[Underreporting of energy intake and associated factors in a population-based study]

Dietary Patterns, Nutritional Status and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adolescents from the RPS Birth Cohort Consortium

This study aimed to identify the dietary patterns (DPs) of adolescents and assess indicators of subclinical inflammation. It was a cross-sectional study aligned with the RPS cohort with data from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. We evaluated 511 adolescents between 18-19 years old. DPs were identified with a factor analysis of the principal components. Nutritional status was assessed with body mass index and body fat percentages. Hierarchical modeling was performed using a linear regression to estimate the beta coefficient (β) of the independent variables with the dependent variables interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Five DPs were identified: energy-dense, sugar-sweetened beverages and breakfast cereals, prudent, traditional Brazilian and alcoholic and energy beverages. Greater adherence to the prudent DP was associated with a lower concentration of interleukin-6 (β = -0.11; p value = 0.040). Greater adherence to the DP "traditional Brazilian" and "alcoholic and energy beverages" were associated with increased IL-6, mediated by the nutritional status. A higher BMI (β = 0.36; p value = <0.001) and %BF (β = 0.02; p value = 0.014) were associated with higher hs-CRP concentrations. The nutritional status and "prudent" pattern were associated with inflammatory biomarkers. These findings show that a higher consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods and the adequacy of the nutritional status are protective factors for the inflammatory process.

Reduced circulating folate among older adults caused by continuous work: nested cross-sectional study conducted in a country with folic acid fortification program

Population aging is 1 of the biggest challenges facing public health today, and cognitive dysfunction is an important concern. Cognitive impairment may be associated with high folate concentrations and low vitamin B₁₂ concentrations; the latter is a common problem among elderly people. Therefore, we hypothesized there was a high circulating folate concentration among older people living in a country with a mandatory folic acid fortification program. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate nutritional status of folate and vitamin B₁₂ among aged people. Three dietary recalls, serum folate (sfolate), erythrocyte (red blood cell) folate (RBC folate), and serum vitamin B₁₂ and homocysteine were collected. Linear regression models were used to investigate factors associated with circulating vitamins. We interviewed 169 participants. Half reported inadequate consumption of folate. However, RBC folate deficiency was observed in 27%, 13% in the serum, and a 10% excess of sfolate. One-quarter reported inadequate consumption of B_12, but only 5% had deficiency. Factors negatively associated with circulating folate were continuous work and smoking, and positively associated with polyunsaturated fatty acid. Factor negatively associated with the circulating B₁₂ were use of a dental prosthesis and intake of saturated fatty acid. Permanent investigation of excess of sfolate and B₁₂ deficiency, especially among older adults living in countries exposed to a mandatory folic acid fortification program, is important because of the possible relation to the cognitive function.

Estimation of underreporting of energy intake using different methods in a subsample of the ELSA-Brasil study

Existing methods for assessing food consumption are subject to measurement errors, especially the underreporting of energy intake, characterized by reporting energy intake below the minimum necessary to maintain body weight. This study aimed to compare the identification of energy intake underreporters using different predictive equations and instruments to collect dietary data. The study was conducted with 101 selected participants in the third wave of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo. For the dietary assessment, we applied a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), two 24-hour diet recall (24hR) using the GloboDiet software, and two 24hR using the Brasil-Nutri software. The energy intake underreport obtained from the FFQ was 13%, 16%, and 1% using the equations proposed by Goldberg et al. (1991), Black (2000), and McCrory et al. (2002), respectively. With these same equations, the 24hR described an underreport of 9.9%, 14.9%, and 0.9% respectively with the GloboDiet software and 14.7%, 15.8%, and 1.1% respectively with the Brasil-Nutri software. We verified a low prevalence of underreported energy intake among the three self-report-based dietary data collection methods (FFQ, 24hR with GloboDiet, and Brasil-Nutri). Though no statistically significant differences were found among three methods, the equations for each method differed among them. The agreement of energy intake between the methods was very similar, but the best was between GloboDiet and Brasil-Nutri.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Adults: Evidence from a National Health Survey in Peru

