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Shaer DFE, Halim HIAE. The Possible Ameliorating Role of Fisetin on Hepatic Changes Induced by Fluoxetine in Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2023; 11:161-171. [PMID: 38025186 PMCID: PMC10679833 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_84_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fluoxetine (FLX) is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, it is widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, but high doses can cause several adverse effects. Fisetin (FIS), a bioactive flavonoid presents in vegetables and fruits, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Aim To evaluate the possible ameliorating effect of FIS on the hepatic alterations induced by FLX in adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods Our study was done, for 3-weeks, on 48 rats that were divided into four groups: Group I (control), Group II received FIS orally (100 mg/kg/day), Group III received FLX orally (10 mg/kg/day), and Group IV concomitantly received FLX and FIS at the same dose and manner of groups II and III. Blood and liver samples were obtained and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies. Results FLX group revealed disturbed liver architecture, hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, inflammatory cellular infiltration, blood extravasation, and congestion of blood vessels in addition to, a significant increase in the area percentage of caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase and the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells as well as a significant decrease in the area percentage of periodic acid-Schiff stain. Moreover, FLX significantly increased aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase levels in the serum. In addition, FLX increased malondialdehyde level and decreased superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and reduced GSH levels in liver tissue. The concomitant administration of FIS ameliorated these alterations. Conclusions Administration of FIS ameliorated the histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical alterations induced by FLX in the liver of adult male albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Fouad El Shaer
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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7-Chloro-4-(Phenylselanyl) Quinoline Is a Novel Multitarget Therapy to Combat Peripheral Neuropathy and Comorbidities Induced by Paclitaxel in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6567-6589. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Tanino T, Bando T, Nojiri Y, Okada Y, Nagai N, Ueda Y, Sakurai E. Hepatic cytochrome P450 metabolism suppressed by mast cells in type 1 allergic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:318-326. [PMID: 30395837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and Kupffer cells secrete interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which stimulate excess nitric oxide (NO) producing-inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Unlike Kupffer cells, immunoglobulin E-sensitized mast cells elicit sustained NO production. We investigated the participation of mast cell-released NO and cytokine-derived iNOS activation in type 1 allergy-suppressed hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism. Aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, completely suppressed serum nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) concentrations after primary and secondary sensitization of ICR mice and markedly attenuated allergy-suppressed hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP2E1, and CYP3A activities. In the liver, primary and secondary sensitization enhanced iNOS-stimulating IFN-γ (5-15-fold) and TNF-α (3-5-fold) mRNA levels more than IL-1β (2-fold) and F4/80-positive Kupffer cell (2-fold) mRNA levels. When mast cell-deficient (-/-) mice were sensitized, hepatic CYP activities were not suppressed. Serum NOx levels in the sensitized -/- mice were similar with those in saline-treated ICR and -/- mice. In the liver of -/- mice, secondary sensitization markedly enhanced mRNA expression of iNOS (20-fold), IFN-γ (15-fold), and TNF-α (3-fold). However, hepatic total NOS activities in -/- mice were not significantly different between saline treatment and sensitization. Similarly, primary and secondary ICR mice did not significantly enhance total NOS activities in the liver and hepatocytes. The total NOS activities observed did not relate to the high levels of iNOS, IFN-γ, and TNF-α mRNA in the liver. Hepatic c-kit-positive mast cells in sensitized ICR mice were maintained at control levels. Therefore, our data suggest that mast cell-released NO participates in type 1 allergy-suppressed CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP2E1, and CYP3A metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Tanino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Toru Bando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yukie Nojiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yuna Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yukari Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sakurai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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Adrenalectomy abolishes hypergravity-induced gastric acid hyposecretion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30700-30705. [PMID: 28430608 PMCID: PMC5458160 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jet fighter pilots experience high gravitational acceleration forces in the cephalocaudal direction (+Gz), causing severe stress. Stress affects different physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the effects of exposure to hypergravity on cardiovascular and cerebral functions have been the subject of numerous studies, crucial information regarding potential pathophysiological alterations following hypergravity exposure in the gastrointestinal tract is lacking. We recently documented a significant decrease in gastric secretory activity in rats after acute exposure to hypergravity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adrenalectomy on gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin level in hypergravity-exposed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were adrenalectomized and exposed to +10Gz three times for 3 min. Gastric juice and blood samples were collected, and the volume and total acidity of gastric juice and plasma level of gastrin were measured. Consistent with our previous data, acute exposure to +10Gz significantly altered the gastric juice parameters in the sham-operated rats. The volume (P < 0.001) and acidity (P < 0.001) of gastric juice in the hypergravity-exposed rats were significantly lower than those in the nonexposed rats. In contrast, in adrenalectomized rats, the differences in the gastric juice volume (P = 0.712) and acidity (P = 0.279) were not statistically significant between the hypergravity-exposed and nonexposed rats. We demonstrated that adrenalectomy abolished hypergravity-induced gastric acid hyposecretion, but did not influence gastrin release. These findings suggest that the adrenal glands are required for hypergravity-induced gastric acid hyposecretion.
