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Budambula V, Ngari M, Budambula NLM, Ahmed AA, Were T. Nutritional status of people who inject drugs in Coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38576036 PMCID: PMC10996164 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite documentation on injection drug use (IDU) in Kenya, the nutritional status of people who inject drugs (PWIDs) is under-explored. Elsewhere studies report under-nutrition among PWIDs which is attributed to food insecurity; competing priorities between drugs and food supply; chaotic lifestyle; reduced food intake; substance use induced malnutrition due to inflammation and comorbidities. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that sought to assess the nutritional status of PWIDs in Coastal Kenya. We recruited 752 participants of whom 371(49%) were on IDUs and 75 non-IDUs and 306 non-drug users using respondent driven sampling, traditional snowball, makeshift outreach and purposive sampling methods. RESULTS More than one half of the participants (56%) had BMI classified as normal while 35% had BMI < 18.5. The proportion with BMI < 18.5 was higher among IDUs (46%) compared to the non-IDUs (33%) and non-drug users (23%) at P < 0.001. Using the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), 17% were classified as underweight and the proportion was lowest (11%) among non- drugs users compared to 22% among IDUs (P < 0.001). However, the IDUs had lower proportion of overweight (8.1%) compared to 55% among the non- drug users. The proportion with low waist-for-hip ratio was highest among the IDUs (74%) while high waist-for-hip ratio was lowest in the same group of IDUs (11%) at P < 0.001. One half (50%), of the participants had no signs of anaemia, (47%) had mild/moderate anaemia while 21 (2.8%) had severe anaemia. However, IDUs were more likely to be overweight based on waist circumference as a parameter. The IDUs had the highest proportion (54%) of mild to moderate anaemia compared to non-IDUs (37%) and 40% non- drug users (P < 0.001). In the multivariable models, IDUs (aRRR 2.83 (95%CI 1.84‒4.35)) and non-IDUs (aRRR 1.42 (95%CI 1.07‒1.88)) compared to non- drug users were positively associated with BMI < 18.5. Being an IDU was positively associated with mild or moderate anaemia (aRRR 1.65 (95%CI 1.13‒2.41)) while non-IDUs were positively associated with severe anaemia (aRRR 1.69 (95%CI 1.16‒2.48)). CONCLUSION A significant proportion of the participants were under-nourished with those injecting drugs bearing the heaviest brunt. Being an IDU was positively associated with the low BMI, MUAC, waist for hip ratio and mild or moderate anaemia but high waist circumference. People who inject drugs have high risk for under-nutrition and should be targeted with appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Budambula
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, P. O. Box 90420-80100, Kenya.
| | - Moses Ngari
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Tom Were
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
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Hailesellasie G, Oumer A, Asfaw A. Determinants of undernutrition among khat chewing and non-khat chewing male adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4679. [PMID: 38409396 PMCID: PMC10897126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Khat chewing is a deep-rooted socio-cultural tradition that affects appetite, gastric emptying, and food intake, ultimately influencing nutritional status. Moreover, there is significant variation in lifestyles and ways of living among khat chewing and non-chewing people. However, there is limited evidence on the disaggregated determinants of undernutrition among khat chewers and non-chewers in Ethiopia. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with 253 Khat-chewing and 249 non-chewing male adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Weight and height were measured under standard procedure and used to calculate the body mass index (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 indicates undernutrition). Variables with p-values below 0.25 in the bi-variable analysis were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to identify factors associated with undernutrition and to control confounding respectively. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to declare the presence and the strength of association between the independent and outcome variable. Statistical significance was declared at a p value of 0.05. In this study, a total of 138 (27.5%: 23.6-31.6%) adult males were undernourished; among them, 78 (32.0%) were khat chewers and 60 (23.9%) were non chewers. Christian religion (AOR = 1.49; 1.02-2.30), vegetable consumption (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.12-2.55) and khat chewing (AOR = 1.60; 1.04-2.45) were independent risk factors for undernutrition. However, none of the above factors showed a statistically significant association among non-khat chewer male adults. In conclusion, undernutrition was a public health concern in male adults in the study area. Frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables and family size of the households were the independent predictors of undernutrition. The practical implication of identifying risk factors of undernutrition among chewers and non-chewers could be helpful in depicting the relevant risk factors by exposure category and helping to further refine intervention packages. In addition, focusing on interventions which can increase the availability and accessibility of fruits and vegetables are important to improve the nutritional status of adult male populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genene Hailesellasie
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, P.O. Box: 07, Gubre, Ethiopia
| | - Abdu Oumer
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Agize Asfaw
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, P.O. Box: 07, Gubre, Ethiopia.