High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with a high risk of non-communicable diseases. Evidence of SSB consumption is needed to inform SSB-related policies, especially in countries with a high consumption, such as Peru. Using data from Peru’s National Health Survey conducted in 2017–2018, the consumption of homemade and ready-to-drink SSB was estimated from a single 24 h dietary recall, accounting for socio-demographic and health-related variables. Regression models were fitted to assess which variables were linked to a high/low SSB consumption. There were 913 people and mean age was 37.7 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 36.9–38.6). Mean consumption (8 oz servings/day) of homemade SSB (1.2) doubled that of ready-to-drink SSB (0.5). The intake of homemade and ready-to-drink SSB was higher in men (1.3 and 0.7) than women (1.1 and 0.3). The intake of ready-to-drink SSB was higher in urban (0.6) compared to rural (0.2) populations. People aware of having diabetes had a lower consumption of both ready-to-drink (0.9 vs. 0.4) and homemade SSB (1.3 vs. 0.8) than those unaware of having diabetes. Male sex and living in urban locations were associated with higher ready-to-drink SSB intake. Older age was associated with a higher intake of homemade SSB. Amongst Peruvian adults, the consumption of SSB products (particularly homemade) remains high. Population-wide interventions should also aim to improve awareness of the nutritional components of homemade beverages.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and associated factors in adults: evidence from the 2008-2009 Campinas Health Survey

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed (UP) foods and associated factors among adults. We used cross-sectional data on 947 adults from the 2008-2009 Campinas Health Survey. Food consumption data were collected using the 24-h dietary recall method and food items were classified according to NOVA classification based on the nature, extent and purpose of industrial processing. Linear regression models were run to evaluate the association between the consumption UP foods and predictor variables with a 5% significance level. The average daily energy intake per capita was 2000.6 kcal and UP foods represented 24.1% of this intake. UP food consumption was higher among women and increased with the increase in schooling. Consumption was also higher among young adults between 20 and 29 years old as well as ex-smokers and individuals who were physically active at leisure. The results show that there is still time to intervene in favor of the health of the adult population. Thus, studies dedicated to the investigation of food intake from the perspective of the NOVA classification, the possible repercussions for health and the evaluation of food and nutrition actions and policies should be prioritized in the current context of Brazil.

Contribution of food groups to energy, grams and nutrients-to-limit: the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the energy, nutrients-to-limit and total gram amount consumed and identify their top food sources consumed by Latin Americans.

DESIGN

Data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS).

SETTING

ELANS is a cross-sectional study representative of eight Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

PARTICIPANTS

Two 24-h dietary recalls on non-consecutive days were used to estimate usual dietary intake of 9218 participants with ages between 15-65 years. 'What We Eat in America' food classification system developed by United States Department of Agriculture was adapted and used to classify all food items consumed by the ELANS population. Food sources of energy, added sugars, SFA, Na and total gram amount consumed were identified and ranked based on percentage of contribution to intake of total amount.

RESULTS

Three-highest ranked food categories of total energy consumed were: rice (10·3%), yeast breads (6·9%), and turnovers and other grain-based items (6·8 %). Highest ranked food sources of total gram amount consumed were fruit drinks (9·6%), other 100% juice (9·3%) and rice (8·3%). Three highest ranked sources for added sugars were other 100% juice (24·1 %), fruit drinks (16·5%), and sugar and honey (12·4%). SFA ranked foods were turnovers and other grain-based (12·6 %), cheese (11·9%), and pizza (10·3%). Three top sources of Na were rice (13·9%), soups (9·1 %) and rice mixed dishes (7·3 %).

CONCLUSION

Identification of top sources of energy and nutrients-to-limit among Latin Americans is critical for designing strategies to help them meet nutrient recommendations within energy needs.

