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Hu Z, Hu Y, Xu S, Zhuang J, Cao D, Gao A, Xie X, Lin Z. The exploration of a compound cone-beam CT contrast agent for diagnosis of human extracted cracked tooth. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31036. [PMID: 38774323 PMCID: PMC11107363 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the use of sodium iodide (NaI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate as cone-beam CT (CBCT) contrast agents for diagnosing cracked teeth. The optimal delay time for detecting the number of crack lines beyond the dentino-enamel junction (Nd), the number of cracks extending from the occlusal surface to the pulp cavity (Np), and the depth of the crack lines was explored. Methods 14 human extracted cracked teeth were collected, 12 were used for enhanced scanning, and 2 were used for exploring the characteristic of crack lines. The teeth were scanned in 3 CBCT enhanced scanning (ES) modes: ES1 using meglumine diatrizoate (MD); ES2 using NaI and DMSO, ES3 using NaI, DMSO, ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate. Three delay times (15mins, 30mins, and 60mins) were set for scanning. Nd, Np, and depth of crack lines were evaluated. Results There were totally 24 crack lines on 12 cracked teeth. Nd was 10 in ES1 at 60mins, 24 in ES2 at 60mins and 24 in ES3 at 15mins. Np was 1 in ES1 at 60mins, 10 in ES2 at 60mins and 21 in ES3 at 60mins, and there were significantly different among them (p < 0.01). The average depth presented on ES3 was significantly deeper than ES1 and ES2 (p < 0.01). Conclusion NaI, DMSO, ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate show potential as contrast agents for enhanced CBCT scanning in diagnosis of cracked teeth and their depth in vivo. A delay time of 15 min is necessary to confirm the existence of crack lines, while a longer delay time is required to ascertain if these crack lines extend to the pulp cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Hu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanni Hu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Zhuang
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dantong Cao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Antian Gao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Third People's Hospital of Danyang City, Danyang, China
| | - Zitong Lin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Chen S, Arola D, Ricucci D, Bergeron BE, Branton JA, Gu LS, Tay FR. Biomechanical perspectives on dentine cracks and fractures: Implications in their clinical management. J Dent 2023; 130:104424. [PMID: 36657703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present review discussed the biomechanical properties of cracks and fractures in crown and root dentine and attempted to explain why cracked teeth and vertical root fractures are so frequent despite the existence of multiple crack toughening mechanisms in dentine. The implications of this knowledge were used to justify how these defects are managed clinically. DATA, SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for a narrative review on fracture mechanics of crown and root dentine as well as the clinical management of cracked teeth and teeth with vertical root fracture. CONCLUSIONS Although dentine is tougher and less brittle than enamel, it's facture toughness is considerably lower than most ductile metals. Because the initiation toughness of dentine is very low, cracks initiate from incipient damage under low stress While crack toughening mechanisms exist that enable dentine to resist crack extension, these mechanisms are often inadequate for protecting dentine from crack propagation that ultimately leads to catastrophic failure. Additional factors such as ageing also reduces the resistance of dentine to crack growth. Because dentine cracks are eventually filled with bacteria biofilms upon exposure to oral fluids, they enable rapid bacteria ingress into the dental pulp via open dentinal tubules. To date, treatment options for cracked teeth are limited. While most teeth with vertical root fracture are recommended for extraction, new strategies have been reported that appeared to achieve short-term success in preserving these teeth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Current strategies for the management for dentine cracks and fractures are limited and their long-term effectiveness remain uncertain. Understanding the characteristics, toughening mechanism and weakening factors of tooth cracks is helpful in designing better treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishi Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John A Branton
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Sha Gu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Barakat RM, Almohareb RA, Alsayyar A, Almalki F, Alharbi H. Evaluation of Dentinal Microcracks following Diode Laser- and Ultrasonic-Activated Removal of Bioceramic Material during Root Canal Retreatment. SCANNING 2022; 2022:6319743. [PMID: 36570434 PMCID: PMC9705085 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6319743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the use of microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis and the dentinal microcrack formation following retreatment of bioceramic sealer employing adjunct laser-activated irrigation and ultrasonic-activated irrigation. Thirty sound human single-canal teeth (n = 30) obturated using the single-cone technique with bioceramic sealer were retreated using nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files. The sample was randomly divided into three equal groups: group 1, the control group, was not subjected to further treatment; group 2 underwent ultrasonic activation of irrigants; group 3 underwent active irrigation with a diode laser (980 nm wavelength). Using micro-CT, the teeth were scanned before and after retreatment protocols. Two calibrated experienced observers viewed the cross-sectional images and calculated the number of dentinal defects. The presence of any crack or craze line on the external root surface or internal canal wall was counted. Data were analyzed using Friedman's two-way analysis of variance and Fisher's exact test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A significant increase occurred in the number of cracks post retreatment protocols, specifically in the coronal and middle canal thirds, compared to pre- and postinstrumentation (p = 0.0001). However, ultrasonic- or laser-activated irrigation did not result in a significant increase in the number of cracks (p = 0.345). NiTi rotary root canal retreatment was associated with a significant increase in dentinal microcracks. However, employing ultrasonic- or laser-activated irrigation as adjunct retreatment techniques did not reveal a significant increase in dentinal microcracks within the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Barakat