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Calderon-Garcia AA, Perez-Fernandez M, Curto-Aguilera D, Rodriguez-Martin I, Sánchez-Barba M, Gonzalez-Nunez V. Exposure to Morphine and Cocaine Modify the Transcriptomic Landscape in Zebrafish Embryos. Neuroscience 2022; 507:14-27. [PMID: 36404518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Morphine and other opioid analgesics are the drugs of election to treat moderate-to-severe pain, and they elicit their actions by binding to the opioid receptors. Cocaine is a potent inhibitor of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline reuptake, as it blocks DAT, the dopamine transporter, causing an increase in the local concentration of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. The molecular effects of these drugs have been studied in specific brain areas or nuclei, but the systemic effects in the whole organism have not been comprehensively analyzed. This study aims to analyze the transcriptomic changes elicited by morphine (10 uM) and cocaine (15 uM) in zebrafish embryos. An RNAseq assay was performed with tissues extracts from zebrafish embryos treated from 5 hpf (hours post fertilization) to 72 hpf, and the most representative deregulated genes were experimentally validated by qPCR. We have found changes in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, chemokine receptor ligands, visual system, hemoglobins, and metabolic detoxification pathways. Besides, morphine and cocaine modified the global DNA methylation pattern in zebrafish embryos, which would explain the changes in gene expression elicited by these two drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Angel Calderon-Garcia
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Maria Perez-Fernandez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Curto-Aguilera
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ivan Rodriguez-Martin
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Sánchez-Barba
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain; Dept. Statistics. Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Veronica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spain.
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Gresnigt FM, Hulshof M, Franssen EJ, Vanhommerig JW, de Lange DW, Riezebos RK. Recreational drug use among young, hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome: A retrospective study. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1993-1999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Bolshakova M, Kral AH, Wenger LD, Simpson K, Goldshear J, Sussman S, Bluthenthal RN. Predictors of protein intake among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California. Am J Addict 2022; 31:228-235. [PMID: 35315550 PMCID: PMC9117422 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES While inadequate nutrition can weaken the immune system and lead to negative health sequelae for vulnerable populations, little is known about nutritional intake among people who inject drugs (PWID). We aimed to quantify nutritional intake among PWID and to explore associations between protein intake and drug use. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to analyze self-reported participant data. PWID were recruited from community settings in California in 2016/2017. Participants reported on food consumption per day for a 30-day period, from which a continuous protein intake variable was created. RESULTS Modal characteristics of participants (N = 937) were: white (42.5%), male (75.3%), healthy body mass index (BMI) (56.6%), and unhoused (82.9%). Less than 1% of participants met or exceeded recommended guidelines for protein intake (0.80 g/day/1 kg body weight). The final multiple regression model found protein intake to be significantly positively associated with older age, high school or greater education, frequency of opiate and marijuana use, while Latinx ethnicity was inversely associated with protein intake, adjusting for gender. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our study shows PWID are generally not underweight, yet they are grossly protein deficient, which can be harder to recognize. Poverty, homelessness, and other structural barriers likely contribute to this issue, which demonstrates the need for communities to provide more access to nutrient-rich food to PWID. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates the novel findings that opiate and marijuana use frequency, but not stimulants (methamphetamine and cocaine) may increase preference for protein-rich foods among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bolshakova
- Keck Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | | | | | - Kelsey Simpson
- Keck Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Jesse Goldshear
- Keck Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- Keck Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Ricky N. Bluthenthal
- Keck Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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da Silva Neto L, da Silva Maia AF, Godin AM, de Almeida Augusto PS, Pereira RLG, Caligiorne SM, Alves RB, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Goulart GAC, Martins FT, das Neves MDCL, Garcia FD, de Fátima Â. Calix[n]arene-based immunogens: A new non-proteic strategy for anti-cocaine vaccine. J Adv Res 2021; 38:285-298. [PMID: 35572397 PMCID: PMC9091763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of the novel calix[n]arene-based immunogens V4N2 and V8N2 is reported. V4N2 and V8N2 promoted the production of cocaine antibodies and also modulated the biodistribution of [99mTc]TRODAT-1, a radiolabeled analogue of cocaine. V4N2 and/or V8N2 are potential candidates for the development of an immunogenic agent for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
Introduction Cocaine use disorder is a significant public health issue without a current specific approved treatment. Among different approaches to this disorder, it is possible to highlight a promising immunologic strategy in which an immunogenic agent may reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug if they are able to yield sufficient specific antibodies capable to bind cocaine and/or its psychoactive metabolites before entering into the brain. Several carriers have been investigated in the anti-cocaine vaccine development; however, they generally present a very complex chemical structure, which potentially hampers the proper assessment of the coupling efficiency between the hapten units and the protein structure. Objectives The present study reports the design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of two novel calix[n]arene-based anti-cocaine immunogens (herein named as V4N2 and V8N2) by the tethering of the hydrolysis-tolerant hapten GNE (15) on calix[4]arene and calix[8]arene moieties. Methods The preclinical assessment corresponded to the immunogenicity and dose–response evaluation of V4N2 and V8N2. The potential of the produced antibodies to reduce the passage of cocaine analogue through the blood–brain-barrier (BBB), modifying its biodistribution was also investigated. Results Both calix[n]arene-based immunogens elicited high titers of cocaine antibodies that modified the biodistribution of a cocaine radiolabeled analogue (99mTc-TRODAT-1) and decreased cocaine-induced behavior, according to an animal model. Conclusion The present results demonstrate the potential of V4N2 and V8N2 as immunogens for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo da Silva Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica Faleiros da Silva Maia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Martins Godin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sordaini Maria Caligiorne
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Terra Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Corresponding authors.
