[High prevalence of abdominal obesity among the elderly and its association with diabetes, hypertension and respiratory diseases]

Associations between metabolic score for visceral fat and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among populations with different glucose tolerance statuses

AIMS

To investigate the associations between metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF) and clinical outcomes among populations with different glucose tolerance statuses.

METHODS

We analysed 6827 participants aged ≥ 40 years with different glucose tolerance statuses from a cohort study. The associations between METS-VF and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox regression, restricted cubic spline and receiver operating characteristic curves.

RESULTS

During a follow-up of 5.00 years, there were 338 CVD events and 307 subjects experienced all-cause death. The METS-VF quartile (Quartile 4 versus 1) was significantly related to CVD events [adjusted HRs and 95% CIs: 5.75 (2.67-12.42), 2.80 (1.76-4.48), and 3.31 (1.28-8.54) for subjects with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes and diabetes, respectively] and all-cause mortality [adjusted HRs and 95% CIs: 2.80 (1.43-5.49), 4.15 (2.45-7.01), and 4.03 (1.72-9.42), respectively]. Restricted cubic spline suggested a dose-response association of METS-VF with the risk of CVD events and all-cause mortality. The area under curve for CVD events and all-cause mortality was higher for METS-VF than for the other obesity and IR indexes in subjects with different glucose tolerance statuses.

CONCLUSIONS

The METS-VF was associated with an increased risk of CVD events and all-cause mortality and could be used as a predictive index of the risk of CVD events and all-cause mortality among populations with different glucose tolerance statuses.

Correlation analysis of anthropometric indices and type 2 diabetes mellitus in residents aged 60 years and older

Background and purpose

In recent years, the incidence of obesity in people aged 60 and over has increased significantly, and abdominal obesity has been recognized as an independent risk factor for diabetes. Aging causes physiologic decline in multiple body systems, leading to changes in obesity indicators such as BMI. At present, the relationship between abdominal obesity markers and Diabetes mellitus (DM) in people aged 60 years and older remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the correlation between anthropometric indices and diabetes and explore potential predictors.

Methods

The basic demographic information of participants aged 60 and above in Zhongshan City in 2020 was collected. Physical parameters, blood glucose and other biochemical indices were measured comprehensively. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between abdominal obesity indicators [Waist circumference, Neck Circumference, Waist-to-hip ratio, Chinese Visceral Obesity Index (CVAI), and visceral obesity index] and diabetes mellitus. ROC characteristic curve was used to analyze the predictive ability of abdominal obesity indicators to DM, and the non-restrictive cubic spline graph was used to visualize the screened obesity indicators and diabetes risk.

Results

Among 9,519 participants, the prevalence of diabetes was 15.5%. Compared with low CVAI, High CVAI level was significantly associated with increased prevalence of DM in males and females (all p < 0.05), in males (OR, 2.226; 95%CI: 1.128–4.395), females (OR, 1.645; 95%CI: 1.013–2.669). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, there were gender differences between neck circumference and the prevalence of DM, and above-normal neck circumference in males was significantly associated with increased prevalence of DM (OR, 1.381; 95% CI: 1.091–1.747) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Among these anthropometric indices, CVAI is consistent with the features of fat distribution in older individuals and shows superior discriminative power as a potential predictor of DM, compared to traditional anthropometric parameters.

Sarcopenia and mortality risk in community-dwelling Brazilian older adults

We estimated the impact of sarcopenia parameters on mortality risk and assessed its prevalence and associated factors in the older adults according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People's 2010 (EWGSOP1) and 2018 (EWGSOP2) criteria. This was a 10-year follow-up cohort study. Low muscle mass (MM) was defined as low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and low calf circumference (CC). Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier method were performed. The prevalence of sarcopenia and associated factors were influenced by the MM measurement method and diagnostic criteria used [6.8% (SMI and EWGSOP2), 12.8% (CC and EWGSOP2; and SMI and EWGSOP1) and 17.4% (CC and EWGSOP1)]. While a low BMI was associated with sarcopenia regardless of the sarcopenia definitions, diabetes, and high TGs were associated with sarcopenia only when using the EWGSOP1 criteria. Low SMI increased mortality risk (EWGSOP1: HR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.03-3.92; EWGSOP2: HR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.05-4.06). The prevalence of sarcopenia was higher according to EWGSOP1 than EWGSOP2. A low BMI, diabetes, and high TGs were associated with sarcopenia. A low SMI doubled the risk of mortality in community-dwelling older adults.