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Yoon G, Oh CS, Kim HS. Hypergravity upregulates renal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30147-54. [PMID: 27174912 PMCID: PMC5058670 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypergravity severely decreases renal blood flow, potentially causing renal dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO), which is endogenously synthesized by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), plays an important role in the regulation of renal function. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypergravity exposure on the production of NO in kidneys. To determine whether hypergravity induces renal hypoxia and alters renal iNOS expression and NO production, mice were exposed to short-term hypergravity at +3Gz for 1 h. The time course of iNOS mRNA expression, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression, and NO production was examined. Renal HIF-1α levels were significantly elevated immediately after centrifugation, and this increase was sustained for 3 h post-exposure. iNOS mRNA levels were also significantly increased immediately after exposure and were maintained during the reoxygenation period. Immunohistochemical staining for iNOS revealed that the cortical tubular epithelium exhibited moderate to strong cytoplasmic iNOS immunoreactivity immediately after hypergravity exposure and during the reoxygenation period. The time course of NO production was similar to that of iNOS expression. Our results suggest that both hypoxia and reoxygenation might be involved in the upregulation of HIF-1α in the kidneys of mice exposed to hypergravity. Significant increases in renocortical iNOS expression immediately after centrifugation and during the reoxygenation period suggest that iNOS expression induced by hypergravity exposure might play a protective role against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in the renal cortex. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the role of iNOS and NO in kidneys exposed to hypergravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Sik Oh
- Aerospace Medicine Research Center, Republic of Korea Air Force Aerospace Medical Center, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Linakis MW, Job KM, Liu X, Collingwood SC, Pangburn HA, Ott DK, Sherwin CMT. Riding (High) into the danger zone: a review of potential differences in chemical exposures in fighter pilots resulting from high altitude and G-forces. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:925-934. [PMID: 28772091 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1360867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When in flight, pilots of high performance aircraft experience conditions unique to their profession. Training flights, performed as often as several times a week, can expose these pilots to altitudes in excess of 15 km (~50,000 ft, with a cabin pressurized to an altitude of ~20,000 ft), and the maneuvers performed in flight can exacerbate the G-forces felt by the pilot. While the pilots specifically train to withstand these extreme conditions, the physiologic stress could very likely lead to differences in the disposition of chemicals in the body, and consequently, dangerously high exposures. Unfortunately, very little is known about how the conditions experienced by fighter pilots affects chemical disposition. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to present information about the effects of high altitude, G-forces, and other conditions experienced by fighter pilots on chemical disposition. Using this information, the expected changes in chemical exposure will be discussed, using isopropyl alcohol as an example. Expert opinion: There is a severe lack of information concerning the effects of the fighter pilot environment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemicals. Given the possibility of exposure prior to or during flight, it is important that these potential effects be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kathleen M Job
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Scott C Collingwood
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Heather A Pangburn
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Darrin K Ott
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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Yoon G, Kim HS. Gastric acid response to acute exposure to hypergravity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64-69. [PMID: 27992379 PMCID: PMC5352184 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of environmental stressors on the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease has received increased awareness. Stress affects different physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow. Repeated exposures of rapid-onset, highly-sustained hypergravity cause severe physical stress in the pilot. Although the effects of exposure to hypergravity on cardiovascular and cerebral functions have been the subjects of numerous studies, crucial information regarding pathophysiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract following hypergravity exposure is lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute exposure to hypergravity on gastric secretory activity and gastrin release. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to +10Gz three times for 3 min. Gastric juice and blood were collected. The volume and total acidity of gastric juice, and the plasma gastrin level was measured. Acute exposure to +10Gz significantly decreased the gastric juice parameters. The gastric juice volume and total acidity of hypergravity-exposed rats were 3.54 ± 0.32 mL/100 g and 84.90 ± 5.17 mEq/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the nonexposed rats (4.62 ± 0.39 mL/100 g and 97.37 ± 5.42 mEq/L; P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, plasma gastrin level was not significantly altered following hypergravity exposure. We demonstrated that acute exposure to hypergravity led to a significant decrease in the gastric juice volume and acidity but did not alter the plasma gastrin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Yoon
- Shinsegae Women's Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Todorović N, Tomanović N, Gass P, Filipović D. Olanzapine modulation of hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in socially isolated rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 81:94-102. [PMID: 26474692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is efficient in stress associated psychiatric diseases, but its effect on the liver, a primary organ for drug activation and detoxification, still remains unclear. The effect of olanzapine administration (7.5mg/kg/day), on rat hepatic glutathione (GSH)-dependent defense and proinflammatory cytokines following 6weeks of chronic social isolation (CSIS), which causes depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in adult male Wistar rats, was investigated. The subcellular distribution of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cytosolic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels and hepatic histological alterations were also determined. Decreased GSH content and glutathione reductase activity associated with increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity following CSIS indicated hepatic oxidative stress. Moreover, CSIS caused NF-κB nuclear translocation and the concomitant increase in iNOS together with increase in interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha protein levels, but no effect on interleukin-6. Olanzapine treatment suppressed NF-κB activation and iNOS expression and caused modulation of GSH-dependent defense systems but failed to reverse CSIS-induced increase in hepatic proinflammatory cytokines. Portal inflammation, focal hepatocyte necrosis and an increased number of Kupffer cells in CSIS rats (vehicle- or olanzapine-treated) were found. Olanzapine-treated socially reared rats showed portal inflammation and focal hepatocyte necrosis. Data suggest that CSIS compromised GSH-dependent defense, triggered a proinflammatory response and histological alterations in rat liver. Olanzapine treatment partially reversed the alterations in hepatic GSH-dependent defense, but showed no anti-inflammatory effect suggesting that it may provide protective effect against hepatic CSIS-induced oxidative stress, but not against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Todorović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Tomanović
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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