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf A. Almohareb
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljuharh Alsayyar
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayruz Almalki
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Alharbi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Tejaswi S, Singh A, Manglekar S, Ambikathanaya UK, Shetty S. Evaluation of dentinal crack propagation, amount of gutta percha remaining and time required during removal of gutta percha using two different rotary instruments and hand instruments - An In vitro study. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:524-530. [PMID: 35439914 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1838_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background One of the most important goal of non surgical endodontic retreatment is the successful removal of gutta percha and sealers from the root canal system. A variety of techniques have been recommended for retreatment procedures for the removal of gutta-percha and sealers with or without the help of adjunctive chemical solvents, by using stainless steel hand files or nickel-titanium rotary files, gate glidden burs, heated instruments, ultrasonic instruments, and lasers 1,3. The current advancements in the design of NiTi instruments have proved efficacious in the removal of filling materials from the root canal wall and various studies have also confirmed their cleaning ability and efficacy 4,5. Nevertheless, the use of rotary instrumentation can lead to the formation of dentinal cracks in the root canal dentin. Many researchers have reported the incidence of crack formation and propagation after the procedure with manual, rotary and reciprocating instruments. The behavior of rotary instruments in the generation of defects have been the point of greatest interest during many years 6. These dentinal cracks can be defined as defects with a complete crack line extending from inner root canal space up to the outer surface of the root when the tensile stress in the root canal wall exceeds the tensile stress of dentin 7. Aim This study was conducted to investigate and to compare the amount of dentinal microcracks formation with various new instrumentation methods and conventional hand filing method. It also looks into amount of gutta-percha removed after retreatment from the canal and the time required for all the instrumentation technique. Methodology Sixty extracted human maxillary first molars with curved roots were mounted on addition silicone impression material incorporated in an aluminium hollow block, then instrumented using step-back preparation with 35 size K files. Obturation was done using gutta-percha with AH plus sealer. These were stored for 14 days and divided into three groups Mani GPR, Endostar Re Endo and H file and were subjected to retreatment procedures. Retreatment was considered complete when no filling material was observed on the canal wall and the canal was smooth and free of visible debris. The samples were examined under scanning electron microscope and the number of cracks were calculated. The percentage of root canal filling material and time taken was recorded. Statistical Analysis The data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), chi-square test and Scheffe's post hoc test through SPSS for window (version 22.0). Result All the techniques showed similar amount of crack propagation, with no statistical difference between the group. Retreatment done using H Files required more time and removed less material. The coronal third showed less amount of gutta-percha remnants than the apical third in all groups. Conclusion All the groups showed a similar amount of crack propagation. Less number of cracks were observed in the coronal one third and more amount of cracks were found at the apical third. Endostar RE Endo rotary instrument proved to be most effective and least time-consuming. Hedstrom Files required more time and removed less material.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tejaswi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospita, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospita, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S Manglekar
- Department of Periodontology, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - U K Ambikathanaya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospita, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospita, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Hu Z, Wang T, Pan X, Cao D, Liang J, Gao A, Xie X, Xu S, Miao L, Lin Z. Comparison of diagnosis of cracked tooth using contrast-enhanced CBCT and micro-CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 50:20210003. [PMID: 33877874 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy using sodium iodide (NaI) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as contrast agent in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning, and compare this with micro-CT. METHODS 18 teeth were cracked artificially by soaking them cyclically in liquid nitrogen and hot water. After pre-treatment with artificial saliva, the teeth were scanned in four modes: CBCT routine scanning without contrast agent (RS); CBCT with meglumine diatrizoate (MD) as contrast agent (ES1); CBCT with NaI + DMSO as contrast agent (ES2); and micro-CT (mCT). The number of crack lines was evaluated in all four modes. Depth of crack lines and number of cracks presented from the occlusal surface to the pulp cavity (Np) in ES2 and micro-CT images were evaluated. RESULTS There were 63 crack lines in all 18 teeth. 45 crack lines were visible on ES2 images as against four on the RS and ES1 images (p<0.05) and 37 on micro-CT images (p>0.05). Further, 34 crack lines could be observed on both ES2 and micro-CT images, and the average depth presented on ES2 images was 4.56 ± 0.88 mm and 3.89 ± 1.08 mm on micro-CT images (p<0.05). More crack lines could be detected from the occlusal surface to the pulp cavity on ES2 images than on micro-CT images (22 vs 11). CONCLUSION CBCT with NaI +DMSO as the contrast agent was equivalent to micro-CT for number of crack lines and better for depth of crack lines. NaI + DMSO could be a potential CBCT contrast agent to improve diagnostic accuracy for cracked tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZiYang Hu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - TieMei Wang
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Pan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - DanTong Cao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - JiaHao Liang