Does Abdominal Obesity Increase All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality Risks in Older Adults? A 10-Year Follow-Up Analysis

There is insufficient evidence on the impact of abdominal obesity (AO) on mortality in older adults. Therefore, the objective to analyze the 10-year impact of AO, assessed using different diagnostic criteria, on all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in older adults. In this prospective cohort study of older adults (≥60 years), sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical history, laboratory test, and anthropometric data were analyzed. The considered were used for AO diagnostic: waist circumference (WC) of ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men; WC of ≥77.8 cm for women and ≥98.8 cm for men; and increased waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), being the highest tertile of distribution by sex. Multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed. A total of 418 individuals, with an average age of 70.69 ± 7.13 years, participated in the study. In the analysis adjusted for sex and age, WHR was associated with a high risk of all-cause mortality (p = 0.044). Both cutoff points used for the WC were associated with an increased CVD mortality risk. None of the AO parameters were associated with cancer mortality. An increased WHR was associated to a higher all-cause mortality risk factor, while an increased WC was a risk factor for a higher CVD mortality in older adults.

High Diet Quality Is Linked to Low Risk of Abdominal Obesity among the Elderly Women in China

How diet as a whole impacts the risk of general overweight and abdominal obesity among the Chinese elderly is unclear. The present study aimed to examine the association of overall diet quality with general overweight and abdominal obesity in the Chinese elderly. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1993 to 2015, an ongoing cohort study, we selected participants aged 60 and older who were not generally overweight, but who had abdominal obesity at baseline and who had participated in at least two waves of the survey as subjects. The China Elderly Dietary Guidelines Index (CDGI-E) was used, based on the critical diet-related recommendations of the 2016 Chinese Dietary Guideline (CDG-2016), to assess overall diet quality. Consecutive 3 d, 24 h recalls and household weighing for seasonings and edible oils were used to collect dietary data and calculate the CDGI-E scores. Three-level (community-individual-wave) random intercept logistic regression models were used to analyze the impact of diet quality on the risk of general overweight and abdominal obesity in the elderly. The results showed that the older women in the top sixtiles of the CDGI-E scores had a 38% reduction —0.62, 95% CI (0.41, 0.92)—in the risk of abdominal obesity, as compared to those in the bottom sixtiles after adjusting for all potential confounders, while the null association was observed in the older men. The relationship between CDGI-E score and the risk of overweight/general obesity in the Chinese elderly has not been found. It was concluded that a high diet quality was associated with a reduced risk of abdominal obesity among elderly women in China. Our findings will help to improve the understanding of the relationship between the overall effect of diet and health. It may provide a new avenue for obesity intervention policy formulation from the aspect of improving overall dietary quality.

Increasing trends in obesity prevalence from 2013 to 2019 and associated factors in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the variation of anthropometric indicators from 2013 to 2019 and the factors associated with obesity in Brazil, using information from the National Health Survey.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study with cluster sampling and simple random sampling in the three stages. Measurements of weight and height among participants in 2013 (n=59,592) and in 2019 (n=6,672) were used. Differences in obesity prevalence were tested by Student's t test for independent samples. To identify the sociodemographic factors and health problems associated with obesity, we used Poisson regression models with robust variance and crude and age-adjusted prevalence ratios to test the associations.