Under-reporting of the energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), an accurate assessment of food intake is essential for clinical nutritional management. Tools such as the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-h food record (24HR) identify dietary habits in support of dietary planning. However, it is possible that these tools have reporting errors with respect to assessing food intake, particularly energy intake (EI).

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with type 2 DM. EI was assessed by the FFQ and 24HR tools. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Data were analysed using a kappa test, t-test and Spearman's correlation coefficients. Under-reporting was assessed using the EI/REE ratio. Patients with values <1.18 and <1.10 for FFQ and 24HR, respectively, were considered as under-reporting.

RESULTS

We evaluated 55 patients [mean (SD) 62.7 (5.3) years old, duration of diabetes 11.2 (7.3) years, 52.7% female]. The mean (SD) EI assessed by FFQ was 1797.7 (641.3) and as assessed by 24HR was 1624 (484.8) kcal day^-1 . The mean (SD) REE was 1641.3 (322.3) kcal day^-1 . The mean (SD) ratios FFQ/REE and 24HR/REE were 1.11 (0.38) and 1.01 (0.30), respectively. The tools showed a moderate agreement for under-reporting of EI (kappa = 0.404; P = 0.003). Moderate and positive correlations between REE were observed with FFQ (r = 0.321; P = 0.017) and 24HR (r = 0.364; P = 0.006). According to the tools, the under-reporting was observed in approximately 65% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of patients with type 2 DM under-reported their calorie intake, as assessed by FFQ and 24HR. REE showed a positive correlation with both tools.

The mediating role of visceral adiposity in the relationship among schooling, physical inactivity, and unhealthy metabolic phenotype

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mediating role of visceral adiposity, as assessed by the visceral adiposity index (VAI), in the relationship among schooling, physical inactivity, and unhealthy metabolic phenotype (UMP).

METHODS

A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 854 adult individuals of both sexes from a Brazilian city. Data were collected through interviews, anthropometric evaluation, and clinical and laboratorial tests. We used multivariate path analysis, which simultaneously analyzes multiple relationships between variables. The analyses were adjusted by sex and age and stratified according to nutritional status.

RESULTS

A positive direct effect of visceral adiposity on the UMP was observed for normal weight, standardized estimate (SE) = 0.632; confidence interval (CI 95%) = 0.547, 0.707) and overweight individuals (SE = 0.732; CI 95% = 0.647, 0.808), and negative direct effect of schooling on physical inactivity (normal weight: SE = -0.408; CI 95% = -0.550, -0.265) and overweight (SE = -0.304; CI 95% = -0.479, -0.129). Among normal-weight individuals, there was a positive direct effect (SE = 0.193; CI 95% = 0.059, 0.328) of physical inactivity on VAI. In relation to indirect effects, there was a mediating role of visceral adiposity in the association of schooling level and physical inactivity with the UMP only among normal-weight individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

Visceral adiposity has a direct effect on the UMP regardless of nutritional status, and there is a mediating effect of VAI on the relationship among schooling, physical inactivity, and UMP in normal-weight individuals.

Latin American consumption of major food groups: Results from the ELANS study

BACKGROUND

The Latin American (LA) region is still facing an ongoing epidemiological transition and shows a complex public health scenario regarding non-communicable diseases (NCDs). A healthy diet and consumption of specific food groups may decrease the risk of NCDs, however there is a lack of dietary intake data in LA countries.

OBJECTIVE

Provide updated data on the dietary intake of key science-based selected food groups related to NCDs risk in LA countries.

DESIGN

ELANS (Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health) is a multicenter cross-sectional study assessing food consumption from an urban sample between15 to 65 years old from 8 LA countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). Two 24-HR were obtained from 9,218 individuals. The daily intake of 10 food groups related to NCDs risk (fruits; vegetables; legumes/beans; nuts and seeds; whole grains products; fish and seafood; yogurt; red meat; processed meats; sugar-sweetened beverages (ready-to-drink and homemade)) were assessed and compared to global recommendations.