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - AnTian Gao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Third People's Hospital of Danyang City, Danyang, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - LeiYing Miao
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - ZiTong Lin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Almeida A, Romeiro K, Cassimiro M, Gominho L, Dantas E, Silva S, Albuquerque D. Micro-CT analysis of dentinal microcracks on root canals filled with a bioceramic sealer and retreated with reciprocating instruments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15264. [PMID: 32943675 PMCID: PMC7498450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the potential occurrence of dentinal defects after the removal of a root canal filling with two different sealers using Reciproc (RC) or Reciproc Blue (RB). The mesial roots of 60 mandibular molars with a Vertucci type IV configuration were selected. The samples were initially instrumented with Reciproc (R25) and then divided into the following four experimental groups according to the endodontic sealer and retreatment instrument (n = 15): BC Sealer/Reciproc (BCRC); BC Sealer/Reciproc Blue (BCRB); AH Plus/Reciproc (AHRC); and AH Plus/Reciproc Blue (AHRB). Then, the samples were scanned under micro-CT after obturation and removal of the filling material. Two analyses were conducted. First, an evaluation was performed on all the axial images, and another analysis evaluated each millimeter of the 10 mm from the apex. Dentinal defects were observed in all the samples. All of the identified defects in the images after filling material removal were present in the corresponding images after obturation. The use of AH Plus and EndoSequence BC Sealer, and filling material removal using RC and RB instruments did not induce dentinal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Almeida
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Avenida General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Camaragibe, PE, 54753-020, Brazil.
| | - Kaline Romeiro
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Avenida General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Camaragibe, PE, 54753-020, Brazil
| | - Marcely Cassimiro
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Avenida General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Camaragibe, PE, 54753-020, Brazil
| | - Luciana Gominho
- Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Eugênia Dantas
- Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Silmara Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Avenida General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Camaragibe, PE, 54753-020, Brazil
| | - Diana Albuquerque
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Avenida General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Camaragibe, PE, 54753-020, Brazil
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Inoue T, Saito M, Nishimura F, Miyazaki T. Transparent dentin region in the tooth root. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1831-1832. [PMID: 32983507 PMCID: PMC7495838 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent dentin in the tooth root forms during the aging process. The transparent dentin is weaker than normal opaque dentin, which may explain the occurrence of root dentin fractures in aged individuals. Tooth fractures are caused by the brittleness of the transparent dentin. Clinical procedures in aged persons require modification to accommodate the reduced strength of the dentin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Inoue
- Division of Biomaterials and EngineeringDepartment of Conservative DentistryShowa University School of DentistryTokyoJapan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Division of Biomaterials and EngineeringDepartment of Conservative DentistryShowa University School of DentistryTokyoJapan
| | - Fumio Nishimura
- Division of Biomaterials and EngineeringDepartment of Conservative DentistryShowa University School of DentistryTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Division of Biomaterials and EngineeringDepartment of Conservative DentistryShowa University School of DentistryTokyoJapan
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Micro–computed Tomographic Assessment of the Residual Filling Volume, Apical Transportation, and Crack Formation after Retreatment with Reciproc and Reciproc Blue Systems in Curved Root Canals. J Endod 2020; 46:238-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zuli TAB, Guedes OA, Gonçalves GFZA, da Silva Júnior AR, Borges ÁH, Aranha AMF. Effect of post space preparation drills on the incidence of root dentin defects. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e53. [PMID: 33294418 PMCID: PMC7691261 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the incidence of root dentin defects after the use of different post space preparation (PSP) drills. Materials and Methods Seventy-two bovine incisors were selected and obtained 14-mm-long root sections. Twelve roots served as controls with no intervention (G1). The 60 root canals remaining were instrumented using the crown-down technique with the ProTaper Next system and obturated using the lateral condensation technique. Specimens were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 12) according to the operative steps performed: G2, root canal instrumentation and filling (I+F); G3, I+F and PSP with Gates-Glidden drills; G4, I+F and PSP with Largo-Peeso reamers; G5, I+F and PSP with Exacto drill; and G6, I+F and PSP with WhitePost drill. Roots were sectioned at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mm from the apex, and digital images were captured. The presence of root dentin defects was recorded. Data were analyzed by the χ2 test, with p < 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. Results Root dentin defects were observed in 39.6% of the root sections. No defects were observed in G1. G5 had significantly more cracks and craze lines than G1, G2, and G3 (p < 0.05), and more fractures than G1, G2, G3, and G4 (p < 0.05). When all root sections were analyzed together, significantly more defects were observed at the 12-mm level than at the 3-mm level (p < 0.05). Conclusions PSP drills caused defects in the root dentin. Gates-Glidden drills caused fewer root defects than Largo-Peeso reamers and Exacto drills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orlando Aguirre Guedes
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Centro Universitário de Anápolis - UniEvangélica, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Álvaro Henrique Borges
- Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Cuiabá - UNIC, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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