RESULTS

From 2013 to 2019, prevalence of obesity increased significantly, from 20.8 to 25.9%. Among men, the greatest increases were found in the 40-59 age group (9.1%) and in the median income category (8.3%). Among women, the greatest rises were found among those with low education (8.7%) and non-white ones (6.0%). For both males and females, factors associated with obesity were age, to live with a partner, level of instruction directly associated among men, and inversely associated among women. In 2019, for males, the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were significant for high cholesterol, high blood pressure and at least one chronic non-communicable disease and, for females, for poor self-rated health, high blood pressure, diabetes, and at least one chronic non-communicable.

CONCLUSION

It is necessary to implement intersectoral policies to promote changes in eating habits and encourage the practice of physical activity, taking into account economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects.

Visceral adiposity index is positively associated with blood pressure: A systematic review

PURPOSE

This systematic review aimed to investigate the association between VAI and blood pressure.

METHODS

The study was according to the PRISMA standards and the bibliographic search in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases.

RESULTS

This review included 32 articles, with 60,482 individuals - children to elderly people between 7 and 102 years old - of different age groups, most of them female (54.9%; n = 26,478). The year of publication ranged from 2010 to 2020, indicating that it is a recent theme, applied in almost all continents (America, Europe, Africa and Asia). The authors used data as continuous or into quantiles; blood pressure data also varied, with different cutoff points for the classification of arterial hypertension or continuously. The vast majority of studies have shown a positive association between VAI and blood pressure, both the sexes, in different age groups. The evaluation of the quality of the articles used by the Tool of the Joanna Briggs Institute according to their design.

CONCLUSION

Individuals with increased VAI have higher blood pressure levels. Registration (PROSPERO: CRD42020205965).

[Technological contributions for health: outlook on physical activity]

The scope of this paper sought to analyze the potential of using Internet technologies of wearable accessories and devices and the possible interventions in physical activities, seeking improvements with respect to physical inactivity and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs). By means of a bibliographical review, it was revealed that there is great concern regarding physical inactivity and CNCDs as well as the increasing research focus on these technological strategies. The amount of data collected in real time is one of the strengths of the devices, which can assist in longitudinal research, interventions in patients and also in physical activities performed, revolutionizing relationships and interventions in the area.

The Risk of Multimorbidity Associated with Overweight and Obesity: Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey 2013

Background

An increase in body mass index (BMI) is strongly associated with the occurrence of multimorbidity, and overweight and obesity are contributing factors for the increase in morbidities. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of multimorbidity and associated factors in Brazilian adults with and without overweight or obesity.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional population-based study with data from the National Health Survey (2013) including individuals aged 18 years or older. Multimorbidity was defined as having ≥2 diseases from the list of 15 morbidities on the self-reported questionnaire (self-reported medical diagnosis in life). BMI was categorized as: ≤24.9 kg/m² (low weight and eutrophy), 25.0–29.9 kg/m² (overweight), and ≥30.0 kg/m² (obesity). Sex, age, and schooling were the covariates. Poisson regression was used for crude and adjusted analyses for the variables representing access to health services estimating the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The total sample consisted of 59,402 individuals. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 25% overall and was higher among overweight (25.8%) and obese (32.5%) individuals. Obese women 60 years or older had a higher occurrence of multimorbidity (80%). In the adjusted analysis, a lower prevalence of multimorbidity was observed among those with higher educational levels in all BMI classifications: low weight/eutrophy, PR=0.66 (95% CI, 0.58–0.75); overweight, PR=0.62 (95% CI, 0.56–0.70); and obesity, PR=0.75 (95% CI, 0.67–0.85).

Conclusion

A higher prevalence of multimorbidity was found among obese women who were 60 years of age or older. Schooling was an associated factor regardless of BMI.

Comparative evaluation of inflammatory parameters and substitute insulin resistance indices in elderly women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE

To analyze the influence of inflammatory parameters and substitute insulin resistance indices on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) development in elderly women, as well as to compare anthropometric measures and metabolic parameters according to the presence of type 2 DM and HbA1c levels.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

One hundred and twenty elderly women (67.9 ± 6.0 years) were submitted to anthropometric analysis, determination of inflammatory and metabolic parameters. They also underwent indices of lipid accumulation product (LAP), high density triglyceride/lipoprotein ratio (TG/HDL), triglyceride glucose index (TyG), as well as TyG by body mass index (BMI) ratio (TyG-BMI) assessment.