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Mahboub N, Rizk R, Karavetian M, de Vries N. Nutritional status and eating habits of people who use drugs and/or are undergoing treatment for recovery: a narrative review. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:627-635. [PMID: 32974658 PMCID: PMC8114851 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive overview is presented of the nutritional issues faced by people who use drugs or are undergoing treatment for recovery. Chronic substance use affects a person’s nutritional status and body composition through decreased intake, nutrient absorption, and dysregulation of hormones that alter the mechanisms of satiety and food intake. Anthropometrics alone is not the best indicator of nutritional status, because this population has hidden deficiencies and disturbed metabolic parameters. Socioeconomic factors (eg, higher education, higher income, presence of a partner, living at home) positively affect nutritional status. Scarce available data on users undergoing treatment indicate improvement in anthropometric and metabolic parameters but with micronutrient intake remaining suboptimal. Weight gain is noted especially among women who use drugs and potentially increases their risk of relapse. Finally, specific amino acids and omega-3 fatty acids are promising in decreasing relapse and improving mental health during treatment; however, additional high-quality studies are needed. Nutrition intervention for people who use drugs or are undergoing treatment for recovery is underused; comprehensive programs addressing this population’s unique needs are necessary. Future research will identify which components are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mahboub
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rana Rizk
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie, The Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirey Karavetian
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nanne de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Camilo C, Maschietto M, Vieira HC, Tahira AC, Gouveia GR, Feio Dos Santos AC, Negrão AB, Ribeiro M, Laranjeira R, Vallada H, Brentani H. Genome-wide DNA methylation profile in the peripheral blood of cocaine and crack dependents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 41:485-493. [PMID: 31116258 PMCID: PMC6899365 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cocaine use disorders (CUDs) represent a major public health problem in many countries. To better understand the interaction between the environmental modulations and phenotype, the aim of the present study was to investigate the DNA methylation pattern of CUD patients, who had concomitant cocaine and crack dependence, and healthy controls. Methods: We studied DNA methylation profiles in the peripheral blood of 23 CUD patients and 24 healthy control subjects using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays. Results: Comparison between CUD patients and controls revealed 186 differentially methylated positions (DMPs; adjusted p-value [adjP] < 10-5) related to 152 genes, with a subset of CpGs confirmed by pyrosequencing. DNA methylation patterns discriminated CUD patients and control groups. A gene network approach showed that the EHMT1, EHMT2, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAP2K1, and HDAC5 genes, which are involved in transcription and chromatin regulation cellular signaling pathways, were also associated with cocaine dependence. Conclusion: The investigation of DNA methylation patterns may contribute to a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Camilo
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Vieira
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Tahira
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele R Gouveia
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Feio Dos Santos
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André B Negrão
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro
- Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas (UNIAD), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Laranjeira
- Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas (UNIAD), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Homero Vallada
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kim ST, Park T. Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Cardiovascular Health. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030584. [PMID: 30700023 PMCID: PMC6387265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac complications resulting from cocaine use have been extensively studied because of the complicated pathophysiological mechanisms. This study aims to review the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic effects of cocaine on the cardiovascular system with a specific focus on human studies. Studies have consistently reported the acute effects of cocaine on the heart (e.g., electrocardiographic abnormalities, acute hypertension, arrhythmia, and acute myocardial infarction) through multifactorial mechanisms. However, variable results have been reported for the chronic effects of cocaine. Some studies found no association of cocaine use with coronary artery disease (CAD), while others reported its association with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. These inconsistent findings might be due to the heterogeneity of study subjects with regard to cardiac risk. After cocaine use, populations at high risk for CAD experienced coronary atherosclerosis whereas those at low risk did not experience CAD, suggesting that the chronic effects of cocaine were more likely to be prominent among individuals with higher CAD risk. Studies also suggested that risky behaviors and cardiovascular risks may affect the association between cocaine use and mortality. Our study findings highlight the need for education regarding the deleterious effects of cocaine, and access to interventions for cocaine abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Taehwan Park