RESULTS

Only 7.2% of the overall sample reached WHO's recommendation for fruits and vegetables consumption (400 grams per day). Regarding the dietary patterns related to a reduced risk of NCDs, among the overall sample legumes and fruits were the food groups with closer intake to the recommendation, although much lower than expected (13.1% and 11.5%, respectively). Less than 3.5% of the sample met the optimal consumption level of vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish and yogurt. Largest country-dependent differences in average daily consumption were found for legumes, nuts, fish, and yogurt. Mean consumption of SSB showed large differences between countries.

CONCLUSION

Diet intake quality is deficient for nutrient-dense food groups, suggesting a higher risk for NCDs in the urban LA region in upcoming decades. These data provide relevant and up-to-date information to take urgent public health actions to improve consumption of critically foods in order to prevent NCDs.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e fatores associados em adultos numa área urbana de pobreza do nordeste brasileiro

Resumo Objetiva-se analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados às Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis (DCNT), em adultos residentes numa área urbana de pobreza situada em Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostra de 631 adultos de 20 a 59 anos. Analisaram-se possíveis associações das DCNT com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, comportamentais e relativos à saúde, por meio de Regressão de Poisson, considerando-se como estatisticamente significantes aqueles com valor de p < 0,05. A prevalência de DCNT foi de 56,7%, sendo maior no sexo masculino (60,8%), entre os adultos com 50-59 anos (80,5%), de menor classe econômica (57,7%) e menor nível de instrução (62%). O problema também predominou entre aqueles com IMC ≥ 25Kg/m2 (34,2%) e que referiram estado de saúde ruim (76,4%). No modelo multivariado hierarquizado, as variáveis estatisticamente significantes foram: escolaridade, IMC, percepção da própria saúde, sexo e faixa etária. Observou-se, neste estudo, uma elevada prevalência de pelo menos uma DCNT, bem como, associação estatisticamente significante entre DCNT e as variáveis: escolaridade, IMC, percepção da própria saúde, sexo e faixa etária. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de se intensificar as ações de promoção à saúde, em comunidades carentes, com vistas ao seu melhor controle.

[Multidimensional profiles of lifestyle risk factors: application of the Grade of Membership method]

The aim of this study was to identify multidimensional profiles of lifestyle risk factors, verifying sociodemographic characteristics and self-rated health. Data were obtained from the Brazilian National Health Survey (2013) for 45,881 individuals 30 years and older. Identification of the profiles used the Grade of Membership (GoM) method, with 12 variables. Analysis of associated characteristics used Pearson's chi-square test and logistic regression. Two profiles were identified: "healthy profile" (61.6%), characterized by adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fish, non-regular consumption of sodas, meat with fat, and beans, normal weight, and recommended leisure-time physical activity, and "risk profile" (38.4%), characterized by lack of consumption of healthy markers, except consumption of beans, consumption of all the unhealthy dietary markers, replacing meals with snacks, alcohol consumption, smoking, and leisure-time physical inactivity. The healthy profile was associated with female gender, old age, white skin color, residents in the North and Northeast of Brazil, widows/widowers, married marital status, more schooling, and better self-rated health. The risk profile was associated with male gender, young adults, residents in the Central and South, single marital status, less schooling, and worse self-rated health. Although more prevalent, the percentage of individuals with complete classification in the healthy profile was low. Lifestyle risk factors are associated with sociodemographic characteristics.

Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health (EBANS) - Brazilian data of ELANS: methodological opportunities and challenges

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies with dietary variables are complex methodologically, being the researcher responsible for anticipating, controlling, reducing and preventing methodological errors. Obesity accounts for almost one-third of the world's population and has consequences for childhood and adolescence. Multifactorial disorder must be faced in several aspects, being food and physical activity, modifiable risk factors. The EBANS aims to perform a diagnosis of the nutritional status of the Brazilian population from 15 to 65 years old, from all regions, and the parameters associated with obesity, with several possibilities of correlating data.