RESULTS

Body mass index, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2, blood glucose, TG, LAP, TG/HDL, TyG and TyG-BMI were significantly higher in elderly women with DM compared to non-diabetic women. LAP ≥ 55.4 (OR = 2.29; P = .027); TyG ≥ 8.8 (OR = 3.52; P < .001) and TyG-BMI ≥ 264.8 (OR = 3.54; P = .001) were identified as risk factors for DM.

CONCLUSION

High pro-inflammatory parameters, low levels of anti-inflammatory markers and higher levels of substitute insulin resistance indices are risk predictors for DM development in elderly women in primary health care.

African American Ethnicity, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Arthritis Independently Predict Co-occurring Depression and Obesity among Community-dwelling Older Adult Alabamians

Although obesity and depression are quite common among older adults, surprisingly published literature has not examined factors associated with co-occurring depression and obesity among older adults. The knowledge that fills this gap would be advantageous for public health social workers and other health professionals who provide health care and public health services to older adults. The objectives of this study were to access the prevalence of and independent predictors of co-occurring depression and obesity among older adults in the state of Alabama. A retrospective analysis was conducted using a statewide survey of Alabamian community-dwelling older adults (n = 1,166). Binomial logistic regression was used to examine predictors of co-occurring depression and obesity. The prevalence of co-occurring depression and obesity among older adults was 16%. In the multivariate analysis, African American ethnicity (OR = 1.505, CI: 1.019-2.223), hypertension (OR = 1.593, CI: 1.050-2.416), diabetes (OR = 1.768, CI: 1.188-2.632), and arthritis (OR = 1.640, CI: 1.096-2.454) were positively associated with co-occurring depression and obesity). Older age (OR = 0.963, CI: 0.942-0.985) and higher levels of physical activity (OR = 1.640, CI: 1.096-2.454) were negatively associated with co-occurring depression and obesity. There is a need for the development and implementation of suitable interventions to prevent and manage co-occurring depression and obesity among older adults, particularly older adults with arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, or of African American ethnicity.

Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação do Frail Non-Disabled Questionnaire para o contexto brasileiro

Resumo Objetivo Traduzir, adaptar e validar o Frail Non-Disabled Questionnaire (FiND) para o contexto brasileiro. Método Foram seguidas as etapas preconizadas para instrumentos da área da saúde: tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, revisão por um comitê de especialistas, pré-teste e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas da escala. Todos os preceitos éticos foram seguidos. Resultados A tradução e a retrotradução foram realizadas por dois tradutores independentes e qualificados. A revisão por especialistas demonstrou sua validade de conteúdo. No pré-teste, o FiND foi de fácil compreensão e aplicação. Na avaliação das propriedades psicométricas, o instrumento demonstrou valores satisfatórios de confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade. A validade de critério concorrente foi verificada, encontrando correlação positiva com significância estatística entre o escore do FiND e do Fenótipo de Fragilidade de Fried, e valores satisfatórios de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo, e acurácia. A validade de construto convergente foi analisada, indicando correlação positiva estatisticamente significante entre o escore do FiND e os sintomas depressivos, e correlações negativas com o estado nutricional, cognitivo, e com os domínios do componente físico da qualidade de vida. A validade discriminante foi analisada por meio da comparação das médias do FiND entre os grupos: robusto, não frágil e frágil, com e sem sintomas depressivos, com melhor e com pior percepção de qualidade de vida, e com estado nutricional adequado, sob risco de desnutrição e com estado de desnutrição, as quais mostraram-se estatisticamente significantes. Conclusão O FiND encontra-se traduzido, adaptado e validado para o contexto brasileiro.

Which anthropometric measures best identify excess weight in older adults?