- Pharmacy Administration, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Center for Health Outcomes Research and Education, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Costa TBBC, Lacerda ALT, Mas CD, Brietzke E, Pontes JGM, Marins LAN, Martins LG, Nunes MV, Pedrini M, Carvalho MSC, Mitrovitch MP, Hayashi MAF, Saldanha NL, Poppi RJ, Tasic L. Insights into the Effects of Crack Abuse on the Human Metabolome Using a NMR Approach. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:341-348. [PMID: 30387359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 255 million people consume illicit drugs every year, among which 18 million use cocaine. A portion of this drug is represented by crack, but it is difficult to estimate the number of users since most are marginalized. However, there are no recognized efficacious pharmacotherapies for crack-cocaine dependence. Inflammation and infection in cocaine users may be due to behavior adopted in conjunction with drug-related changes in the brain. To understand the metabolic changes associated with the drug abuse disorder and identify biomarkers, we performed a 1H NMR-based metabonomic analysis of 44 crack users' and 44 healthy volunteers' blood serum. The LDA model achieved 98% of accuracy. From the water suppressed 1H NMR spectra analyses, it was observed that the relative concentration of lactate was higher in the crack group, while long chain fatty acid acylated carnitines were decreased, which was associated with their nutritional behavior. Analyses of the aromatic region of CPMG 1H NMR spectra demonstrated histidine and tyrosine levels increased in the blood serum of crack users. The reduction of carnitine and acylcarnitines and the accumulation of histidine in the serum of the crack users suggest that histamine biosynthesis is compromised. The tyrosine level points to altered dopamine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia B B C Costa
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Acioly L T Lacerda
- Center for Research and Clinical Trials Sinapse-Bairral , Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria , Itapira , Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Caroline Dal Mas
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - João G M Pontes
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Lucas A N Marins
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas G Martins
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Marcel V Nunes
- Center for Research and Clinical Trials Sinapse-Bairral , Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria , Itapira , Brazil
| | - Mariana Pedrini
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Milan P Mitrovitch
- Center for Research and Clinical Trials Sinapse-Bairral , Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria , Itapira , Brazil
| | | | - Natália L Saldanha
- Center for Research and Clinical Trials Sinapse-Bairral , Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria , Itapira , Brazil
| | - Ronei J Poppi
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Institute of Chemistry , Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Brazil
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Sebastiani G, Borrás-Novell C, Casanova MA, Pascual Tutusaus M, Ferrero Martínez S, Gómez Roig MD, García-Algar O. The Effects of Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse on Maternal Nutritional Profile during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1008. [PMID: 30072661 PMCID: PMC6116049 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of alcohol and drugs of abuse among pregnant women has experienced a significant increase in the last decades. Suitable maternal nutritional status is crucial to maintain the optimal environment for fetal development but if consumption of alcohol or drugs of abuse disrupt the intake of nutrients, the potential teratogenic effects of these substances increase. Despite evidence of the importance of nutrition in addicted pregnant women, there is a lack of information on the effects of alcohol and drugs of abuse on maternal nutritional status; so, the focus of this review was to provide an overview on the nutritional status of addicted mothers and fetuses. Alcohol and drugs consumption can interfere with the absorption of nutrients, impairing the quality and quantity of proper nutrient and energy intake, resulting in malnutrition especially of micronutrients (vitamins, omega⁻3, folic acid, zinc, choline, iron, copper, selenium). When maternal nutritional status is compromised by alcohol and drugs of abuse the supply of essential nutrients are not available for the fetus; this can result in fetal abnormalities like Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). It is critical to find a strategy to reduce fetal physical and neurological impairment as a result of prenatal alcohol and drugs of abuse exposure combined with poor maternal nutrition. Prenatal nutrition interventions and target therapy are required that may reverse the development of such abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sebastiani
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, C/Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Borrás-Novell
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, C/Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Alsina Casanova
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, C/Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Pascual Tutusaus
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, C/Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Ferrero Martínez
- Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Gómez Roig
- Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oscar García-Algar
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, C/Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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