METHODOLOGICAL PROCESS

Part of the ELANS study (n = 9218), the EBANS (n = 2000) has a weighted sample and data collection that allows: to evaluate the socioeconomic level of the population; perform a diagnosis of nutritional status (through anthropometric variables); to evaluate food intake (R24h and FFQ for beverages); and evaluate physical activity practice (IPAQ-long and accelerometer).

METHODOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES

With national coverage, EBANS has the potential to compose regional analyzes, portray the current nutritional epidemiological condition, food consumption and physical activity pattern of the Brazilian population, at different life stages, and may have their data analyzed together or stratified, offering useful subsidies for the formulation of public policies.

METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

Each methodological step was designed to reduce errors and biases related to methodological challenges.

CAAE REGISTRATION

31670314.8.0000.5567.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Of great potential for future data analysis, EBANS tries to contribute to the generation of knowledge to foment policies and actions capable of changing the current obesity scenario.

Perception of Hunger/Satiety and Nutrient Intake in Women Who Regain Weight in the Postoperative Period After Bariatric Surgery

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the perception of hunger and satiety and its association with nutrient intake in women who regain weight in the postoperative period after bariatric surgery.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study of adult women divided into three groups: weight regain (n = 20), stable weight (n = 20) (both at least 24 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery), and non-operated obesity (n = 20). A visual analogue scale measured hunger/satiety perception while fasting, immediately after finishing a test meal, and 180 min after finishing the test meal. The incremental area above or under the curve was calculated. Food intake was analyzed by 3 days of food recall and adjusted for intraindividual variation. To make between-group comparisons, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and independent-samples T tests and Pearson's correlation were used.

RESULTS

There were no between-group differences in incremental areas of hunger/satiety, but protein intake was significantly lower among patients who regained weight compared with those who had stable body weight (0.99 ± 0.23 g/kg body weight vs. 1.17 ± 0.21 g/kg body weight, p = 0.047). In the group that regained weight, satiety was correlated positively with usual dietary protein density (r = 0.541; p = 0.017) and negatively with usual carbohydrate intake (r = - 0.663; p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Women who regained weight presented similar perceptions of hunger/satiety to those of patients without weight regain and with non-operated obesity. In patients who regained weight postoperatively, satiety perception was correlated positively with usual dietary protein density and inversely with usual carbohydrate intake.

Top food sources of percentage of energy, nutrients to limit and total gram amount consumed among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014

Objective

To identify most commonly consumed foods by adolescents contributing to percentage of total energy, added sugars, SFA, Na and total gram intake per day.

Design

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014.

Setting

NHANES is a cross-sectional study nationally representative of the US population.

Participants

One 24 h dietary recall was used to assess dietary intake of 3156 adolescents aged 10–19 years. What We Eat in America food category classification system was used for all foods consumed. Food sources of energy, added sugars, SFA, Na and total gram amount consumed were sample-weighted and ranked based on percentage contribution to intake of total amount.

Results

Three-highest ranked food subgroup sources of total energy consumed were: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB; 7·8 %); sweet bakery products (6·9 %); mixed dishes – pizza (6·6 %). Highest ranked food sources of total gram amount consumed were: plain water (33·1 %); SSB (15·8 %); milk (7·2 %). Three highest ranked food sources of total Na were: mixed dishes – pizza (8·7 %); mixed dishes – Mexican (6·7 %); cured meats/poultry (6·6 %). Three highest ranked food sources of SFA were: mixed dishes – pizza (9·1 %); sweet bakery products (8·3 %); mixed dishes – Mexican (7·9 %). Three highest ranked food sources of added sugars were: SSB (42·1 %); sweet bakery products (12·1 %); coffee and tea (7·6 %).

Conclusions

Identifying current food sources of percentage energy, nutrients to limit and total gram amount consumed among US adolescents is critical for designing strategies to help them meet nutrient recommendations within energy needs.