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with excess weight in older adults according to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), as well as to measure the differences between the prevalences estimated by WC and WtHR in relation to BMI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 – 2017 with 549 older adults (72–102 years) from Campinas and Ermelino Matarazzo, two cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Excess weight was defined according to cut-off points established for older adults. Multiple Poisson regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The overweight/obesity prevalences were 47.36% (BMI), 61.38% (WC) and 65.57% (WtHR), being higher in women and in those with hypertension, diabetes, polypharmacy, and normal calf circumference. They were also higher in the youngest age strata (BMI and WC), in those with arthritis/rheumatism (BMI), and in those with slow gait (WtHR). The estimated overweight/obesity prevalences according to WC and WtHR were 29.00% and 38.00% higher, respectively, than BMI. In the multiple model, there was a higher prevalence of adiposity among diabetics and those with normal calf circumference. CONCLUSIONS: Measures of abdominal adiposity provided a better diagnosis of excess weight. We recommended that health professionals consider using WtHR in anthropometric assessment of older adults, especially regarding adiposity.

Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Components in High-Risk Cardiovascular Disease Development in Older Adults

OBJECTIVE

Analyze the influence between the components of metabolic syndrome and the independent risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the elderly.

METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 205 older adults from a primary healthcare unit of the Federal District, Brazil. The cardiovascular risk was determined by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). The National Cholesterol Evaluation Program for Adult Treatment Panel III 2001 (NCEP-ATP III) criteria were considered to analyze metabolic syndrome (MS) diagnoses.

RESULTS

There was a strong association between MS and high cardiovascular risk (OR = 8.86). The univariate analysis main findings revealed that male gender, diabetes, smoking habit, systolic blood pressure, HDL level, high blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and LDL level were associated with high cardiovascular risk. FRS increases significantly with the presence of four or more MS components (by 30%, if 4 components are present, and by 40%, if 5 components) when compared with the presence of three or fewer components (P <0.001). A logistic regression analysis of high-risk predictors was described to reduce the effects of confounding and bias factors.

CONCLUSION

The identification of MS associated with high FRS values represents a cascading of adverse effects on the population's aging process.

Body fat percentage assessment by skinfold equation, bioimpedance and densitometry in older adults

Background

Body fat estimation allows measuring changes over time attributed to interventions and treatments in different settings such as hospitals, clinical practice, nursing homes and research. However, only few studies have compared different body fat estimation methods in older adults with inconsistent results. We estimated body fat percentage (%BF) and the level of agreement among dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and Durnin & Womersley’s skinfold eq. (SF) in older Brazilian adults aged 60 years and older from the Elderly Project Goiânia, Brazil.

Methods

The analytical sample comprised of 132 participants who had DXA data. The level of agreement for the %BF estimated by BIA, SF and DXA i.e. reference method, was examined using Bland and Altman’s and Lin’s plot.

Results

Overall, women had higher body mass index and %BF values measured by all three methods used. BIA and SF equation showed strong concordance to estimate body fat percentage in all participants (CCC = 0.857 and 0.861, respectively) and among women (CCC = 0.788 and 0.726, respectively) when compared to DXA. However, both methods underestimated body fat percentage in women and men with high body fat percentage. A strong level of agreement was observed between DXA and the anthropometric equation developed by Durnin & Womersley in men (CCC = 0.846), while BIA had a moderate concordance (CCC = 0.505) in this group.

Conclusion

The examined methods indicated different body fat estimates. However, the best agreement was observed between DXA and the anthropometric SF equation for men. Future research in older adults should develop new SF equations considering different ethnic groups.

Effects of allyl isothiocyanate on insulin resistance, oxidative stress status, and transcription factors in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a dietary phytochemical found in some cruciferous vegetables, is commonly used as an antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant agent. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AITC on insulin resistance and transcription factors in a diabetic rat model. A total of 42 Wistar rats were divided into six groups and orally treated for 12 weeks as follows: (i) control; (ii) AITC (100 mg/kg body weight [BW]); (iii) high fat diet (HFD); (iv) HFD + AITC (100 mg/kg BW); (v) HFD + streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg BW); and (vi) HFD + STZ + AITC. Administration of AITC reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine levels, but increased (P < 0.001) total antioxidant capacity. In AITC-treated rats, the glucose transporter-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, p-insulin receptor substrate-1, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 in the liver and kidney were increased while nuclear factor-kappa B was downregulated (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AITC possesses antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in HFD/STZ-induced T2DM in rats. These findings may further justify the importance of AITC in phytomedicine.

