenida Velez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Branda MF, Laurito M, Visintin AM, Almirón WR. Gonoactivity of Culex (Culex) (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes During Winter in Temperate Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1454-1458. [PMID: 33479774 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The subgenus Culex L. includes species involved in summer-autumn arbovirus transmission but studies during winter are scarce in temperate Argentina. Female specimens were collected host-seeking at dry-ice-baited traps during autumn-winter-spring at two sites in Córdoba City during 2016 and 2017. The specimens were morphologically identified and dissected to determine the follicular developmental stage (gonotrophic activity). Females with advanced follicular stages (≥III) were subjected to molecular procedures to confirm or re-identify previous morphological identification. Five species (Culex apicinus Philippi (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex dolosus (Lynch-Arribálzaga) (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex maxi Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex pipiens pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)) were collected and found gonoactive during winter; showing that a high proportion of Culex (Culex) females remain reproductively active during the unfavorable season for mosquito populations. Among them, it is worth noting the collection of Cx. quinquefasciatus, vector of the St. Louis encephalitis virus (endemic in the city), a specimen of Cx. p. pipiens, and a hybrid of Cx. p. pipiens/Cx. quinquefasciatus (during autumn). The study of this community during winter should continue because a high gonoactive female proportion with advanced follicular stages was found: 29.12 and 13.07% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Local studies such as this one provide evidence about ornithophilic Culex species with active year-round life cycles, species that could favor arbovirus overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Branda
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Laurito
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Mario Visintin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología de la Conservación y Paleobiología (IBiCoPa), Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (CENIIT), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Walter Ricardo Almirón
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
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Cardo MV, Rubio A, Junges MT, Vezzani D, Carbajo AE. A rural-urban latitudinal study of the distributions of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens bioforms in their southernmost sympatric fringe. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:34-43. [PMID: 31411773 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes grouped in the complex Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of medical and veterinary diseases. In the South American sympatric region, Cx. pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus Say coexist and potentially hybridize. To identify key drivers of their geographical distribution, mosquito immatures were collected from flower vases of eight urban/rural cemetery pairs within a 5° latitudinal transect along Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The specimens were identified by molecular methods and their relative proportion modelled as a function of environmental variables. At the beginning of the warm season, northern and southern cemeteries presented exclusively Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens, respectively, with different proportions of both at mid latitudes. By the end of the summer, Cx. quinquefasciatus was present throughout the study area, exclusively in 11 of the 16 cemeteries both rural and urban, whereas Cx. pipiens was predominant only in the southernmost pair. Mean annual temperature, photoperiod variability and time of the season were key drivers of their distributions. All specimens of Cx. pipiens were identified as form molestus and no hybrids were recognized. The reported distribution patterns and the potential absence of Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and hybrids are discussed, along with their implications in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Cardo
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA-CIC), Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Rubio
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA-CIC), Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M T Junges
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA-CIC), Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Vezzani
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA-CIC), Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A E Carbajo
- Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA-CIC), Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cardo M, Rubio A, Junges M, Vezzani D, Carbajo A. Heterogeneous distribution of Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus and their hybrids along the urbanisation gradient. Acta Trop 2018; 178:229-235. [PMID: 29198600 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex, hereafter referred to as the Pipiens Assemblage, are vectors of arbovirus of worldwide concern including West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis. Given their distinct eco-physiology and vectorial capacity, accurate specimen identification and insight in the environmental drivers of their distribution are essential for the understanding of disease transmission patterns. Using a PCR-based identification protocol, we characterized the spatial distribution of Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and their hybrids developing in used tyres located within the overlapping region in South America as a function of different estimators of the urbanisation gradient. Out of 84 samples collected from tyre piles of 20 sites, we identified 369 larvae which corresponded predominantly to Cx. quinquefasciatus (76.4% of immatures) all along the gradient but more frequent at the urban end. Cx. pipiens (21.4%) was more conspicuous at the low urbanised end but was also present in highly urbanised sites, whereas hybrids were collected in very low numbers (2.2%). The urbanisation estimator best associated with the heterogeneous occurrence of the Pipiens Assemblage members was the proportion of impervious surface 1km around each tyre pile, which explained 41.7% of the variability in the data, followed closely by the distance to the Capital City (38.3%). Cumulative annual precipitation, population number in a 1km radius around each pile and distance to the de la Plata River were significantly associated with the distribution of the Pipiens Assemblage at lower explanation percentages (20-23%). A thorough understanding of the ecological basis and environmental associations of the distribution of Pipiens Assemblage members will enable forecasting population trends in changing environments to develop effective control measures for mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.
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