Consumo de refrigerantes e índice de massa corporal em adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a associação entre consumo de refrigerantes e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) em adolescentes eutróficos e com excesso de peso. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2009. Considerou-se como variável de desfecho os tercis do escore de IMC (zIMC) e como variável de exposição principal, o consumo de refrigerantes adoçados com açúcar. Idade, tipo de escola, escore de bens e serviços do domicílio e escolaridade materna foram incluídos nos modelos como variáveis de ajuste. Modelos de regressão multinomial, estratificados por sexo e pelos subgrupos de eutrofia e de excesso de peso foram utilizados para estimar a associação entre exposição e desfecho. Resultados: Dos adolescentes avaliados, 23,8% apresentaram excesso de peso e 21,7% relataram o consumo de refrigerantes diariamente. Nos meninos eutróficos, o consumo de refrigerantes esteve associado à maior chance de estar nos tercis mais altos de zIMC comparados aos não consumidores. Já nos adolescentes com excesso de peso, tanto do sexo masculino quanto feminino, o consumo de refrigerantes esteve associado à menor chance de estar no tercil mais alto de escore zIMC. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciam a possibilidade de causalidade reversa entre o consumo de refrigerantes adoçados e zIMC no grupo de adolescentes com excesso de peso. Nos adolescentes eutróficos do sexo masculino, o consumo de refrigerantes pode, potencialmente, aumentar as chances de ter zIMC mais alto, o que reforça a necessidade de medidas visando à ampla redução do consumo dessa bebida.

Resting Energy Expenditure and Body Composition of Women with Weight Regain 24 Months After Bariatric Surgery

BACKGROUND

Weight regain 24 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and low protein intake in patients without protein supplementation can favor fat-free mass loss and reduce resting energy expenditure (REE). We aimed to assess REE and its association with the body composition of women with weight regain and no protein supplementation in the late postoperative period of RYGB.

METHODS

We determined the body mass index (BMI), REE by indirect calorimetry, body composition by tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis, and energy intake by two 24-h recalls of 34 patients with at least 5 % of weight regain and no protein supplementation. The software SPSS v.17 analyzed the data calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion and using Pearson's correlation to test the association between the variables and the multivariate linear regression model at a p < 0.05 significance level.

RESULTS

Postoperative period was positively associated with weight regain (r = 0.39; p = 0.023). The mean percentages of fat and fat-free masses were 45.1 ± 8.3 % and 54.3 ± 8.1 %, respectively. The mean REE was 1424.7 ± 187.2 kcal (14 kcal/kg of the current weight), mean energy intake was 1258.6 ± 454.3 kcal, and mean protein intake was 0.9 g/kg of the ideal weight ± 0.3. Fat-free mass was positively associated with REE regardless of protein intake and postoperative period.

CONCLUSIONS

Female bariatric patients with weight regain and no protein supplementation lose fat-free mass, lowering their REE. Health practices that promote maintenance of BMI and body composition may lead to improved outcomes of bariatric surgery.

Notificação imprecisa da ingestão energética entre usuários de Serviços de Promoção à Saúde

Resumo A avaliação da ingestão alimentar é importante na ciência da nutrição, no entanto, os métodos utilizados para tal fim podem levar à notificação imprecisa comprometendo os resultados associados à dieta. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de notificação imprecisa da ingestão energética e seus fatores associados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com usuários de nove academias da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Coletou-se dados sociodemográficos e econômicos, história e percepção de saúde, hábitos alimentares e estado nutricional. A avaliação da ingestão energética deu-se por Recordatórios Alimentares de 24 horas e a notificação imprecisa pela metodologia de McCrory. Avaliaram-se 487 usuários, 82,3% do sexo feminino e 50,5% idosos. A prevalência de subnotificação do consumo alimentar foi de 11,9%, sendo mais prevalente entre os participantes com dislipidemias e circunferência da cintura muito elevada, e menos prevalente entre os adultos, os satisfeitos com o peso corporal e com fracionamento da dieta igual ou superior a cinco refeições diárias. A supernotificação foi encontrada em 0,8% da amostra. Identificou-se a subnotificação como um problema nessa população, demandando estratégias para o aprimoramento da notificação dietética.