Body image, nutritional status and quality of life in long-lived older adults

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the body image and nutritional status (NS) of older adults aged 80 and over and its relation with quality of life (QoL). Method: A cross-sectional, quantitative study, with no intervention, using non-probabilistic sampling, was conducted from October 2016 to September 2017 with 103 older individuals aged ≥80 years old from the state of São Paulo. NS was evaluated according to OPAS/SABE; body image was evaluated by the Kakeshita fifteen silhouette scale, and the WHOQoL-bref and WHOQoL-old were used to measure QoL. The Chi-square test was used to verify the association between the studied variables and sex. To compare QoL with nutritional status and body image, the ANOVA Factor test was used. The level of significance was 5% (p<0.05). Results: The majority of the interviewees were female (69.2%) and the average age was 82.75 (±2.98). When comparing the perception of QoL with NS, there was a significant difference (p=0.027) in the self-evaluation of QoL of obese older adults only. The QoL related to body image of both sexes presented a significant difference (p=0.020) in the environmental domain of the WHOQoL-bref in the evaluation of body satisfaction. Conclusion: The body image distortion identified by these older adults did not interfere with their perception of QoL. However, when NS was considered, overweight older adults had a higher perception of QoL.

Evaluation of the clinical-functional vulnerability index in older adults

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical-functional vulnerability index (CFVI) of older adults and its relationship with socioeconomic, behavioral, clinical and therapeutic indicators. Method: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a quantitative design was performed with 318 randomly drawn older adults registered with the Family Health Strategy. Data were collected through the CFVI-20 questionnaire and analysis was supported by descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics, with results with p-value <0.05 considered significant. Results: most older adults (59.1%) were considered frail or potentially frail. Among the groups studied, there was a statistically significant difference in the CFVI for the variables age group (p<0.001), functional literacy (p=0.001), alcohol consumption (p<0.001), physical exercise (p<0.001), self-reported health problems (p<0.001) and medication use (p<0.001), as well as a positive correlation with stress (r=0.135; p=0.016). In the multiple linear regression model, the set of sociodemographic predictor variables explained the frailty of the elderly by 30.4% (R2=0.304). Conclusions: The advancement of age, as a non-controllable variable, indicates a need to encourage the maintenance of functionality in old age, based on the health care strategies that prolong longevity with safety, autonomy and vitality.

Risk of hypertension among different metabolic phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

We performed a meta-analysis to assess the association of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic status with the risk of incident hypertension. Relevant studies were identified by searching comprehensive search via PubMed and Scopus search engines up to May 2018 and were analyzed using a random-effects model. Eight prospective studies were included in the analyses with metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) as the reference group. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effect models when appropriate. Subgroup analysis was applied to define possible sources of heterogeneity. Overall, among 79090 participants, the risk of hypertension in metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO) and metabolically healthy obese phenotypes (MHO) increased compared with the reference group (pooled effect size = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.87-2.04, P < 0.001 vs pooled effect size: 1.54, 95%CI: 1.48-1.61, P < 0.001, respectively). Also, a significant positive association between metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUHNW) phenotype and the risk of hypertension was observed (pooled effect size = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.41-1.55, P < 0.001). Metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUHOW) and metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW) phenotypes had greater risk of hypertension compared with the MHNW phenotype (pooled effect size = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.13-1.71, P < 0.001 and pooled effect size = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.11-1.27, P < 0.001). This meta-analysis revealed that individuals with metabolic abnormality had a higher risk for hypertension and also suggests that MHOW/ MHO are not a benign condition. We are refuting the notion that overweight and obesity without metabolic abnormalities are benign conditions in all population.