Overweight in men and women among urban area residents: individual factors and socioeconomic context

The present study aimed to evaluate factors associated with overweight among adults living in urban areas, with the income of the census tract as a context variable. The survey assessed individuals from two health districts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Excess weight was determined by body mass index > 25kg/m2. Multilevel logistic regression was used. The sample comprised 2,935 individuals aged 20 to 60 years. The prevalence of overweight was 52.3% (95%CI: 49.9-54.8), similar between men and women. Higher schooling proved to be protective against overweight in women and a risk for men. Living in census tracts with higher income was associated with excess weight only in males. Report of the consumption of diet soft drinks was positively associated with overweight in both sexes. The occurrence of this event seems to be influenced by different factors or to interrelate differently in men and women.

Examining associations between dietary patterns and metabolic CVD risk factors: a novel use of structural equation modelling

The association between dietary patterns and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors has long been addressed but there is a lack of evidence towards the effects of the overall diet on the complex net of biological inter-relationships between risk factors. This study aimed to derive dietary patterns and examine their associations with metabolic cardiovascular risk factors following a theoretic model for the relationship between them. Participants included 417 adults of both sexes, enrolled to the cross-sectional population-based study performed in Brazil. Body weight, waist circumference, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure, total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio, fasting plasma glucose and serum leptin were evaluated. Food consumption was assessed by two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls adjusted for the within-person variation of intake. A total of three dietary patterns were derived by exploratory structural equation modelling: 'Traditional', 'Prudent' and 'Modern'. The 'Traditional' pattern had a negative and direct effect on obesity indicators (serum LEP, body weight and waist circumference) and negative indirect effects on total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio and fasting plasma glucose. The 'Prudent' pattern had a negative and direct effect on systolic blood pressure. No association was observed for the 'Modern' pattern and metabolic risk factors. In conclusion, the 'Traditional' and 'Prudent' dietary patterns were negatively associated with metabolic cardiovascular risk factors among Brazilian adults. Their apparent protective effects against obesity and high blood pressure may be important non-pharmacological strategies for the prevention and control of obesity-related metabolic disorders and CVD.

Comparing a 7-day diary vs. 24 h-recall for estimating fluid consumption in overweight and obese Mexican women

BACKGROUND

High intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is linked to increased weight, energy intake, and diabetes. Even though the increasing interest on beverages and water intake, there are few dietary tools carefully validated. The purpose of this paper is to compare a fluid intake 7-day diary against a 24-h recall questionnaire to estimate the fluid consumption in overweight and obese women participating in a randomized controlled trial in Mexico.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study explored the correlation of reported fluid consumption between two methods: 3-day 24-hr recalls and 7-day diary beverage registry in overweight and obese Mexican women aged 18-45 y (n = 190).

RESULTS

There was no difference on median estimated volume (mL/d), nor the median estimated energy (kcal/d) from total beverage consumption registered by the two dietary tools. The crude and rank correlation among the two dietary instruments was high for total fluid consumption in mL/d r = 0.7, p < 0.001 (crude and rank correlation) and for fluid consumption measured as energy intake: r = 0.7; p < 0.001 crude, and r = 0.5; p < 0.001 rank correlation. By type of beverage, the more meaningful rank correlations were for fluid intake in: mL/d, water, alcohol beverages, and SSB; and in kcal/d, alcohol beverages and SSBs (rank correlation ≥ 0.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the 7-day diary showed high and strong rank correlations with that reported in the 24-h recall, suggesting that the diary method is a valid dietary tool to evaluate total fluid, water and SSB intake in this population.